Social Pessimism Research Articles

Богатые, бедные и справедливое неравенство

Social inequality is a phenomenon that is ambivalent in its consequences. On the one hand, social inequality stimulates creative and entrepreneurial activity; on the other hand, it provokes social discontent. At the same time, the attitude towards inequality that has developed in the society is of particular importance. Perception of inequality as unfair is fraught with delegitimization of the upper class, loss of social trust between strata, and anomie. The article attempts to answer the following questions: what type of inequality do Russians agree to consider fair, what methods of enrichment and social ascent are legitimized by public consciousness? Empirically, the study is based on a series of focus groups conducted by the authors in 2013 and 2023. The study found that in modern Russia, the majority of the population criminalizes wealth, regardless of its origin, considering it “dishonest”. In the eyes of Russians, only those who serve their country, provide noble help to people and, finally, possess great talent, which is used for the benefit of everyone, are entitled to receive high income. The mass consciousness rejects the idea of inheriting status and capital, which is manifested, in particular, in a very critical attitude towards the generation of children of the post-Soviet elite. The study showed that the Russians’ dream fair society is radically different from the existing one. At the same time, the authors documented a trend towards an increase in social pessimism associated with a feeling of injustice of the socio-economic system based on the cult of money, and an increase in anomie, corroding the body of society.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКУ РІВНЯ СУЇЦИДАЛЬНОГО РИЗИКУ ТА ЕМОЦІЙНОГО ВИГОРАННЯ У ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ

The article presents the results of a theoretical analysis and an empirical study of the features of the relationship between emotional burnout and suicidal risk in military personnel. The analysis of the psychological literature on the problem showed that the activities of the military take place in special, extreme conditions associated with a threat to people’s lives and health. It makes higher demands on the personality of the military man, his moral-willed, emotional, intellectual qualities, which creates an increased load on the specialist’s adaptive systems. Over time, there is an accumulation of negative states, which leads to the development of various professional deformations and destructions. One of the manifestations is the syndrome of emotional burnout, the consequence of which can be the appearance of suicidal thoughts and behavior. The purpose of the study is to determine the characteristics of the relationship between emotional burnout and suicidal risk in military personnel. Scientific novelty. The conducted research revealed that all symptoms of emotional burnout in military personnel are in the stage of formation. Among suicidal motivation, the most pronounced complexes are: anesthetic, anemic, altruistic and autopunitive. The least pronounced are instrumental and heteropunitic. The most pronounced anti-suicidal motivational complexes are: final uncertainty, ethical complex, moral and salutary. The least expressed are aesthetic, narcissistic and religious. The most pronounced diagnostic concepts of suicidal risk are: anti-suicidal factor, demonstrativeness, social pessimism and maximalism. The least pronounced is the breaking of cultural barriers. Conclusions. The analysis of the features of the relationship between emotional burnout and suicidal risk showed that the formation of emotional burnout syndrome significantly increases the level of suicidal risk in military personnel. Psychologists need to develop effective means of preventing emotional burnout in military personnel. Key words: emotional burnout, autoaggressive behavior, suicidal behavior, military personnel.

Anticipatory competence of adolescents with movement disorders in the prevention of deviations

IntroductionAnticipation is the most valuable component of the regulatory side of human behavior. Adolescence is a sensitive period in relation to the formation of an anticipatory and prognostic system, which in turn provides an opportunity to assess causal relationships and evaluate the consequences of actions taken.ObjectivesStudy of the anticipatory viability of adolescents with long-term disorders in the prevention of deviations.MethodsThe study involved 46 adolescents aged 11-15 studying at a specialized boarding school for children with disabilities. The observational method was used as well as the author’s methodology “Studying the anticipatory solvency of adolescents” Akhmetzyanova A.I., Artemyeva T.V.; “Diagnostic questionnaire for identifying propensity to various forms of deviant behavior for students of educational institutions” developed by the Department of Psychiatry of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov.ResultsThe subjects had difficulty predicting the passage of time, with its adequate and rational distribution, including planning their own activities. Adolescents with musculoskeletal disorders had difficulty making a pragmatic and realistic forecast of possible events in communication with other people, as well as predicting the emotional states of interaction participants. Adolescents with movement disorders were characterized by an inadequate assessment of themselves as a subject of professional activity, fixation on the movement disorder, and high levels of anxiety and neuroticism. The subjects showed a tendency to suicidal behavior due to risk factors such as high levels of anxiety associated with self-esteem and anxiety in interpersonal relationships, high affectivity and demonstrativeness, social pessimism and negative prediction of the future. During the correlation analysis, the relationship between spatio-temporal and speech-communicative anticipatory consistency with indicators of deviant behavior - delinquent behavior and deviant behavior was revealed.ConclusionsThe data obtained in the study will allow specialists to timely identify and prevent the development of deviant behavior, as well as build a route for correctional classes with each child.. This paper has been supported by the Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Meritocracy in focus of scientific controversy: catholic church and italian intellectuals

