Social Organization Of Production Research Articles

DINAMIKA AKSES PENGUASAAN TANAH, SISTEM USAHA TANI, DAN PILIHAN KOMODITAS: STUDI KASUS DI KAWASAN HUTAN GUNUNG KALEDONG

This paper, departing from the results of preliminary research conducted since the end of 2020, using a political-ecological perspective will explain the dynamics of farmers to control land in areas that are included in the 'forest area' in Kawa-san Mount Kaledong ( West Java) and the dynamics of changing land use in the area – from tension to 'cooperation'. In addition, this paper will also explain the forms or patterns of farming/production systems that take place due to the development of the value of coffee commodities. The first proposition departs from the argument that the dynamics of access to tenure and land cultivation have consequences on production relations and social organization of production (planting system) where the choice of commodity is a determining factor in these dynamics. The second proposition is that coffee has a high economic value, although it opens up opportunities for farmers to cultivate a number of lands within the 'forest area', leaving farmers involved in farming without the freedom to manage all factors of production. So it can be said that they are not in a position as “independent farmers”, but only as small commodity producers, while the largest economic control lies with non-farmer actors.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES IN UKRAINE

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ANALYSIS OF HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES IN UKRAINE

Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, vol. 2C: The Metal Remains in Regional Context ed. by Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton

Reviewed by: Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, vol. 2C: The Metal Remains in Regional Context ed. by Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton Siân E. Halcrow and Nigel J. Chang Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, vol. 2C: The Metal Remains in Regional Context. Joyce C. White and Elizabeth G. Hamilton, eds. University Museum Monograph 153. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2020. 240 pp., 15 color, 29 b&w illustrations. Cloth US $70, ISBN 9781931707930. The third volume of the Thai Archaeology Monograph (TAM) Series on the metal remains at Ban Chiang provides important interpretations of the metal evidence within a regional social context. This edited volume presents substantive contributions from multiple scholars on copper mining and smelting from Thailand and Laos, provenance research on artifacts from the sites of Ban Chiang and Dan Klang, and a thorough regional synthesis of metal technology systems in Northeast and Central Thailand. This corpus of work presented by the authors supports the theory that there was a maintenance of regional economic networks with communit-based, nonhierarchical, social organization of production in these metal age societies. The introduction (chapter 1) by Joyce White succinctly describes the outcomes of this research showcasing a regional, culturally specific view of metal production, distribution, and consumption. Chapter 2 by Vincent Piggott reviews prehistoric copper mining and smelting in Southeast Asia using evidence from Thailand and Laos. This contribution provides a comprehensive review of the evidence for early copper mining and smelting in Northeast (Phu Lon complex in the greater Loei region) and Central (Khao Wong Prachan Valley) Thailand and Sepon in Lao [End Page 462] PDR. Given the extensive nature of these sites, it is concluded that they were the likely ore sources for these basins, if not for the entirety of Southeast Asia during the late second to first millennia b.c. Using the model suggested by Tucci and colleagues (2014) for the relationship between socio-political power and mining activity, Pigott argues that mining was conducted in these areas following the community-based consumption model within heterarchical contexts, although Sepon mining may have been influenced by dynastic China from as early as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, throughout the Qin and Han dynasties, and into the remainder of the first millennium a.d. In chapter 3, T. O. Pryce presents sourcing data from copper-based artifacts from Ban Chiang and Don Klang. Here, provenance information concerning production and consumption is investigated through the geochemical characterization of the metals, using elemental compositional data and lead isotopic analyses for the regions and a range of archaeological artifact types. The results show that prehistoric sites obtained their metals from a number of different networks that are inconsistent with the Phu Lon production signature, as previously thought by White and Pigott (1996). These production and consumption network findings are nevertheless consistent with the proposed general model of riverine metal supply networks in the region (White and Pigott 1996). Sepon is the only identified source of copper used to produce the artifacts at Ban Chiang during its early period, perhaps as early as 1000 b.c. The results of further metalwork sourcing research (currently underway) will help tease out answers to questions about metal consumption across the region. In chapter 4, Elizabeth Hamilton and Joyce White provide an extensive compilation and synthesis of English language publications on metal production and consumption in prehistoric northern Northeast Thailand. This chapter fully contextualizes this work within the wider regional context of southern Northeast and Central Thailand to assess regional patterns of social growth and interaction. Metal analyses of artifacts from these excavations have revealed that, although the products are different between the Upper Mun River Valley and northern Northeast Thailand, there are similarities in the casting tradition. For example, the finds of lagged spouted crucible pieces and several metalworking hearths show that such final metal products were cast locally. Although there is little published literature on the topic of metalwork in Central Thailand, the reviewed data suggest there were variable forms and metal compositions, with copper appearing to be the focus of metal production in Central Thailand compared with tin bronze in Northeast Thailand throughout the sequence; the authors argue that this...

