Social Physique Anxiety Scale Research Articles

Body Image Dissatisfaction is the Predictor of Social Physique Anxiety and Self- Esteem

The objective of the current research was to explore the relationship among body image dissatisfaction, social physique anxiety, and self-esteem. The sample included 145 males and 145 females from The University of Lahore and University of Sargodha. The Sample was selected through stratified random sampling technique. In this study survey research design and co relational method were used. Body image state scale (Cash et all, 2002) Social Physique Anxiety Scale (Hart et a1, 1989) and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (1989) were used to collect data. Study was carried out in two parts. In part-I pilot study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the scales and correlation of variables on a selected sample of 72 university students. In part-II main study on sample of 290 was conducted to test the hypotheses. The findings indicated that body image dissatisfaction positively predicted social physique anxiety and negatively predicted self-esteem.

Investigating Correlation between Exercise Participation Motivation and Social Physique Anxiety and Their Differences across Exercise Stages of Change.

This study aims to investigate the correlation between exercise participation motivation and social physique anxiety and their differences across the exercise stages of change in individuals. A convenience sampling technique was used to gather data from 374 sedentary individuals aged 18 and over, using a questionnaire that included the Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2), Social Physique Anxiety (SPA) scale, and Exercise Stages of Change Questionnaire (ESOCQ). Welch's ANOVA test was utilized to examine if there were significant differences between the average levels of behavioral regulations in exercise and SPA within exercise stages of change, respectively. Based on Welch's ANOVA results, it has been found that there are significant differences in the total score of SPAS according to exercise stages of change (F = 15.801, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the sub-factors intrinsic regulation, introjected regulation, and external motivation statistically significantly differ according to exercise stages of change (F=6.681, p < 0.001 for IR; F=30.186,p < 0.001 for introjected regulation; F=10.104, p < 0.001 for external motivation, F=0.481,p = 0.750 for AM). Pearson's r correlation coefficients were also computed to determine the relationship between behavioral regulations in exercise and SPA. A significant negative moderate correlation was found between intrinsic regulation and SPA (r = -0.645, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant medium positive correlation was found between introjected regulation and SPA (r = 0.534, p < 0.001), external motivation and SPA (r = 0.588, p < 0.001), and amotivation and SPA (r = 0.564, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that being self-motivated for exercise might decrease SPA. On the other hand, exercise motivated by external pressures could lead to increased SPA. The findings also suggest that those who started exercising with intrinsic motivation reached more advanced stages of exercise than those who started exercising with extrinsic factors. Finally, extrinsic motives may help in the first stages of the exercise, but intrinsic motives are required to continue the exercise. Consequently, these findings may guide physical activity specialists, trainers, etc., to develop more effective strategies to motivate exercise participation by considering social physique anxiety among individuals.

Impact of CrossFit Training Programs on the Physical Health and Sociogenic Somatic Anxiety of Adolescents.

A decline in adolescent health holds significant repercussions for public health. Promoting exercise is essential to improve physical and mental health among youth. This study aimed to explore the effect of CrossFit training programs on the physical health and sociogenic somatic anxiety of adolescents. In March 2023, 100 adolescents were openly recruited from eight middle schools in Jinhua, China. The participants, were divided equally into control and experimental groups, experienced either traditional or CrossFit training, respectively, over nine weeks. Evaluation measures included the analysis of social physique anxiety, body esteem, physical self-efficacy, and general physical health before and after the exercise program. Post-intervention data demonstrated marked reductions across all facets of the social physique anxiety scale, including worries about public scrutiny, anxiety from social comparison, and discomfort related to one's physical self-image, more so in the experimental group (P<0.05). Likewise, assessments of the physical self-perception profile and physical self-efficacy scale were enhanced, again with the experimental cohort displaying more pronounced improvements (P<0.05). Results from biophysical function evaluations indicated significant health improvements post-intervention, with noted advancements in lung capacity, aerobic fitness by the standing long jump, and muscular endurance as assessed by grip strength, sit-up, and push-up counts, primarily in the experimental group (P<0.05). CrossFit training offered considerable advantages by reducing social physique anxiety and enhancing adolescents' body esteem and physical self-efficacy. The program stimulated improvements in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, and flexibility.

Does how individuals handle social situations exacerbate the relationship between physique anxiety and food addiction? The role of emotional expressive suppression and social avoidance and distress.