The article deals with the analysis of the arguments used by Italian intellectuals, Church hierarchies, clergy representatives, professors of Catholic universities to explain their attitude to the idea of meritocracy, its prospects and restrictions. The fight against corruption and undeserved privileges is particularly relevant in today's Italy with its traditions of clientelism, nepotism and family ties. At the center of the scientific dispute there are two "sites": the Catholic University of Milan "Sacro Cuore" and the newspaper of the Italian episcopate "Avvenire." During the public discussions, views in defense and against the "merit society" were expressed and argued. Advocates of meritocracy believe that this model will make Italy more modern and competitive, will allow to build a fairer society. Opponents, on the contrary, consider this concept an ideological justification for inequality and a "direct antithesis of democracy." In the future, this situation can cause increased social tension, frustration and deep social pessimism. Catholic thinkers presented the theological examination of "meritocracy". They explained that the Church's moral teaching considers the principle of "retributive" or rewarding justice as unjust and dangerous. The author comes to the conclusion that the polarity of opinions is explained by the conflict of ideological, religious and worldview attitudes of Italian intellectuals, who are not ready to hear the arguments of the opposing side. The stance of the clergy on meritocracy can be explained in the light of the Church's magisterium on the common good, rights and dignity of the person.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF SUICIDAL RISK IN ADOLESCENTS IN CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL SOCIALIZATION

Deviant behavior of a teenager is the result of a complex interaction of various factors. The socio-psychological study of the new digital generation is one of the most relevant topics both in modern science and practice. The purpose of the study is to determine the psychological characteristics, emotional state and suicidal risk of adolescents in the context of the digitalization of society. Research methods included clinical conversation, Questionnaire of suicide risk, Pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire (PDO) for adolescents based on the classifi cation of character accentuations by A.E. Lichko (), Suicidal risk questionnaire by A.G. Shmelev, modifi ed by T.N. Razuvaeva (), the Method of diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation of K. Rogers and R. Diamond in the adaptation of A.K. Osnitsky (), test “Family sociogram”, correlation and regression analysis of suicidal risk factors. The study involved  adolescents from secondary school No.  in Samara, aged  to  years ( boys and  girls). All  surveyed adolescents actively use available online resources as sources of educational and entertaining content, and online communication platforms. Reliably signifi cant psychological factors of suicidal risk in adolescents in the context of digital socialization have been established, such as: affectivity, failure, social pessimism, breaking down cultural barriers, maximalism, negative time perspective, labile, psychasthenic and sensitive types of accentuations, dysfunctional family relationships. Based on the data obtained, a mathematical regression model for predicting suicidal risk was developed, which included signifi cant psychological factors: IP) - (. * A) + (. * NVS), where D - demonstrativeness, SP - social pessimism, M - maximalism, C - sensitive type of accentuation, IP - a tendency to true suicide, A - adaptation, NVS - violations of relationships in family. Thus, the behavior of adolescents is the result of a complex interaction of socio-psychological factors, in the development of which digital socialization plays a signifi cant role. We have concluded that digital socialization today, on the one hand, helps the process of personality formation, its adaptation and integration in society, and on the other hand, there is the emergence of new risks in the online environment: content, communication, consumer. The high reliability of the forecast in the model of the suicidal risk formation was established, which is %. Early detection of suicidal risk in modern adolescents of the new digital generation makes it possible to carry out timely prevention of suicidal behavior.

