Social Interaction Anxiety Scale Research Articles

성인의 아동기 외상경험과 대인관계문제에서 사회적 상호작용불안의 매개효과

Objectives This study was to check whether social interaction anxiety could buffer the effect of adult childhood trauma experience on interpersonal problems. Methods 241 domestic adult men and women between the ages of 19 and 59 were surveyed and analyzed through an Internet questionnaire. The research tools were the Korean version of childhood trauma questionnaire, interpersonal problem scale, and social interaction anxiety scale. For the data, correlation analysis and regression analysis were sequentially performed using the SPSS 20.0 program, and the mediating effect was analyzed. Results First, it was found that there was a positive correlation between childhood trauma, interpersonal problems, and social interaction anxiety. In other words, as childhood trauma increases, interpersonal problems and social interaction anxiety increase, and as interpersonal problems increase, childhood trauma and social interaction anxiety increase. Second, it was found that social interaction anxiety statically partially mediated between childhood trauma experience and interpersonal problems. Conclusions These results imply that it is effective to reduce social interaction anxiety in order to prevent interpersonal problems in adults who have experienced childhood trauma. In addition, it suggests that raising the level of social interaction is effective in lowering high interpersonal problems.

Authoritarian Parenting and Social Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Self-esteem, Introversion and Religious Coping

The main objective of the study was to find out the predictive relationship of authoritarian parenting, introversion, self-esteem, and religious coping on social anxiety among adolescents, who were the students in different schools and colleges of Faisalabad and Sargodha, Punjab-Pakistan. Non- random convenient sampling was used to approach the sample and it consists of six hundred participants including 50% boys and 50% girls. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Self-esteem Scale, Big Five Personality Inventory-Introversion (BFPI), Parental Authority Questionnaire-Authoritarian subscale (PAQ) and Religiosity Scales for Youth were used as a research instruments. The results showed that social anxiety is significantly positively correlated with introversion authoritarian parenting and religiosity. However, the social anxiety is significantly negatively correlated with self-esteem. Multiple regression analysis showed that self-esteem and authoritarian parenting are predictors of social anxiety among boys while introversion, self-esteem and religious coping worked as a predictor of social anxiety among girls. Moderation analysis indicated that authoritarian parenting predicts social anxiety while introversion, self-esteem and religious coping played a significant role as moderators. So, it is concluded that parenting style is so important for the mental and emotional health and development of an adolescent. Likewise self-esteem, religious orientation and personality traits should be considered while addressing adolescent’s psychological wellbeing. Parenting styles related awareness programs and teachers training should be prioritizing for students, parents and general community.

Social anxiety and fear of intimacy among young adults

This study was conducted to better understand the relationship between social anxiety and fear of intimacy among young adults. Socially anxious individuals characteristically report fear of evaluation and scrutiny by others, we hypothesized that there is no impact of social anxiety on fear of intimacy among young adults, including the difference in social anxiety and fear of intimacy among males and females. Self-report data were collected from 81 males and 119 females aged 18- 25 years of age residing in the city of Bangalore, India. The tools used in the study were Social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS) was designed by Mattick and Clarke and The Fear of Intimacy Scale designed by Michelle, Mark & Thelen. The study found a positive correlation between social anxiety and fear of intimacy in young adults, rejecting the hypothesis that there is no relationship between the two variables. The independent t-test showed no significant difference in social anxiety or fear of intimacy between males and females. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that social anxiety affects fear of intimacy, as an increase in anxiety leads to an increase in social anxiety. Therefore, the hypothesis that social anxiety impacts fear of intimacy was rejected. The findings suggest that social anxiety may be a significant factor in determining social anxiety levels. The study provides insights into the challenges young adults with social anxiety face in forming close relationships, suggesting that identifying social anxiety could predict and address intimacy fear, potentially leading to more comprehensive treatment plans.