Research on food addiction has increased significantly in recent years. It has been demonstrated that food addiction can lead to impairments in physiological, psychological, and social functioning in individuals. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the influence of how individuals handle social situations on food addiction and the specific mechanisms involved. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1,151 university students, with a mean age of 21.44 (SD=4.77) years. The sample comprised 74.46% female and 25.54% male students. Participants completed the Chinese version of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, the Expressive Suppression Scale, and the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and the Process (Version 3.4) plug-in. The results of the study supported our hypothesis that the association between social physique anxiety and food addiction symptoms could be partially explained by expressive suppression and social avoidance and distress. This association remained significant even after adjusting for covariates such as gender, number of cigarettes smoked per day, bedtime, education, and BMI. Specifically, more severe social physique anxiety was found to be associated with frequent use of expressive suppression and social avoidance and distress, which in turn was associated with more severe food addiction symptoms. This study explored the role of expression suppression and social avoidance and distress in the relationship between social physique anxiety and food addiction symptoms. The findings provide a theoretical basis for developing interventions for food addiction in college students. These interventions could include helping students develop a healthy perception of body image, encouraging emotional expression, and promoting active social participation to reduce food addiction symptoms.

Role of Personality, Appearance Comparison, Fear of Negative evaluation in Predicting Social Physique Anxiety among Young Adults

Young adults are prone to concerns about being evaluated as society places a heightened emphasis on appearance comparison. Frequency in anticipating how the bodies are being perceived in societal situations can increase body image concerns and anxiety. The purpose is to investigate the relationship between appearance comparison, social physique anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and personality traits among adults. 201 adults between the ages of 18 and 29 participated in the research. Participants were administered an upward and downward physical appearance comparison scale, a brief big5 personality inventory, a social physique anxiety Scale, and a brief fear of negative evaluation scale. A Pearson correlation study showed that social physique anxiety correlated negatively with agreeableness and positively with fear of negative evaluation, upward and downward appearance comparison, and upward appearance comparison. Multiple regression analysis was computed considering upward appearance comparison, agreeableness and fear of negative evaluation predicting social physique anxiety and downward appearance comparison, agreeableness and fear of negative evaluation predicting social physique anxiety. Findings of study revealed that fear of negative evaluation strongly predicted social physique anxiety and appearance comparison moderately predicted social physique anxiety. These findings imply that it is important to promote healthy social interactions and the development of positive body image.

Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy on Social Media Addiction, Appearance-Related Consciousness, and Social Physique Anxiety among Young Adults

Across the world, social media usage has become a very common leisure activity; however, its excessive use may lead to its misuse or social media addiction. This abuse of social media in turn may affect one's self-efficacy; giving birth to several issues such as increased appearance-related consciousness and social physique anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the direct and indirect relationship of social media addiction with appearance-related consciousness and social physique anxiety through self-efficacy as a mediator among young adults. A convenient sample of 200 young adults fulfilling the criteria of social media addiction was selected from different universities in Islamabad, Pakistan. To assess the study variables, Berger Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness (ASMC) scale, Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), and Generalized Self Efficacy Scale (GSE) were used. The study concluded significant relationships between the study variables. Social media addiction was significantly and positively found to be related to both appearance-related consciousness and social physique anxiety. Moreover, Self-efficacy was negatively related to appearance-related consciousness and social physique anxiety. In addition, mediation analysis found that self-efficacy is not a significant mediator between social media addiction, appearance-related consciousness, and social physique anxiety. The findings of this study highlighted how addictive use of social media can increase serious issues among today's youth. Awareness programs regarding social media use should be conducted to mitigate such concerns.

Validation of the Greek Version of Social Appearance Anxiety Scale in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Many people are worried about their social appearance. The fear of negative evaluation and judgment regarding one's look in social circumstances is referred to as social appearance anxiety. Social appearance anxiety belongs to social anxiety. The aim of the present study was to validate the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) in the Greek language and to examine its psychometric properties. An online survey was conducted in a Greek population sample of adolescents and young adults aged 18 to 35 years. The survey instruments included the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), 2 subscales of Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scale (MBSRQ), the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised Scale (ASI-R) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). A total of 429 respondents participated in this research. The statistical analysis showed that the Greek version of the SAAS has good psychometric properties. The internal consistency of questions within the SAAS was 0.942. Positive correlations were found between SAAS and SPAS, the overweight preoccupation subscale of MBSRQ, the ASI-R and the DASS, while negative correlations were observed between SAAS and the appearance evaluation subscale of MBSRQ and age. The results of this study suggest that the Greek version of SAAS can be used as a reliable and valid instrument in the Greek population.

Body Image, Social Physique Anxiety Levels and Self-Esteem among Adults Participating in Physical Activity Programs.

