Social Interactions In Daily Life Research Articles

Self-esteem and social interactions in daily life: An experience sampling study

Theory and empirical evidence suggest that self-esteem and the quality of social relationships are mutually related, however, little is known about the dynamic short-term association in daily life. Experience sampling data of 232 Dutch Master’s students ( M age = 24.6, SD age = 2.7) was collected across four waves; each consisting of 14 days of four daily assessments (23,107 data points). We applied Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling to study the within-day associations between momentary self-esteem (assessed in the morning and evening) and social interactions (anticipated and experienced). First, results showed that quality of social interactions during the day was associated with evening, but not morning self-esteem. Second, positive anticipation of social interactions was associated with morning, but not with evening self-esteem. Third, trait self-esteem did not moderate the within-day associations. Together, results suggest that when having higher self-esteem, people anticipate more positive social interactions at the same time, but they do not experience more positive social interactions later on. Having but not anticipating more positive social interactions seems to contribute to higher self-esteem later on. Differentiating between anticipated and experienced interactions and using multiple daily assessments helps obtain a more fine-grained understanding of the dynamic processes between self-esteem and social interactions.

A Social Stimulation Paradigm to Ameliorate Memory Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses a global health threat, progressively robbing patients of their memory and cognitive abilities. While it is recognized that meaningful social contact can alleviate the symptoms of dementia in AD patients, the precise mechanisms by which social stimulation mitigates AD symptoms remain poorly understood. We found that social interaction with novel mice, also known as novel social, simulated meaningful socializing. Therefore, we developed the multiple novel social (MNS) stimulation paradigm to train AD model mice and found that MNS effectively alleviated cognitive deficits in AD mice. This discovery not only opens up a new avenue for investigating the relationship between social stimulation and Alzheimer's disease but also lays the groundwork for delving into the underlying mechanisms, thereby providing crucial theoretical support for developing novel strategies to treat Alzheimer's disease. Key features • Designing a new social stimulation method to simulate meaningful social interactions in daily life. • The MNS stimulation protocol spans 14 days, with one novel mouse introduced to the subject mice each day. • The subjects were 2.5-month-old FAD4T mice, simulating patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). • Results of behavioral tests confirm the efficacy of MNS in reducing cognitive deficits in the AD model. This protocol is used in: J Neurosci (2024), DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1689-23.2024.

Persons in contexts: The role of social networks and social density for the dynamic regulation of face-to-face interactions in daily life.

Current psychological theories on daily social interactions emphasize individual differences yet are underspecified regarding contextual factors. We aim to extend this research by examining how two context factors shape social interactions in daily life: how many relationships people maintain and how densely people live together. In Study 1, 307 German participants (Mage = 39.44 years, SDage = 14.14) answered up to 20 experience sampling questionnaires regarding their social interactions over 2 days. In Study 2, 313 German participants (Mage = 48.96 years, SDage = 15.54) summarized their daily interactions in daily diaries for 14 days. Participants reported on their social network size and the social density (i.e., household and neighborhood density) of their living situations. Mobile sensing provided additional measures of social interactions and network size. The results showed that participants living in densely populated households transitioned faster from solitude to social interactions but slower from social interactions to solitude. Participants living in dwellings with more homes also transitioned slower from solitude to social interactions. Contrary to the hypothesis, social network size was inconsistently linked with transitions from solitude to social interactions and vice versa. Furthermore, current social desires predicted subsequent social interactions within days, but not across days-irrespective of individuals' social network size or social density. Together the results point out that people live their daily life in social contexts, which contribute to how they engage in social interactions. The findings thus call for a greater integration of contextual factors in personality theories of social interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

On the social signal function of emotional crying: Broadening the perspective to social interactions in daily life.