Working alone and working with others: implications for the malthusian era

This paper presents a stylized dynamic model to study the impact of the social organization of production during the Malthusian Era (after the Neolithic Age and before the Industrial Revolution), during which there was little or no economic growth. The focus is on the division of time between working alone (individualism) and working with others (collectivism). This division of time matters because individuals have different productive abilities. A greater fraction of time spent working with others raises the income of current Low-ability individuals—but it may also lower the income of High-ability individuals and hence lower the bequests they leave for future Low-ability individuals. In the presence of congestion effects, these forces interact in a very complicated way. The paper analyzes the comparative statics implications of this division of time on economic outcomes in the (unique, non-degenerate) Malthusian steady state. It finds that a greater fraction of time spent working with others (a greater degree of collectivism) leads to a larger population, smaller per capita income, and lower income inequality. Some historical evidence is consistent with these predictions.

SOCIAL DIALOGUE AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC CAPITAL: REGIONAL CONTEXT

The post-industrial era requires a new look at the organization of social production and the system of economic relations and dictates the need for the use of modern instruments of social interaction. The ideas of domestic and foreign scientists concerning the essence of the concept of "social dialogue" in its interrelation with social capital are researched. The characteristics of the social dialogue are substantiated. The problems that impede the full realization of social dialogue at the regional level are determined. The direct proportional dependence of social capital and social dialogue, which complement and stimulate the development of each other, is revealed. The possibility of solving problems inherent in the present stage of development of regional economic systems through the interrelation of social dialogue and social capital, formation of social partnership based on their formation and their transformation into a variety of economic capital is substantiated.

Gender and sexual violence, forced marriages, and primitive accumulation during the Cambodian genocide, 1975–1979

Between 1975 and 1979 approximately two million men, women, and children died during the Cambodian genocide. These deaths are attributed to specific administrative policies and practices initiated by the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), all of which were geared toward the basic objective of increasing agricultural production as a means of building socialism. A crucial question regarding these practices was whether the CPK implemented policies designed specifically to destroy the traditional family structure of Cambodia. Drawing on the work of Silvia Federici, this article argues that policies and practices forwarded by the CPK constitute a variation of primitive accumulation; and that transformations of the traditional family structure were conditioned by the overall social organization of production initiated by the CPK. However, a more pressing form of gendered violence is apparent – a mode that pivots on the social ordering of the CPK’s political economy.

Times They Were a-Changing

Locally produced pottery underwent significant changes in Iron Age Mallorca, changes that can be traced in a range of aspects of the chaîne opératoire, including raw materials, paste recipes, firing strategies and potters’ skills. This study explores technological changes in pottery production by combining a social understanding of technology and a contextual approach to historical processes involving the Balearic Islands and their indigenous inhabitants. Changes in pottery manufacturing techniques and materials are first investigated through archaeometric analysis of a large ceramic assemblage from three sites in southwest Mallorca. Secondly, the possible implications of culture contact between indigenous communities and foreign visitors for local pottery production are examined. Finally, the changes in local pottery and new ways of organising production are considered in the social context of Late Iron Age indigenous communities on the Balearic Islands. This multiple perspective relies on both external and internal factors for interpretation, and suggests diverse causes and consequences for technological change; it also highlights questions about the social organisation of production, information and knowledge transfer, learning contexts and the social value of indigenous pottery.