(1) Background: individuals may benefit from being involved in physical and athletic activities in order to improve their body appearance and promote their physical and mental health. This study aimed to investigate body image, body mass index (BMI) characteristics, social physique anxiety, self-esteem and possible correlations between the above factors. (2) Methods: 245 adults engaged in training programs in gyms, as well as in track and field, football and basketball athletic activities completed (a) a sociodemographic questionnaire which recorded their BMI values and utilized the (b) Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, (c) the Social Physique Anxiety Scale and (d) the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. (3) Results: Females and individuals with higher BMI reported statistically significant lower body-esteem and greater social physique anxiety levels compared to males and individuals with lower BMI, respectively (p < 0.05). A total of 25.3% of our participants were labeled as "overweight", while 20.4% had been overweight in the past. Significant differences were reported between body-esteem and social physique anxiety levels (p < 0.001); age (p = 0.001); BMI value (p < 0.001) and never having a problem with body weight (p = 0.008). Additionally, individuals with lower body-esteem and greater social physique anxiety levels presented lower global self-esteem (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: individuals' engagement in physical activity promotes physical as well as mental well-being, contributing to an improved quality of life, which may be the most important issue for health care professionals.

Testing Measurement Invariance of the 7-item Social Physique Anxiety Scale

ABSTRACT Social physique anxiety is commonly examined in exercise science to understand individuals’ physical activity motivation and behavior. Although a 12-item and 9-item version of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale exists, a 7-item version has become a popular tool to measure this construct despite the need to further examine its measurement properties. The current study examined the factor structure of the 7-item scale and measurement invariance across age, gender, body mass index, typical exercise mode, and education level. Similar to past work, confirmatory factor analysis model modifications were needed to achieve adequate fit in our large sample of physically active men and women (N = 1009; M age = 28.6 ± 10.6 years). Multi-group latent analysis revealed measurement invariance only for the education level grouping variable. Researchers should examine and report the measurement model of the 7-item scale along with measurement invariance before proceeding with main analyses.

Relationship between Attention to Body Shape, Social Physique Anxiety, and Personal Characteristics of Brazilians: A Structural Equation Model.

People can develop eating disorders due to excessive body image concerns. The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between attention to body shape, social physique anxiety, and personal characteristics in a sample of Brazilians. The secondary objective was to evaluate the correlation of the constructs with the participants' body composition. First, 1795 individuals (70% female; Mage = 25.5 ± 6.6 years) completed the Attention to Body Shape Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Then, 286 participants (58% female; Mage = 25.3 ± 5.7 years) underwent a bioimpedance exam to identify body composition. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the relationship between the variables. The greater the attention to body shape, the greater the expectations of negative physical evaluation and the less comfort with physical presentation. Younger age, female gender, consumption of supplements/substances for body change, restrictive diets, physical inactivity, poor self-assessment of food quality, and overweight/obesity were related to negative body concerns. An expectation of negative physical evaluation was positively correlated with body fat and negatively with muscle mass. Comfort with physical presentation was negatively correlated with fat and positively with muscle. These results can support preventive strategies aimed at reducing eating disorders resulting from body image concerns.

Reliability and validity of a Chinese version of the State Feelings of Fat Scale

In this study the State Feelings of Fat Scale (SFF) was translated into Chinese, and its reliability and validity were tested with a sample of 539 Chinese female undergraduates. Participants completed the Chinese version of the SFF Scale, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, the General Physical Self-Worth Scale, and the attraction body subscale of the Physical Self-Perception Profile. These variables and body mass index were selected as criterion measurements. Two weeks later, 94 participants were recalled to respond to the SFF Scale again. The results of factor analysis supported the unidimensional structure model. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .87 and the test–retest reliability was .91. The total score for the SFF Scale exhibited a significant correlation with all the criteria. It can be concluded that the Chinese version of the SFF Scale has good reliability and validity and can be used in correlational studies.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on physical activity and mental health status of Iranian people

BackgroundCoronavirus-19 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by acute respiratory syndrome that can negatively impact physical activity as well as mental health of people in the world. Since Iran is one of the countries deeply affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on physical activity behaviours, as well as on mental health indicators among Iranian people.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 335 participants were included (155 males, mean age = 30.06 ± 14.58 years). Participants were selected through the convenience sampling from different parts of Iran mainly through virtual social networks and filled out an electronic questionnaire in the form of Google Form online survey measuring physical activity behaviours (The International Physical Activity Questionnaire; IPAQ; Short Form) and two mental health indicators–self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale) and social physical anxiety (7-items social physique anxiety scale). The questionnaires were provided to the participants in the spring of 2021 for 15 days and they were asked to answer it in two periods before the outbreak of coronavirus (winter 2020) and the period during the outbreak of coronavirus (spring 2021).ResultsThe results showed that participants reported significant differences from before to during the pandemic in all three variables of physical activity (significant decreases), self-esteem (significant decreases), and social physical anxiety (significant increases) regardless of participants’ gender. The results of correlation test between changes in physical activity and changes in mental health indicators showed that COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted self-esteem and social physical anxiety. However, we have not found any significant association of physical activity’s change with social physical anxiety or self-esteem’s changes before and during the pandemic.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study indicate a detrimental effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity and mental health among Iranian people. Public policies aiming to buffer the negative impact on COVID-19 Iranians’ health are urgently needed.