Emotional crying is a potent signal that can influence how social interactions unfold. Although the social signal function of crying has been mostly studied in experimental approaches involving hypothetical scenarios with strangers as targets, we propose that daily social interactions should be considered to address aspects of external validity. We conducted three retrospective studies (total N = 2,277; convenience samples; Studies 2 and 3 were preregistered; data were collected in 2022 and 2023) and found that individuals primarily observed close others crying in their daily lives; a boundary condition that was hardly reflected in former studies. Crying episodes were typically characterized by tears and changes in facial expression, vocalizations, and gestures, whereas isolated emotional tears, were rarely reported. Participants indicated that they frequently helped close others, but that helping strangers was the exception. The level of familiarity with the target also influenced the form of help provided. Furthermore, the crying person was rated as less warm and less competent when crying (vs. in general or in a neutral situation). Additional analyses suggest that question order effects and recall biases are no plausible alternative explanations of our findings. Taken together, these results call into question the validity of the experimental approaches used in this line of research. We discuss strategies for future study of the social signal function of crying in nonhypothetical scenarios with reference to the "generalizability crisis" of psychological science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Capturing the Social Life of a Person by Integrating Experience-Sampling Methodology and Personal-Social-Network Assessments

The daily social life of a person can be captured with different methodologies. Two methods that are especially promising are personal-social-network (PSN) data collection and experience-sampling methodology (ESM). Whereas PSN data collections ask participants to provide information on their social relationships and broader social environment, ESM studies collect intensive longitudinal data on social interactions in daily life using multiple short surveys per day. In combination, the two methods enable detailed insights into someone’s social life, including information on interactions with specific interaction partners from the personal network. Despite many potential uses of such data integration, there are few studies to date using the two methods in conjunction. This is likely due to their complexity and lack of software that allows capturing the full social life of someone while keeping the burden for participants and researchers sufficiently low. In this article, we report on the development of methodology and software for an ESM/PSN integration within the established ESM tool m-Path. We describe results of a first study using the developed tool that illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method combination and show that participants consider the assessments insightful. We further outline study-design choices and ethical considerations when combining the two methodologies. We hope to encourage applications of the presented methods in research and practice across different fields.

Studying Daily Social Interaction Quantity and Quality in Relation to Depression Change: A Multi-Phase Experience Sampling Study.

Day-to-day social life and mental health are intertwined. Yet, no study to date has assessed how the quantity and quality of social interactions in daily life are associated with changes in depressive symptoms. This study examines these links using multiple-timescale data (iSHAIB data set; N = 133), where the level of depressive symptoms was measured before and after three 21-day periods of event-contingent experience sampling of individuals' interpersonal interactions (T = 64,112). We find weak between-person effects for interaction quantity and perceiving interpersonal warmth of others on changes in depressive symptoms over the 21-day period, but strong and robust evidence for overwarming-a novel construct representing the self-perceived difference between one's own and interaction partner's level of interpersonal warmth. The findings highlight the important role qualitative aspects of social interactions may play in the progression of individuals' depressive symptoms.

Supplemental Material for On the Social Signal Function of Emotional Crying: Broadening the Perspective to Social Interactions in Daily Life

Supplemental Material for On the Social Signal Function of Emotional Crying: Broadening the Perspective to Social Interactions in Daily Life

Inferences about interdependence shape cooperation.

During social interactions in daily life, people possess imperfect knowledge of their interdependence (i.e., how behaviors affect each person's outcomes), and what people infer about their interdependence can shape their behaviors. We review theory and research that suggests people can infer their interdependence with others along several dimensions, including mutual dependence, power, and corresponding-versus-conflicting interests. We discuss how perceptions of interdependence affect how people cooperate and punish others' defection in everyday life. We propose that people understand their interdependence with others through knowledge of the action space, cues during social interactions (e.g., partner behaviors), and priors based on experience. Finally, we describe how learning interdependence could occur through domain-specific and domain-general mechanisms.

Interpersonal Complementarity and Affect in Daily Life.