Sociality of future outcomes moderates the effects of warmth and competence on social optimism bias

People are overoptimistic about the future of those they like or admire (social optimism bias), expecting significantly more desirable than undesirable outcomes. By contrast, they are pessimistic about those they don’t like. To operationalize the (dis)like of social targets, warmth and competence are used as two universal dimensions of social perception. In this pre-registered study, we replicate previous findings while adding two new levels of complexity. First, we make the distinction between the sociality of future outcomes: “alone” outcomes (e.g., enjoying a quiet afternoon by oneself) and “social” outcomes (e.g., enjoying a vacation with the significant other). Second, we investigate the effect of attachment styles on one’s expectations for alone and social outcomes toward the social targets. In line with our hypotheses, the sociality of outcomes moderates both the additive and the multiplicative effects of the perceived warmth and competence of social targets on social optimism bias. Diverging from our hypotheses, we find that attachment anxiety and avoidance do not influence the effects of warmth and competence on social optimism bias. However, exploratory analyses reveal that attachment dimensions buffer the magnitude of social optimism bias for highly self-relevant social targets but do not impact social pessimism bias for irrelevant targets.

Employment Precarization and Subjective Well-Being of Employees in Different Age Groups

The article looks into age-related differences in the degree of employment precarization and in the nature of its relationship with the subjective well-being of workers, with the perception of unstable conditions of employment and labor activity. Based on data from the all-Russian survey of the working population, three worker age groups are compared: up to 29 years old, 30–49 years old, 50 years old and up. It is found that indicators of precarization are more common among young people, while being less often found among older people and middle-aged workers. These age groups go in the same order if they are ranked in descending order of employment precarization index values, which is a number constructed of those precarity indicators that an employee displays simultaneously. Age-related differences are also found in the specifics of the relationship between precarization and subjective assessments of the situation in the realm of work and life in general. Unstable employment hurts middle-aged workers the most: among them an increase in employment precarization is associated not just with a decrease in satisfaction with one’s job, wages and working conditions (that’s typical for all age categories), but also with increased concern over various problems at their place of work, social pessimism, dissatisfaction with life and the changes that have occurred in it. For young people and older workers only a few of these indicators (primarily those related to evaluations of working conditions and place of work) are associated with increased employment precarization.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ХАКАТОН-ЕКОСИСТЕМИ ДЛЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ МОЛОДІ В УМОВАХ СТРУКТУРНО-СОЦІАЛЬНИХ ЗМІН

This article tackles a wide range of issues related to social and professional adaptation of youth in the context of structural and social transformations. It is observed that currently, the employment and occupation challenges remain are among the most critical objectives to be attained and need to be resolved as soon as possible. It is argued that the objective reality of modern social relations is the constantly changing labor market environment; moreover, the current situation in the employment sector significantly complicates the situation for young people. In particular, it is emphasized that the labor market puts young professionals in the system of fierce competition with professionals who already have work experience. Ultimately, transformations in various fields – social, economic and political system of fierce competition – have caused a decline in the social value of labor for many young people that has resulted in moral degradation and triggered social pessimism – a disbelief that they will be ever able to get an interesting job that is paid fairly which translates into polarization between effort and wages, which in fact often differ. A survey of graduates conducted in the frameworks of the University Hackathon Ecosystem has revealed the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of future professionals and their ability to integrate into the social environment. Processing of research outcomes using the tools of mathematical statistics to obtain values with estimated availability and reliability has demonstrated the validity of the developed favourable organizational and pedagogical environment in the university. In this context, consistent implementation of this organisational and pedagogical paradigm ensures the highest effectiveness of adaptation to professional activities based on education values as well as social integration readiness. The proposed model of promoting professional partnership-based adaptation of students between the university and social institutions and organizations characterizes the pre-working period of educational and professional adaptation. It is assumed that enhancing the students’ adaptation to professional career will help would be professionals find confidence in their abilities and become competitive in the labor market, reinforcing new values of professional self-development and professional development, and facilitate further integration into society. It is argued that the use of traditional labor socialization methods is not always sufficient to attain relevant professional maturity which is associated with different character and motivation to professional activity. The findings verify that some young people are engaged in non-professional activities, some work in the profession but do not seek to develop their professional skills, there are also cases of discrimination against young people by the older generation which refer to professional growth opportunities. An experiment based on the University Hackathon Ecosystem provides argument that the professional socialization of individuals assumes a certain time period to enter the professional environment, gain professional experience, master the standards and values of the professional community, as well as the process of accumulation and active implementation of personal professional experience.