Investigating method effects associated with the wording direction of items of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale.

PurposeThe use of psychometric instruments to measure latent concepts is common. The development of these instruments usually involves mechanisms to reduce response bias, such as the inclusion of reversed items. The aim of this study was to investigate method effects related to the wording direction of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) items, a one-dimensional instrument that assesses individual’s level of anxiety when others observe their body.MethodsIn total, 152 Brazilian adults (65.8% female) answered 2 formats of the SPAS: the original with 12 items (7 regular and 5 reversed); and a new format with all items written in the same direction (i.e., regular). Both formats were filled out at different times and alternately. Differential item functioning analysis (DIF) and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted.ResultsThe original SPAS did not fit the data, but after allowing covariances between all reversed items, the fit improved. The wording effect was supported by the DIF, indicating a better fit to the data for the new format with all items worded in the same direction.ConclusionThe wording of the SPAS items had effect on the psychometric properties of instrument. When the wording of the reversed items was modified, the factor model fitted the data. Future studies should take these findings into account and evaluate the SPAS with all items worded in the same direction in different contexts.Level of evidenceDescriptive (cross-sectional) study, Level V.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40519-022-01439-x.

Media Internalized Pressure and Restrained Eating Behavior in College Students: The Multiple Mediating Effects of Body Esteem and Social Physique Anxiety.

BackgroundRestrained eating behavior has become the norm in college students' lives, and considering the harm it causes to college students, it is necessary to explore the factors associated with it. The aim of this study was to explore the association between media internalized pressure, body esteem, social physique anxiety, and restrained eating behavior.MethodsThe participants in this study were 1,032 Chinese college students (439 males and 593 females) and had a mean age of 20.22 years (SD = 1.277). They completed the Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-3, Body Esteem Scale (BES), Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ).ResultsThe results showed that media internalized pressure was significantly and positively associated with college students' restrained eating behavior, that body esteem and social physique anxiety played a mediating role between media internalized pressure and restrained eating behavior, respectively, and that body esteem and social physique anxiety can also play a chained mediating role.ConclusionThis study reveals the relationship between media internalized pressure and restrained eating behavior, and the important role played by body esteem and social physique anxiety. Future interventions targeting restrained eating should focus on the aspects of body esteem and social physique anxiety.

The effect of group walking program on social physique anxiety and the risk of eating disorders in aged women: A Randomized Clinical Trial study

ObjectiveThe aim of the Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) study was to determine the effect of Group Walking Program (GWP) on social physique anxiety (SPA) and the risk of Eating Disorders (EDs) in aged women. Methods70 young–old women with medical records in Sari-Iran health centers were selected by a multi-stage sampling. They obtained score of 15 or more from SPA Scale (SPAS), a score of 20 or more from Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). The group walking lasted eight weeks. 70 young–old women with medical records in Sari-Iran health centers were selected by a multi-stage sampling. They obtained score of 15 or more from SPA Scale (SPAS), a score of 20 or more from Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). The group walking lasted eight weeks. To compare differences in EDs and SPA at post-test, analysis of Covariance was used. ResultsThe results showed significant differences in the mean score of SPA (P = 0.01), EDs (P < 0.001), and EDs subscales between the groups. ConclusionThe GWP can be used as an easy and affordable solution to reduce SPA and EDs in the aged women.