The current study examines the associations between interpersonal complementarity and affective reactions during social interactions in daily life, as well as contextual moderators of these associations. This research aims to understand how satisfaction/frustration of interpersonal motives (operationalized as interpersonal complementarity) impacts affect, using Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory as a guiding framework. Participants (N = 227) rated actor and partner agency and communion in interpersonal interactions in 6 prompted surveys per day for 21 days. Results suggested that communal and agentic complementarity was associated with more positive affect valence, though this association was stronger for communal complementarity. Additionally, agentic complementarity impacted affect in cold interactions, while communal complementarity impacted affect in warm interactions, indicating that there are potentially more agentic motives driving cold interactions and communal motives driving warm interactions. An increase in communal complementarity was associated with an increase in affect arousal, while an increase in agentic complementarity was associated with a decrease in affect arousal, indicating affect arousal may communicate something other than satisfaction/frustration of motives. The moderating role of type of interaction partner was also explored. Overall, the results of this study support fundamental assumptions of Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory.

Kajian Ayat-Ayat Manajemen: Isyarat Al-Qur’an Tentang Lingkungan Pendidikan

The educational environment or also known as Tri Centa Pendidikan as an Education Center consisting of family, school, and community is a place where formal and non-formal educational interactions take place. The family as the first place has the responsibility to provide the initial foundation in education that colors the daily life of a child's personal life towards adulthood for the rest of his life. Schools as formal educational institutions are entrusted with the responsibility to continue children's education in developing talents and interests so that they become self-directed. Both families, schools and communities play a very important role and are responsible for supervising, directing, and providing the education they have received from adults or the surrounding environment. These three educational environments will greatly determine the development of children, whether good or bad, the role of parents, teachers and the surrounding community will affect the child's development. imitating and playing an active role in maturation of children's personal development through social interactions in daily life without us realizing that children will grow and develop both physically and spiritually and continue to experience continuous changes throughout life.

Ecological and Convergent Validity of Experimentally and Dynamically Assessed Capacity for Social Contingency Detection Using the Perceptual Crossing Experiment in Adolescence.

The Perceptual Crossing Experiment (PCE) captures the capacity for social contingency detection using real-time social interaction dynamics but has not been externally validated. We tested ecological and convergent validity of the PCE in a sample of 208 adolescents from the general population, aged 11 to 19 years. We expected associations between PCE performance and (a) quantity and quality of social interaction in daily life, using Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM; ecological validity) and (b) self-reported social skills using a questionnaire (convergent validity). We also expected PCE performance to better explain variance in ESM social measures than self-reported social skills. Multilevel analyses showed that only self-reported social skills were positively associated with social experience of company in daily life. These initial results do not support ecological and convergent validity of the PCE. However, fueled by novel insights regarding the complexity of capturing social dynamics, we identified promising methodological advances for future validation efforts.

Tracking developmental differences in real-world social attention across adolescence, young adulthood and older adulthood.

Detecting and responding appropriately to social information in one’s environment is a vital part of everyday social interaction. We report two pre-registered experiments that examined how social attention develops across the lifespan, comparing adolescents (10-19 years old), young (20-40 years old) and older (60-80 years old) adults. In two real-world tasks, participants were immersed in different social interaction situations – a face-to-face conversation and navigating an environment – and their attention to social and non-social content was recorded using eye-tracking glasses. Results revealed that, compared to young adults, adolescents and older adults attended less to social information (i.e. the face) during face-to-face conversation, and to people when navigating the real-world. Thus, we provide evidence that real-world social attention undergoes age-related change, and these developmental differences might be a key mechanism that influences Theory of Mind among adolescents and older adults, with potential implications for predicting successful social interactions in daily life.