Better self and better us: Exploring the individual and collective motivations for China's Generation Z consumers to reduce plastic pollution

Plastic pollution is one of the most urgent worldwide environmental issues that humans need to address. Despite the awareness of the harm that plastic pollution brings to our planet, environmental impact is the least important consideration for consumers when making their daily choices regarding plastic packaging. It is less known how to motivate consumers, especially those of generation Z, who are considered to be more concerned with the environment than previous generations, to engage in plastic pollution reduction and increase their intention to recycle in China. Drawing upon Protection Motivation Theory, we investigate the impacts of individual motivators (self-esteem, self-actualization, and self-expression) and collective motivators (social optimism, social pessimism, and Confucianism) on consumers’ environmental concern (threat appraisal) and how these drivers eventually influence consumers’ engagement and recycling intention (coping appraisal). Our findings reveal that engagement and recycling intentions are driven primarily by self-expression and social pessimism, respectively. Environmental concerns play a significant role in mediating these relationships. We offer important theoretical and practical implications for policymakers.

The induction of social pessimism reduces pain responsiveness.

Past work has found that optimism reduces a person's responsiveness to pain, but the effects of pessimism are not clear. Therefore, we gave pessimistic forecasts of participants' future social life and measured changes in their pain responsiveness. In particular, some participants were told that they would end up alone in life. Seventy-five subjects were investigated in three conditions (negative forecast, positive forecast, no forecast) for changes in pain threshold and pain tolerance threshold. Pressure pain induction was accomplished by either human- or machine-driven algometers. A randomly assigned bogus forecast promising either a lonely or a socially satisfying future was ostensibly based on a personality questionnaire and an emotional dot-probe task. As potential covariates, questionnaires assessing dispositional optimism (LOT-R), pain catastrophizing (PCS), and self-esteem (SISE) were given. Pain thresholds suggested a change toward unresponsiveness only in the negative forecast condition, with only small differences between the modes of pain induction (i.e.,human or machine). The results for pain tolerance thresholds were less clear also because of limiting stimulation intensity for safety reasons. The covariates were not associated with these changes. Thus, people expecting a lonely future became moderately less responsive to pain. This numbing effect was not modulated by personality measures, neither in a protective fashion via dispositional optimism and self-esteem nor in a risk-enhancing fashion via trait pain catastrophizing. Alternative mechanisms of action should be explored in future studies.

Neuropsychological intervention of dyslexia has a positive effect on aspects of psychological well-being in young adults - a randomized controlled study.

Effectiveness of individual- and group-based neuropsychological intervention on aspects of psychological well-being of dyslexic adults was evaluated. Dyslexic young adults (n=120) were randomly assigned into individual intervention, group intervention or wait-list control group. Both interventions focussed on cognitive strategy learning, supporting self-esteem, and using psychoeducation. In group format peer support was also utilized. Cognitive and behavioural strategies, mood states, quality of life and self-esteem were assessed via self-report questionnaires at baseline, after the intervention/wait-list control time at 5 months and 10 months. Results indicated that the neuropsychological interventions had a positive effect on self-evaluated cognitive and behavioural strategies, especially in increasing success expectations and to a lesser degree in diminishing task-avoidance and in group intervention in diminishing social pessimism. The interventions also improved cognition-related quality of life and, to a lesser degree, self-esteem. These results indicate that structured neuropsychological interventions can positively affect self-evaluated psychological well-being, especially on cognitive and behavioural strategies. Considering the secondary consequences of dyslexia, support among young adults is often needed beyond the cognitive and reading-based challenges dyslexia poses.

Baikal region

All happy families are alike, every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.Leo Tolstoy, “Anna Karenina”Despite the recent rearrangement of the federal districts, the notion “Baikal Region” still exists. The three subjects of the Russian Federation, Zabaikalsky Krai, the Buryat Republic and the Irkutsk Region are united around the lake, which is often called “Great Sea”. This region is our journal’s homeland. The journal’s regional section contains the materials that show typical problems of provincial cities and their solutions.The disunity of citizens and the lack of social communication constitute a key problem that gives rise to a lot of other problems. The project for public spaces in Shilka became the winner of the Federal Competition for Formation of a Comfortable Urban Environment. It is the third annual issue of the Competition organized by the Ministry of Construction, and the level of the projects is trending upward.Another winner of this year is a project for Tulun. The problem related to the flood of 2019 and the wave of social pessimism and depression caused by it is to be solved by the project.Deprived areas with a high level of crime draw urbanists’ attention all around the world. Studying the case of Novo-Lenino in Irkutsk, F. Kudryavtsev and E. Tokareva raise a question about the ways of rehabilitation for the neighborhood.The threats to the cultural and historical heritage compose a complex problem, where developers’ immediate interests, unfair expert reviews, the bureaucracy’s short-term vision, citizens’ indifference etc. are tightly interwoven. However, the story about fighting for the protection of one of Irkutsk's historic buildings inspires hope and optimism.