Decoupling the role of verbal and non-verbal audience behavior on public speaking anxiety in virtual reality using behavioral and psychological measures

Public speaking is a communication ability that is expressed in social contexts. Public speaking anxiety consists of the fear of giving a speech or a presentation and the perception of being badly judged by others. Such feelings can impair the performance and physiological activation of the presenter. In this study, eighty participants, most naive in Virtual Reality experience, underwent one of four virtual reality public speaking scenarios. Four different conditions were tested in a between-group design, where the audience could express positive or negative non-verbal behavior (in terms of body gesture and facial expression), together with positive or adverse questions raised during a question-and-answer session (Q&A). The primary outcomes concerned the virtual audience behavior’s effect on perceived anxiety and physiological arousal. In general, perceived anxiety seemed to be unaffected neither by the verbal nor non-verbal behavior of the audience. Nevertheless, experimental manipulation showed a higher susceptibility to public speaking anxiety in those participants who scored higher on the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) than those with lower Social Interaction Anxiety Scale scores. Specifically, in the case where the verbal attitude was negative, high SIAS trait participants reported a higher level of anxiety. Participants’ physiological arousal was also affected by the proposed scenarios. Participants dealing with an approving audience and encouraging Q&A reported increased skin conductance response. The lack of correlation between reported anxiety and skin conductance response might suggest a physiological engagement in an interactive exchange with the virtual audience rather than a form of discomfort during the task.

대학생의 내현적 자기애와 사회불안의 관계

Objectives The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of covert narcissism on social interaction anxiety in university students and also to verify the double effects of socially-prescribed perfectionism and self-concept clarity in the relationship between the covert narcissism and social interaction anxiety.
 Methods For this, survey has been conducted on 288 male and female university students in the use of covert narcissism scale(CNS), social interaction anxiety scale(SIAS), socially-prescribed perfectionism scale (HMPS), and self-concept clarity scale(SCCS). For collected data, correlation among variables has been verified by using SPSS 24.0 and Process Macro along with dual mediation effect. At the same time, bootstrapping was conducted to verify the significance of indirect effect.
 Results Results of the study are as follows. First of all, it turned out that there was a significant correlation among the covert narcissism, social anxiety, socially-prescribed perfectionism, and self-concept clarity. Covert narcissism turned out to be significantly positively correlated with socially-prescribed perfectionism and social anxiety but to be significantly negatively correlated with self-concept clarity. Socially-prescribed perfectionism turned out to be positively correlated with social anxiety but to be significantly correlated with self-concept clarity. Social-concept clarity turned out to be significantly correlated with social anxiety. Secondly, socially-prescribed perfectionism turned out to be correlated with the covert narcissism and social anxiety. Third, self-concept clarity turned out to have a partial mediation effect in the relationship between the covert narcissism and social anxiety. Fourth, there was a dual mediation effect on socially-prescribed perfectionism and self-concept clarity in the relationship between the covert narcissism and social anxiety.
 Conclusions This study is meaningful to suggest a direction of efficient consultative involvement for university students with high level of the covert narcissism who visit counseling center due to social anxiety.

Social interaction anxiety and sleep quality in youth: Individual difference in childhood adversity and cardiac vagal control

BackgroundSocial interaction anxiety and sleep problems are prevalent during adolescence. Social interaction anxiety undermines sleep quality, however, little is known whether the association between social interaction anxiety and sleep quality is moderated by environmental factors such as childhood adversity and individual factors such as cardiac vagal control. This study sought to investigate the moderating effects of childhood adversity and cardiac vagal control on the link between social interaction anxiety and sleep quality. MethodThe Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were administered to 274 adolescents, who received 3-min resting ECG recording to assess respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as an index of cardiac vagal control. ResultsSocial interaction anxiety was negatively associated with sleep quality, and this association was moderated by childhood adversity and cardiac vagal control. In specific, social interaction anxiety was negatively associated with sleep quality among adolescents with low childhood adversity regardless of cardiac vagal control. Sleep quality was generally disrupted when adolescents exposed to high childhood adversity, but the negative association between social interaction anxiety and sleep quality among adolescents with high childhood adversity could be amortized by high cardiac vagal control. LimitationsCross-sectional design precluded establishing causality among variables. ConclusionThese findings suggest that high cardiac vagal control reflecting better self-regulation might buffer the negative effect of social interaction anxiety on sleep quality particularly among adolescents exposed to early life stress.