M229. EXPERIMENTAL TRUST AND REAL LIFE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: CLOSENESS OF THE CONTACT AND EMPATHIC SKILLS MAKE THE DIFFERENCE

BackgroundPsychosis is associated with profound problems in interpersonal functioning. One of the key elements of social relationships is trust. Previous research has shown that patients with psychotic disorders display reduced trust in others. Reduced trust may lead to paranoid ideation and (as a consequence) to social withdrawal. Patients with psychotic disorders have fewer social contacts and less social support than comparison groups and they frequently have difficulties in developing and maintaining social relationships. This has also been found in young people with first episode psychosis (FEP), who report having less close friends. However, social functioning and social support are a strong predictor for future outcome: Social networks buffer against the impact of adversities. Social isolation, in turn, is associated with reduced quality of life, increased mortality and poor patient outcomes. Therefore, investigating trust and responses to social interactions in daily life is essential for developing interventions to improve social functioning in the field of schizophrenia research. This study investigated the underlying mechanisms of reduced trust in early psychosis patients by linking experimental trust data with emotional responses to day to day social interactions by means of experience sampling. We hypothesized that early psychosis patients, similar to chronic patients with schizophrenia, show more social withdrawal, and report higher levels of negative affect and lower positive affects when in company of others compared to controls. We expect that these social aspects are associated with reduced trust.MethodsThe sample consisted of 28 patients, of which 16 FEP and 12 patients at clinical high-risk, and 28 healthy controls. Participants performed a trust game during fMRI, and filled in a questionnaire about their social activities and their emotions and symptoms during these activities, 10 times a day, during a week.ResultsPatients had less social contact, and less contact with familiar others than healthy controls. Furthermore, social contact in general was associated with more positive affect. Contact with familiar others was associated with lower positive symptoms in the patient group, and with more positive affect and less negative affect in patients, whereas patients showed higher negative affect when being alone compared to controls. Empathy was a moderator between closeness of contact and mental health. Group differences in baseline trust, with patients showing reduced baseline trust, were not moderated by social withdrawal (the amount of social contact). Nor was baseline trust moderated by negative or positive affect when in company of others.Social contact was not significantly associated with neural activation. However, in the caudate and the temporo-parietal junction a decrease in activation was apparent, if participants showed more social withdrawal.DiscussionThe results indicate that familiar company is related to better outcomes in psychotic disorders. Subjects with low levels of empathy had more negative affect when in company of close others when compared to being in company of less familiar others. Furthermore, associations of daily social interactions with baseline trust and its neural correlates show link between reduced baseline trust and frequently being alone. Being alone affects neural responses to received trust in patients. Future research should investigate the role of perceived social support, and the motivation to engage in social contact with good friends or family. Treatment involving familiar contacts may be effective in patients with psychotic symptoms to facilitate social contact and strengthen their relationships.

Understanding the visual perception of awkward body movements: How interactions go awry

Dyadic interactions can sometimes elicit a disconcerting response from viewers, generating a sense of "awkwardness." Despite the ubiquity of awkward social interactions in daily life, it remains unknown what visual cues signal the oddity of human interactions and yield the subjective impression of awkwardness. In the present experiments, we focused on a range of greeting behaviors (handshake, fist bump, high five) to examine both the inherent objectivity and impact of contextual and kinematic information in the social evaluation of awkwardness. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to discriminate whether greeting behaviors presented in raw videos were awkward or natural, and if judged as awkward, participants provided verbal descriptions regarding theawkward greeting behaviors. Participants showed consensus in judging awkwardness from raw videos, with a high proportion of congruent responses across a range of awkward greeting behaviors. We also found that people used social-related and motor-related words in their descriptions for awkward interactions. Experiment 2 employed advanced computer vision techniques to present the same greeting behaviors in three different display types. All display types preserved kinematic information, but varied contextual information: (1) patch displays presented blurred scenes composed of patches; (2) body displays presented human body figures on a black background; and (3) skeleton displays presented skeletal figures of moving bodies. Participants rated the degree of awkwardness of greeting behaviors. Across display types, participants consistently discriminated awkward and natural greetings, indicating that the kinematics of body movements plays an important role in guiding awkwardness judgments. Multidimensional scaling analysis based on the similarity of awkwardness ratings revealed two primary cues: motor coordination (which accounted for most of the variability in awkwardness judgments) and social coordination. We conclude that the perception of awkwardness, while primarily inferred on the basis of kinematic information, is additionally affected by the perceived social coordination underlying human greeting behaviors.