Relationship of individual psychological peculiarities of convicts with a tendency to auto-aggressive behavior

The article reflects the results of a study of the relationship between the individual psychological characteristics of convicts with a tendency to auto-aggressive behavior. The authors carry out a psychodiagnostic examination using 4 methods: a suicidal risk questionnaire T.N. Razuvaeva; mini-cartoon (abridged version of MMPI, Russian adaptation by V.P. Zaitsev and V.N. Kozyulya); questionnaire «Anxiety and depression» (K.K. Yakhin, D.M. Mendelevich); color test M. Luscher. The paper ascertains that the personality of convicts prone to auto-aggressive behavior is indeed characterized by certain individual psychological characteristics. These individual psychological characteristics can be divided into two groups: one group of individual psychological characteristics (demonstrativeness, social pessimism, maximalism, uniqueness, breaking cultural barriers) is associated with a tendency to an extreme form of manifestation of auto-aggressive behavior, that is, to suicide, and the other group of individual psychological characteristics (black color, depression, psychasthenia and schizoid) are characteristic of convicts who are prone to manifesting auto-aggressive behavior in the form of self-harm. On the basis of the study, recommendations were developed for the prevention and correction of convicts prone to auto-aggressive behavior

Transitional Society in Modificatory Conditions and Challenges of Fourth Industrial Revolution

The object of this study is the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0.) on social life and modernization processes in Ukraine. The prognostic analysis of the Fourth industrial revolution consequences for modern Ukrainian society is the purpose of this research. The article deals with the obvious consequence of Industry 4.0 elements (such as the Internet providing, robotics, and digitization) implementation in both the countries of the center of the "World-system" as well as transition societies. It's the threat of mass increase in unemployment, the spread of spontaneous forms of population migration, incessant marginalization of social life and urbanistic environment threats deepening. It is proved in this research that it’s the richest and most intellectual part of society who gets benefits and is able to take full advantage of the latest technologies from the implementation of Industry 4.0 results. At the same time low-skilled workers will face the threat of job loss and permanent job searching process due to the implementation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution achievements. To our mind, massive increase in unemployment in Ukraine as well as other Central and Eastern European countries due to Industry 4.0 will turn into a serious source of social protests and instability, causing unprecedented challenges for the social life. It is stated in the research work that in a situation of economic backwardness, obsolescence of fixed industrial assets, merging of authorities with oligarchy, and the spread of corruption, the over-rapid implementation of Industry 4.0 elements in transition societies can lead to social disintegration processes increasing. Thus, the key criterion for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in transitional societies should be matching public needs with the interests of a particular citizen. We consider that the research of its impact on symbolic production and exchange, the way of everyday life, and the transformation of the urban environment in the Europe, in particular the countries of Central and Eastern European community, is particularly important. It’s necessary because the marginalization of a large part of the population, social pessimism and high migration expectations diminished critical thinking and developed of fascination with historical mysteries, myths or plots of TV programs, and etc.

The impact of the implicit theories of social optimism and social pessimism on macro attitudes towards consumption

AbstractPeople have substantially differing attitudes towards consumption. Anti‐consumers are negative towards consumption. In contrast, pro‐consumers view consumption in a positive light. We posit that people's attitudes toward consumption at the societal (macro) level are impacted by the implicit theories they hold about whether society can solve the problems it faces. We identify two different implicit theories consumers hold regarding how solvable larger societal problems are. Social optimists believe that we will solve the problems that are emerging as we evolve at the societal level. In contrast, social pessimists believe that societal evolution is creating problems too large to be solved. We developed a macro attitudes model where social optimism and pessimism were posited to impact people's macro attitudes towards consumption. We present the results of a study that found that social optimists have more positive attitudes towards consumption and social pessimists have more negative attitudes towards consumption. We also found that this model provided a superior fit in comparison to three other plausible models relating implicit theories and attitudes towards consumption. These findings have implications for anti‐consumption research, consumer research on implicit theories, and social marketing designed to address problems associated with overconsumption.