Agrarian Question and Democratic Decentralization in Kerala

This article is dedicated to Professor Sam Moyo, whose work on radical land reform in Zimbabwe within a neoliberal environment has engaged our attention and illuminated the subject of our own research, the agrarian question in post-land reform Kerala. In Kerala, the experiment of democratic decentralization is now nearly two decades old. The present article focuses on one of its weakest links, the failure to generate sustainable livelihood opportunities, in either industry or agriculture. The crisis in agriculture is best seen as part of a larger process of structural transformation of the Kerala economy which has blocked agrarian transition and requires thorough overhauling of the social organization of production for overcoming the present impasse. Even though local governments have a major role in resolving the agrarian question, it presupposes greater involvement of higher tiers of government and deeper cooperation among different tiers.

A Case for the One-offs: Improvisation and Innovation Within a Copper Age Potting Community

Unique objects are often poorly integrated into discussions about the social organization of production or technological processes. Often they are frustratingly interpreted as ritual or prestige objects, or they are simply consigned to footnotes in archaeological reports. This does not do them justice and their contextualization may provide greater insight into the social factors involved in production activities. This paper attempts to demonstrate what unique, or one-off, objects can tell us about technological systems and how improvisational technical choices can lead to innovation within society. It focuses on a particular example of pottery production and usage at the Copper Age site of San Blas (Spain) and how two particular vessels on the surface appear to be unique one-off products. This paper shows that one-off objects may in fact be opening the door to innovation through acts of improvisation within existing socially sanctioned production aesthetics and object ideals.

Spatial Divisions and Fertility in India

The Indian subcontinent can be divided into four geographical divisions. In this paper, we characterize three of the four divisions; the Northern Plains, the Deccan Plateau, and the Northern Mountains or the Himalayan as regions with dissimilar climatic and physical resources. It is argued that human adaptations to these variations would be varied by differences in social organization of production and consumption resulting in differences in fertility differences across the three divisions. We found significant differences in the median age at motherhood as well as in the total family size. The effects of the three selected fertility determinants, age at marriage, years of woman's education, and level of child loss on family size also varied significantly across the three divisions. There is considerable homogeneity with respect to fertility levels within the zones considered in this study.

Internet-Based Collaborations and Their Political Significance

In recent years, we have witnessed the notable accomplishments of numerous Internet-based large-scale collaborations, which typically rely on small contributions by many participants. In the first part of the paper we highlight the political relevance and significance of such collaborations, and we argue that Internet-based collaboration is turning into an important organizing principle for the production of a variety of goods by a range of political actors. In the second part, we analyze why the Internet is conducive for such collaborations and we focus on a number of factors, most significantly on the reduced costs of both individual contributions and the social organization of production, and on the large and excessive number of potential contributors attracted to focal collaborations.

Food Security, Urbanization and Social Stability in China

Chinese development in both the planned economy and reform periods was determined within narrow constraints of food security, agricultural productivity and social organization of production. The reforms and their effects, most prominently rapid urbanization while ensuring food security also caused the loss of cultivable land to agriculture, environmental decline, and new dietary demands on food production. The institutional trajectories and dynamics of these processes are explored in relation to global perspectives on China's global impact.

Internet-Based Collaborations and Their Political Significance

In recent years, we have witnessed the notable accomplishments of numerous Internet-based large-scale collaborations, which typically rely on small contributions by many participants. In the first part of the paper we highlight the political relevance and significance of such collaborations, and we argue that Internet-based collaboration is turning into an important organizing principle for the production of a variety of goods by a range of political actors. In the second part, we analyze why the Internet is conducive for such collaborations and we focus on a number of factors, most significantly on the reduced costs of both individual contributions and the social organization of production, and on the large and excessive number of potential contributors attracted to focal collaborations.