Dynamic Interactive Social Cognition Training in Virtual Reality (DiSCoVR) for social cognition and social functioning in people with a psychotic disorder: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundProblems in social functioning (e.g., unemployment, social isolation), are common in people with a psychotic disorder. Social cognition is a treatment target to improve social functioning, as it is a proximal predictor of social functioning. Social Cognition Training (SCT) improves social cognition, but may not generalize (enduringly) to social functioning, perhaps due to insufficient opportunity to practice in daily-life social situations. Using virtual reality (VR) for SCT could address this problem, as VR is customizable, accessible, and interactive. We will test the effect of a VR SCT, ‘DiSCoVR’, on social cognition and social functioning in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).MethodsIn total 100 people with a psychotic disorder and deficits in social cognition will be recruited for this multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants will be randomized to VR SCT (DiSCoVR) or VR relaxation training (VRelax; active control). DiSCoVR is a 16-session individual SCT, consisting of three modules: 1) emotion perception (recognizing facial emotions in a virtual shopping street); 2) social perception and theory of mind (observing social interactions between virtual characters and assessing their behavior, emotions and thoughts); and 3) application of higher-order social cognition in social interaction (role-playing personalized situations in VR). People receiving VRelax complete sixteen individual sessions, in which they receive psycho-education about stress, identify personal stressors, learn relaxation techniques, and explore relaxing immersive virtual environments.Assessments will be performed at baseline, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Primary outcomes are emotion perception (Ekman 60 Faces), social perception and theory of mind (The Awareness of Social Inference Test). Secondary outcomes include social functioning (Personal and Social Performance Scale), experiences and social interactions in daily life (experience sampling of emotions, social participation and subjective experience of social situations), psychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, perceived stress, anxiety, positive and negative symptoms) and self-esteem.DiscussionTo our knowledge, this will be the first RCT testing the efficacy of VR SCT. It will also investigate generalization to daily life social situations, the durability of treatment effects, and moderators and mediators of treatment success.Trial registrationOn December 5, 2017, this trial was registered prospectively in the Dutch Trial Register as NTR6863.

Mengungkap Cara Melakukan Praktik Fraud di Pemerintah Kota Malang

This study aims to reveal fraud practices in the government environment, especially in Malang City Government. The study uses an interpretive approach with ethnomethodology method developed by Garfinkel to find ways or methods that are believed in a social environment based on social interactions in daily life. The data in this study were obtained from observations in the field by actively participating in each activity, in-depth interviews related to ways to commit fraud in Malang City Government with people who are related and has direct contact with fraud, and using documentation based on irregularities documents. Data analysis was performed using indexicality and reflectivity analysis. The results of the study show that there are four ways to conduct fraudulent practices in Malang City Government, such as; giving gifts, Bancakan, misuse of the budget starting from the preparation to accountability, and embezzling government assets into private property. The results of this study confirm that fraud practices Malang City Governement depend on its socio-geographical conditions where the culture habits of the “Bahasa Walikan” and the “Oyi Tok Wes” phrase support fraud.