Россия в контексте пространственного развития: взгляд с периферии Ближнего Севера


 Анатолий Васильевич Дмитриев – член-корреспондент РАН, доктор философских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель группы конфликтогенности миграции Отдела этнической социологии, Институт социологии РАН. Адрес: 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, 24/35, к. 5, офис 107. Е-mail: mig@isras.ru
 Виктор Васильевич Воронов – доктор социологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник Центра региональной социологии и конфликтологии, Институт социологии РАН. Адрес: 117218, Москва, ул. Кржижановского, 24/35, к. 5, офис 509; ведущий исследователь Центра социальных исследований Института гуманитарных и социальных наук, Даугавпилсский университет. Е-mail: viktor.voronov@du.lv
 Цитирование: Дмитриев А.В., Воронов В.В. (2017) Россия в контексте пространственного развития: взгляд с периферии Ближнего Севера // Мир России. Т. 26. № 4. С. 169–181. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2017-26-4-169-181
 
 Более 15 лет в Мантуровском районе Костромской области развивается Угорский проект – объединение на основе Сообщества профессиональных социологов под руководством профессора Н.Е. Покровского и ведущих специалистов совместно с научной молодежью, представляющих разные отрасли социальных наук: демографию, социологию, социальную биологию, социальную географию, экономику и другие. В ходе полевых исследований, апробации их результатов на научно-практических конференциях, в преподавательской практике и публикациях участники проекта сформулировали обобщенную теоретическую модель («клеточная» глобализация) и эмпирическую методологию. Это позволило проводить комплексные междисциплинарные исследования разнородных процессов и явлений, характерных для российского социума Ближнего Севера, дать им научное объяснение и наметить возможные сценарии развития региона.В рецензии анализируются представленные в трех коллективных монографиях результаты комплексного междисциплинарного исследования большого коллектива ученых об особенностях пространственного развития периферийных территорий Ближнего Севера в европейской части России в различных аспектах: социально-экономическом, социально-географическом, экологическом, социокультурном и демографическом. Рассматриваются вопросы деградации («социальное опустынивание») сельских сообществ Нечерноземья вследствие резкого сжатия сельскохозяйственного производства и разрушения социально-экономической, социокультурной и административной инфраструктуры сельских поселений, которые порождают кризис идентичности и социальный пессимизм у местных жителей.Анализируются предложенные авторами для преодоления деградации сельских сообществ новые экономические паттерны, обладающие определенными инновационными характеристиками (очаговая сельскохозяйственная экономика, современное отходничество), новые социальные явления и формы взаимодействий (фрилансеры, удаленная работа, мобильная медицина и другое), а также возможности их развития в современных условиях.

Peculiarities of social functioning of patients with post-schizophrenic depression

Aim of research – to determine disorders of the social functioning, typical for patients with PSD. Methods of research: The psychodiagnostic examination of patients included: HADS/HARS scale for the study of psychoemotional features of patients with post-schizophrenic depression; Bassa-Darki questionnaire. For studying socio-psychological features were used: the questionnaire of volitional self-control –VSC (Zverkov A.G., Eideman E.V.), questionnaire of the suicide risk (modified by T.N. Razuvaeva). The cognitive sphere was estimated using the methods “10 words” by A.R. Luria (1995), “Proof test” by B. Burdon (1995) and pictograms method. The study of the patients' life quality was carried out using the method Mezzich, Coher, Ruipezer, Liu a Yoon, 1999. The statistical processing of obtained data and diagrams construction were realized using Excel programs and statistical package «Statistica 7.0. for Windows», and also using Student t-criterion, U-criterion of Mann-Whitney, Fisher j-criterion, Pearson c2-criterion. At the assessment of synchronicity, combination of changes of two variables or for the assessment of the similarity of two scale profiles, grade coefficients of correlations were calculated by Spearman and linear ones - by Pearson. In all cases of comparisons the probability of «р» divergences was determined. They were considered as statistically significant at pl0,05Results. Within the research were studied data about the social functioning of patients with PSD. Mean points by scales of the volitional self-control questionnaire were low (G1 – 6,5 points, G2 – 6,8 points). Life quality indices were totally within the mean values diapason. Near a half of men and women with PSD had the bed or very bad level of adaptation (G1 – 67,65 %; G2 – 46,58 %), at that women were reliably less adapted comparing with men (р≤0,05). According to the assessment of studied persons, the level of the experienced social support was low, at that least indices related to the factor “social support from “important others” (G1 – 0,9 points; G2 – 0,6 points).In men and women with PSD was determined the high risk of realization of autoagressive tendencies. In men with PSD the risk of the suicidal behavior was most often connected with factors as “social pessimism” (5,9 points), “inability” (5,6 points), “temporal perspective” (5,5 points), “affection” (5,2 points). The suicidal behavior risk in women was less comparing with men that was testified by lower values on most scales of the questionnaire and also the higher index (comparing with G1) of the anti-suicidal factor (р≤0,05). The suicidal risk in women with PSD was mainly connected with factors as “demonstrativeness” (5,3 points) and “affection” (5,0 points).Conclusions. As a result to the realized research was revealed the decrease of the social functioning in patients with PSD, manifested in the lack of volitional self-control, bad level of adaptation, low level of the social support use. The decrease of the general life quality was registered in men and women with PSD. The important parameter, revealed within the research, is the high risk of autoagresive tendencies realization; they were reliably higher in men comparing with women (р≤0,05).The determined dysadaptive psychosocial characteristics are at the same time risk factors of disease relapses that must be taken into account at elaborating the system of the complex medical-psychological support for this category of patients