Social Physique Anxiety Scale: a psychometric investigation of the factorial model in Brazilian adults

Social Physique Anxiety Scale: a psychometric investigation of the factorial model in Brazilian adults

Persian Version of Social Appearance Anxiety Scale: A Psychometric Evaluation

Background: Social appearance anxiety refers to the fear of negative evaluation and judgment about appearance in social situations. Previous scales have focused more on body dysmorphic, and a tool that can measure this anxiety in social situations has not been previously introduced. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) in the student community. Methods: This psychometric study was conducted on a sample of 415 Iranian students in 2020 using the convenience sampling method. The participants completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, Body Dysmorphic Scale, and Body Shape Scale. Cronbach’s alpha, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and convergent validity were used to examine internal consistency. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) and AMOS software (version 21). Results: Cronbach’s alpha for total score was 0.95. The relationship between the SAAS and Body Dysmorphic Scale (r = 0.73; P &lt; 0.01), Body Shape Scale (r = 0.46; P &lt; 0.01), and Social Physique Anxiety Scale (r = 0.79; P &lt; 0.01) showed good convergent validity. The EFA extracted one factor that explained 0.60 of the total variance. After testing the one-factor model in CFA, the analysis showed good fitness indexes (comparative fit index = 0.95; goodness of fit index = 0.91). The item-total correlation of the Iranian SAAS was within a range of 0.51 - 0.84. Conclusions: The present scale has a high internal consistency and reliability and can be used for research and evaluation objectives in clinical settings in Iranian society.

Social Physique Anxiety Scale: Psychometric Evaluation and Development of a Chinese Adaptation.

The Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) is a popular measure of individual anxiety related to body image. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the 12-, 9-, 8- and 7-item versions of the SPAS. Two cross-sectional studies recruited 466 Chinese university students. Study 1 (n = 273) evaluated the construct validity and internal consistency of the SPAS. Study 2 (n = 193) further assessed the construct validity, factorial validity, internal consistency, convergent validity and divergent validity of the SPAS. The results indicated that none of the existing SPAS versions possess good psychometric properties suitable for the Chinese student population. In short, a new 7-item version of the SPAS that is more suitable for measuring social physique anxiety among Chinese university students. The implications of our results and future research directions are discussed.

The Relationship Between The Pediatric Inactivity Triad And Body Image Perception In Children

The generational changes in screen-time play vs outdoor play have affected modern youth, resulting in a low percentage of youth receiving the recommended 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Lack of physical activity in children is considered a predictive risk factor for health complications later in life and is also linked to lower levels of self-esteem and body satisfaction. The Pediatric Inactivity Triad (PIT) has recently been proposed as a more wholistic way to examine the relationship between physical inactivity and impaired health in children. Physical inactivity, dynapenia, and physical literacy are believed to be the primary determinants of PIT. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation is to examine the efficacy of PIT to identify relationships between inactivity and negative outcomes in children. METHODS: Children (N = 93; 55 males, 38 females) were recruited from local elementary schools. Handgrip strength and standing vertical leap were used to assess pediatric dynapenia. Physical literacy was assessed using the Physical Literacy Assessment of Youth (PLAYbasic) score that evaluates four motor abilities (locomotor, throwing, kicking, balance). The Evaluation of Activity Survey in Youth (EASY) questionnaire was used to assess physical inactivity. Body image perception was assessed via a measure of self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, SE) and a subset of children also completed the Social Physique Anxiety Scale for Children (SPAS-C) (N = 32), a more specific measure of body image perception. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were also recorded. RESULTS: 62% of participants showed a deficit in at least 1 determinant of PIT, with 10% showing deficits in all determinants. 21% of participants were deficient in physical literacy and 33% of participants were considered to be inactive. A positive correlation was found between BMI and SPAS-C (r = 0.379, p = 0.039). No significant correlations were found between the PIT and SE; however, a negative correlation was found between SPAS-C and the composite PLAYbasic score (r = -0.413; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Potential negative outcomes related to inactivity can be identified by assessing the determinants of PIT. However, the relationship between PIT and body image perception requires further investigation.

Disturbed eating attitudes, social physique anxiety, and perceived pressure for thin body in professional dancers

ABSTRACT Professional ballet dancers are known as a high-risk group for adopting disordered eating behaviours. However, research regarding the professionals of other dance styles/genres is quite limited. The present study explored disordered eating, social physique anxiety (SPA) and perceived pressure for a thin body in professional dancers of different dance styles and genres. The Eating Attitude Test questionnaire (EAT-26), the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), and the questionnaire for thin body by significant others were administered to 108 professional dancers of ballet (n = 37), Latin (n = 31) and traditional dance (n = 40). The results showed that seven dancers had an EAT-26 score ≥20, indicating abnormal eating behaviour. No statistically significant differences were found among the three dance groups in any assessment tool, even after controlling for age, sex and professional experience. However, when Body Mass Index (BMI) was added as a potential confounder in the model, significant differences were revealed. Our results indicate that BMI and not the dance genre is an important contributing factor for both the self-control of eating and the perceived pressure from co-dancers and choreographers. If a better ‘dance life’ is to be accomplished, actions aiming at enhancing positive relationships within professional dance environment would be beneficial for dancers.