Social cognition in schizophrenia: Validation of an ecological fMRI task

Neuroimaging studies have revealed brain regions involved in social cognition, which reportedly show functional alterations in schizophrenia. However, the social neural network has not been investigated with regards to language perception and social interactions in daily life. Here we developed and validated an integrative fMRI task to explore the neural basis of social cognition with regards to language perception in schizophrenia. The task comprised listening to film extracts and inferring mental states to characters. We first identified the functional network activated during the task in 28 healthy controls (HC). Next, we evaluated the reproducibility of Blood-Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) variations in 14 HC participants. Finally, we investigated network impairment in 20 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) compared to HC. The HC group exhibited bilateral activation in the superior and middle temporal gyri (including the poles and the temporo-parietal junction). Overall, our novel integrative task induced activation of a functional network with good reproducibility and involved in language conveying social information. Compared to the HC group, the SZ group showed decreased recruitment of the right temporo-parietal junction. These findings may be useful for testing the impact of remediation on the brain, particularly on the network of language conveying social information.

The impact of trust decision-making on outcome processing: Evidence from brain potentials and neural oscillations

It may be beneficial, although risky, to decide to trust others during social interactions in daily life. The current study explored the time course of the effect of trust decisions on outcome evaluation processing using electroencephalographic (EEG) techniques. Twenty-two healthy young adults made trust or distrust decisions regarding a message they received from a stranger in a card game. The results showed that at the early stage of outcome processing, feedback-related negativity (FRN) was more negative for losses than for gains, and more importantly, this valence effect of FRN was greater for outcomes following trust decisions than distrust decisions. At the later stage, the P3 was larger for gains than for losses and for outcomes following trust decisions than distrust decisions. In addition, at both the early and late stages, differences in the mid-frontal theta power between losses and gains were also greater in the trust condition than in the distrust condition. These findings indicate that trust decisions could effectively modulate the processing of outcome evaluation at different stages. The trust effect at the early stage of outcome processing suggests that compared to distrust decisions, trust decisions result in greater motivation and expectancy to obtain positive outcomes. While the trust effect on the later stage of outcome processing suggests that individuals pay more attention and feel stronger emotional experience to the outcomes following trust decisions. This study sheds light on the neural mechanisms of trust decisions modulating outcome processing.

Age differences in adults' daily social interactions: An ecological momentary assessment study.

Prevailing research has suggested that social relationships get better with age, but this evidence has been largely based on studies with lengthy reporting intervals. Using an ecological momentary assessment approach, the present study examined age differences in several characteristics of social interactions as reported in near-real time: the frequency, quality, and partner type. Participants (N = 173) ages 20-79 years reported their social interactions at 5 random times throughout the day for 1 week. Results revealed that age was associated with higher frequency of interacting with family and lower frequency of interacting with peripheral partners. These age effects, however, became nonsignificant after accounting for contextual factors such as race, gender, education, employment status, family structure, and living arrangement. In contrast, a curvilinear relationship best characterized age differences in both positive and negative ratings of daily social interaction quality, with middle-aged adults reporting the lowest positive ratings and older adults reporting the lowest negative ratings among all ages. Contextual factors did not account for these patterns of age differences in interaction quality. Furthermore, the intraindividual variability of interaction frequency with peripheral partners, partner diversity, and interaction quality (positivity and negativity) was lower among older adults than among younger adults. Findings from the present study portray a nuanced picture of social interactions in daily life and advance the understanding of social interactions across the life span. (PsycINFO Database Record

Emotion Regulation Predicts Everyday Emotion Experience and Social Function in Schizophrenia.

While recent evidence has pointed to disturbances in emotion regulation strategy use in schizophrenia, few studies have examined how these regulation strategies relate to emotionality and social behavior in daily life. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we investigated the relationship between emotion regulation, emotional experience and social interaction in the daily lives of individuals with schizophrenia. Participants (N=30) used mobile phones to complete online questionnaires reporting their daily emotional experience and social interaction. Participants also completed self-report measures of habitual emotion regulation. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that self-reported use of cognitive reappraisal and savoring of emotional experiences were related to greater positive emotion in daily life. In contrast, self-reported suppression was related to greater negative emotion, reduced positive emotion and reduced social interaction in daily life. These findings suggest that individual differences in habitual emotion regulation strategy usage have important relationships to every day emotional and social experiences in schizophrenia.