Личностные диспозиции насильственного экстремизма

The paper presents the differences in the nature of extremism and radicalism, and the necessity of introducing the concept of "violent extremism." It is shown that the ideology is the explanation of extremist behavior, rather than its cause. The ideology of extremism often eclectic, contradictory and can easily be transformed by changing the object of hostility, depending on the situation. For the description of the psychological causes of extremism it is proposed to use the concept of personal disposition. Disposition is the preferred way to subjective interpretation of reality and reflects both the specific needs of a person as well the typical social situations where it realized and personal experience. Considered the following dispositions of violent extremism: the Cult of force and aggression, Intolerance, Out-group hostility Conventional coercion, Social pessimism and destructiveness, Mystical, Fighting and overcoming, Nihilism to law, Anti-subjectivism. It is proposed to use these dispositions as diagnostic criteria and for preventing and correcting.

Проблемы латиноамериканской демократии в интерпретации исследователей

The article deals with problems of the modern Latin American democracy in the context of various research methods, factors of stability and proneness to conflict, as well as new challenges for democracy set by the developing modern society. The author analyzes the leading experts' opinions in the field – mainly Spanish and Latin American researchers involved in modern social and political problems. Much attention is given to: political development issues in the region; transformation of the political parties' and civil society's role in response to consolidation of Latin American democracies; the youth activity as a new political phenomena; the increase of social protests, and the phenomenon of exaggerated social expectations. The important role of the social policy in stabilization of the political situation in the region, as well as in a successful democratic consolidation process is noted. Almost all countries of the region used the period of economic prosperity and growth (2003–2013) to develop and implement a targeted social policy aimed at the social sphere development, employment growth, and the improvement of education and public health systems. But the majority of successful social projects were devoted mainly to solving the most daunting and morbid problem of the Latin American society – poverty, which has been significantly lowered. Thus, the state targeted social policy played a significant role in shaping a positive attitude towards democracy. However, even over a ten-year period of economic growth, a state was unable to solve all problems accumulated. These challenges have been left unattended. It poses a serious threat to political stability. It is noted that the assessment of the democratic development prospects in the leading countries is closely related to social pessimism, which has been spreading among different classes of the Latin American society in recent years, and is associated not only with the worsening economic situation, but also with the growing disappointment in possibilities of democracy itself. Ineffective public administration, bureaucratization of state agencies and corruption cause irritation and discontent among the population. At the same time, along with criticism and emphasis on the subject of “disappointment” in politics, the commanding view among researchers is that the liberal democracy must be defended despite all its drawbacks and weaknesses, as the challenges for democracy set by the modern developing society, however serious they may be, are merely the tests of its prospects and possibilities, and not the evidence of its inconsistency.

ABOUT SUICIDAL RISKS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS

The article presents theoretical statements which were used as a basis for the empirical research of suicidal risks. The article focuses on the results of the research of suicidal risks among medical students at different stages of their education (and different stages of their professionalism). «The Inquiry of Suicidal Risk» by A.G. Shmeliov has shown significant differences between the groups on the following diagnostic subscales: «demonstrativeness», «affectivity», «uniqueness», «ineptitude», «social pessimism», «time perspective», «anti-suicidal factor». The article presents a comparative analysis of suicidal risk rates among students of stomatological, therapeutic and pediatric departments.