Reliability and validity evaluation of the stigma of loneliness scale in Chinese college students

BackgroundThe stigma of loneliness exacerbates the negative effect of loneliness, reduces the willingness to seek help, damages interpersonal relationships, and threatens health status. However, there is currently no valid scale for measuring the stigma of loneliness in China. The study aims to translate the Stigma of Loneliness Scale (SLS) and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version.MethodsThe investigation was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the SLS was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on 657 college students aged 17 to 24; in the second phase, the SLS, the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), the Distress Disclosure Index (DDI), the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (RCBS), the Self-Concealment Scale (SCS), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to conduct the questionnaire survey on 801 college and graduates students aged 18 to 39.ResultsTwo dimensions of Self-stigma of Loneliness and Public Stigma of Loneliness were extracted with a cumulative factor interpretation rate of 74.60% when conducting exploratory factor analysis on the first-stage data. The factor loading of each item ranged from 0.585 to 0.890, and the commonality ranged from 0.609 to 0.735. The confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity test were carried out on the data gathered in the second phase, indicating that the two-factor model fits well. In addition, the scores of SLS and all dimensions were significantly positively correlated with the total scores of ULS-8, RCBS, SCS, SIAS, SPS, and K10, and negatively correlated with those of DDI and RSES. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for SLS and SSL and PSL dimensions were 0.957, 0.941, and 0.955. The cross-group invariance test found that the SLS was equivalent for males and females. Meanwhile, males scored significantly higher than females on both the total scores of SLS score and each dimension.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of SLS displayed satisfactory psychometric properties and can be a valid tool to assess the stigma of loneliness among Chinese young people.

Impact of Self-reported Leisure Internet Usage on Social Interactions

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to determine whether leisure Internet usage affects social interactions among undergraduate dental students. Methods: All undergraduate dental students of Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, were included in the study. Leisure Internet usage was assessed using a fifteen-item Internet Disorder scale (IDS-15). Short form of the Social Interaction Anxiety (SIAS-6) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6) evaluated Social interaction anxiety and social phobia. The frequency distribution of responses IDS-15, SIAS-6, and SPS-6 was calculated based on gender and year of study. The mean response score was computed and compared based on demographic variables. Results: The total mean IDS-15 score for the study population was 39.09 ± 8.35. Average time spent on Internet per day was a significant variable for IDS-15 and its factors, with the highest mean score observed for those using Internet for more than 5 h/day. Although half of the population (165; 50%) revealed Internet addiction based on the IDS-15 scale, the majority of the population had low levels of social interaction anxiety (60.3%) and social phobia (69.39%). A positive and significant relation was noted between the total IDS-15 scale with both the social scales. Conclusion: Based on the analysis of this study, it was seen that 50% of the population had self-reported leisure Internet addiction. The amount of time spent emerged as a significant factor and a positive relation between the Internet usage and anxiety and phobia in social situations was also noted in this study.

Prevalence and predictors of social anxiety disorders among Malaysian secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the influence of internet gaming disorder and impulsivity.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) among Malaysian secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore its correlations with demographic variables, impulsivity behavior, and internet gaming disorder (IGD). A total of 1574 participants from 12 government secondary schools across five Malaysian states, comprising 569 males and 1005 females, completed an online questionnaire containing validated Malay versions of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short Form. The findings revealed a notable SAD prevalence rate of 40.53% among Malaysian adolescents. Logistic regression analysis unveiled significant associations between SAD and factors such as attention impulsiveness (OR = 2.58, p < .001), motor impulsiveness (OR = 1.47, p = .03), female gender (OR = 2, p < .001), Malay ethnicity, and IGD (OR = 1.08, p < .001). In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the extent of social anxiety experienced by Malaysian secondary school students during the pandemic, shedding light on the demographic and psychosocial factors linked to its emergence. Furthermore, the research underscores a robust link between IGD and SAD, emphasizing the need for comprehensive interventions addressing both issues concurrently. By recognizing the multifaceted nature of these associations, future interventions can be tailored to provide holistic support for adolescents' mental well-being.