Transnational corporations and spatial divisions of ‘service’ expertise as a competitive strategy: the example of 3M and Boeing

Production processes are becoming increasingly more complicated as firms develop corporate strategies that are designed to increase profitability or capture market share. The focus of this article is on manufacturing companies (3M and Boeing) and on understanding the social organisation of production and the ways in which firms manipulate spatial divisions of expertise (service inputs) as well as labour (manufacturing inputs). This distinction recognises that there are important differences between production and non-production tasks. The 3M case examines the firm's global labour market by exploring the geographies of its transnational or foreign service employees. The Boeing case examines the design and manufacture of the 787 and the development by Boeing of a new complex spatial division of expertise.

Negotiating Gender and Disability in Rural Haryana

This paper argues that disability is gendered, culturally constituted and socially negotiated. It explores the nature and form of disability afflicting the individual and social life of women in rural Haryana, in terms of both physical and mental parameters. It describes the community and the family strategies for supporting disabled women in negotiating family, work, economy and society. It also highlights the social effects of physical disability on various stages of their life cycle. Disability remains an obstruction in attaining the full potential of an individual. Each community has its characteristic way of understanding disability and coping with its disabled population. Disability locates the individual in a compromised position not only for biological reasons, but also as a consequence of a complex combination of such non-biological factors as gender, caste, class, neighbourhood relations, and the nature of kinship and family structure. This paper explores the conceptual and empirical implications of the proposition that ‘disability is culturally constructed and socially negotiated’. If disability creates obstacles for individuals in discharging their social responsibilities, th ere are inbuilt cultural mechanisms and social networks available to them as coping strategies within the family, kinship, caste and community. Voluntary agencies and the state machinery, through various empowerment initiatives, are making consistent efforts to minimi se, if not eliminate, the social hindrances and constraints that result from physical disability. 1 Since a large number of the disabled lives in rural areas, the absence of accurate information on the magnitude of the problem has hampered planning of realistic policies and services for them. In urban areas, the disabled are recognised as a social category for their special needs. There are attempts to integrate them into the social mainstream through institutions like special schools and training centres. The situation is different in rural areas. Here the disabled do not constitute a socially recognised group; they often continue to function as normal members of society. In order to understand disability in a rural area, it is necessary to re cognise its social organisation of production, cultural values and the structure of gender relations.

Global Warming and the Neglected Greenhouse Gas: A Cross-National Study of the Social Causes of Methane Emissions Intensity, 1995

The human dimensions of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming attract considerable attention in macrosociology. However, cross-national analyses generally neglect greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide. The current study addresses this paucity through the testing of theoretically derived models for the social structural causes of the second largest anthropogenic contributor to global warming: methane emissions intensity. The cross-national analyses consider the effects of particular economic activities and their social organization as well as other domestic conditions and the environmental commitment of nation states. Results suggest that both the intensity and social organization of production in different sectors contribute to methane emissions per capita. In particular, the production of beef and veal, oil and natural gas, and biomass energy all positively affect methane emissions intensity. Evidence indicates that while the level of economic development and foreign direct investment in the manufacturing and petroleum sectors increases emissions, the level of state environmentalism has the opposite effect. These findings illustrate the necessity for social scientists to take more nuanced approaches when studying human-caused environmental degradation.

A very Soviet form of capitalism? The management of holding companies in Russia

The transition to a market economy in Russia did not initially lead to significant changes in the social organisation of production, leading some to doubt that Russia was in transition to capitalism at all. Since the 1998 devaluation, Russian capitalist holding companies have invested in industrial enterprises. This article reviews the impact of such investment on the management structure of Russian companies on the basis of a series of intensive case studies. The case studies show a very consistent pattern of strictly centralised hierarchical management, which reproduces many features of the traditional Soviet system of administrative control, using financial rather than physical indicators, with production subordinate to projected sales, but very limited change in the traditional forms of personnel and production management. In conclusion, the question is raised whether this represents a distinctively Russian form of capitalism or is merely a transitional stage of capitalist development.

Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the Early 3rd Millennium B.C.E.. E. C. M. van den Brink and Thomas E. Levy.

Interaction in Context: Interaction Models, Egypt and the Canaanite Periphery, Thomas E. Levy and Edwin C.M. van den Brink The Socio-Political Dynamics of Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction in the Early Bronze Age, Pierre de Miroschedji The Relative Chronological Position of Egyptian Predynastic and Early Dynastic Tombs with Objects Imported from the Near East and the Nature of Interregional Contacts, Stan Hendrickx and Laurent Bavay. Geoarchaeology and Biological Considerations: Geoarchaeological Implications of Recent Research in the Nile Delta, Karl W. Butzer Configuration of the Egypt-to-Canaan Coastal Margin and North Sinai Byway in the Bronze Age, Daniel J. Stanley The Paleo-Biological Evidence for Admixture Between Populations in the Southern Levant and Egypt in the 4th-3rd Millennium BCE, Patricia Smith Egyptian-Canaanite Interaction During the 4th and 3rd Millennium BCE - The Shell Connection, Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer. Chalcolithic Interaction: Competitive Involution and Expanded Horizons: Exploring the Nature of Interaction between Northern Negev and Lower Egypt (c. 4500-3600 B.C.E.), Catherine Commenge and David Alon Teleilat Ghassul - Foreign Relations in the Late Chalcolithic Period, S.J. Bourke, The Chronological Frame and Social Structure of Buto in the 4th Millennium BCE, Dina Faltings. Early Bronze Interaction: Egypt's First Sojourn in Canaan, Eliot Braun Ceramics, Identity and the Role of the State - The View from Nahal Tillah, Eric Kansa and Thomas E. Levy Egypt, Bet Yerah and Early Canaanite Urbanization, Rafi Greenberg and Emanuel Eisenberg. Metallurgical and Petrographic Studies: The Origins of the Metals Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean - Social Organization of Production in the Early Copper Industries, Jonathan Golden The Kfar Monash Hoard Again - A View from Egypt and Nubia, Miriam Tadmor. Petrography of the Naqada IIIa Canaanite Pottery from Tomb U-j in Abydos Naomi Porat and Yuvel Goren Early Bronze I, Predynastic and Eary Dynastic Primary Data: The Ceramic Assemblage from Tel Ma'ahaz, Stratum I (Seasons 1975-1976), Ruth Amiran and Edwin C.M. van den Brink Core-Periphery Interaction Between the Pristine Egyptian Nagada IIIb State, Late Early Bronze Age I Canaan and Terminal A-Group Lower Nubia - More Data , Ram Gophna and Edwin C.M. van den Brink The Egyptian Presence at the End of the Late Early Bronze Age I at the Tel of Lod, Central Coastal Plain, Israel, Edwin C.M. van den Brink Egyptian Pottery from Samll Tel Malhata and the Interrelations Between the Egyptian 'Colony' in Southwest Palestine and the 'Canaanite' Arad Basin and Central Highlands, Ornit Ilan Egyptian-Transjordanian Interaction During Predynastic and Protodynastic Times - The Evidence from Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley, Peter Fischer Imported Finds from the 'Ein Assawir Tombs, Israel, and their Significance in Understanding the Chronological Synchronization Between Israel, Egypt and Eastern Anatolia, Eli Yannai. (Part contents)

Managing the Labour Collective: Wage Systems in the Russian Industrial Enterprise

The aim of this paper is to explore the extent of change in the wage systems at Russian industrial enterprises, examining how the traditional Soviet system of wages is being recast to accommodate the pressures associated with large-scale economic restructuring. Our findings reveal that, despite some important adjustments in the face of new economic constraints, the lack of change in the social organisation of production at the level of the enterprise has meant that the traditional wage systems remain appropriate and there are significant continuities in the underlying principles which govern wage determination. The key contradiction appears to be between the need to effectively integrate into the market and the lack of control over production adequate to this end, which forces shop managers to retain significant features of the old system of wage provision rather than replace it.

Manufacturing in China: a UK firm case study

This case study narrates the experience of a medium‐sized UK manufacturing company in setting up and running a manufacturing plant in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. It details how features of the social organisation of production, the human resource policies and the management practices of the UK parent company were successfully transferred and adapted to the unique labour market and business environment encountered in mainland China. The study concludes by reviewing two major challenges that directly lie ahead for the company.