Social anxiety and psychological distress among polycystic ovarian syndrome patient's in Pakistan.

To examine the fear of negative evaluation as a predictor, and to explore the association of social anxiety with psychological correlates among women with polycystic ovaries. The cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2020 to November 2021 after approval form the University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised unmarried women aged 18-26 diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome. The sample was raised from different clinics and hospitals based in Lahore and Gujranwala cities. The sample was divided into obese, hirsutism and acne vulgaris groups. Data was collected using a demographic proforma along with standardised Derriford Appearance Scale, Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, University of California, Los Angeles, Loneliness Scale and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. Of the 180 patients, 60(33.3%) were in each of the 3 groups. The overall mean age was 21.4+/-2.27 years. A significant association of fear of negative evaluation was found with appearance distress, social anxiety and loneliness (p<0.05). The fear of negative evaluation and appearance distress also significantly predicted loneliness in the subjects (p<0.01). The obese group scored significantly higher in terms of fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Women with polycystic ovaries were found to be suffering from adverse psychological outcomes and social anxiety.

완벽주의와 사회불안의 관계

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effects of need for approval(NA) on the relation between perfectionism and social anxiety(SA). To this end, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(HMPS), the Revised Martin-Larsen Approval Motivation Scale(RMLAM), Social Interaction Anxiety Scale(SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale(SPS) were used with 469 college students. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. The results of this study were as follows. First, there was a significant correlation between self-oriented perfectionism(SOP), socially-prescribed perfectionism(SPP), NA, and SA. Second, SOP directly reduced SA and SPP directly increased SA. Third, SOP reduced SA by mediating NA and SPP increased SA by mediating NA. Based on the results of this study, counseling intervention methods for college students experiencing SA were discussed in terms of SOP, SPP, NA, and SA. Finally, the significance, limitations, and suggestions for further research were made.

Factors affecting social phobia among Chinese college students in the context of COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

Social phobia (SP) refers to excessive anxiety about social interactions. College students, with their exposure to academic, familial, and job-related pressures, are an ideal population for early screening and intervention of social phobia. Additionally, COVID-19 prevention measures including keeping social distance may further impact social phobia. This study aims to investigate the influencing factors of social phobia among Chinese college students and to tentatively explore the impact of COVID-19 prevention measures on social phobia. Respondents were recruited through Chinese Internet social platforms for an online survey. College students' social phobia scores in pre- and early-COVID-19 periods were measured using Peters' short form of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale (SIAS-6/SPS-6). Demographic information, family information, social relations, self-evaluation, and subjective feelings regarding the impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on social phobia were collected. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. A total of 1859 valid questionnaires were collected, revealing that the social phobia scores increased from 12.3 ± 11.9 to 13.4 ± 11.9 between pre- and early-COVID-19 periods, with an increase of 1.0 ± 6.4 (p < 0.001). Low GPA rank, mobile phone dependence, distant family relationships, indulgent parents, childhood adversity, and childhood bullying were risk factors for social phobia among Chinese college students. Female gender, being a senior university student or postgraduate, satisfaction with physical appearance, self-reported good mental health and high level of interpersonal trust were protective factors for social phobia. Although most respondents believed that COVID-19 prevention measures (e.g., mask wearing and social distancing rules) reduced their social phobia, these measures were not significantly associated with social phobia levels in the multivariable analyses. In conclusion, Chinese college students' social phobia was widely influenced by diverse factors and warrants increased attention, with early intervention aimed at high-risk individuals being crucial for their mental health. Additional research is necessary to understand the impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on social phobia among college students.

Long-Term Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness of an Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention for Social Anxiety Disorder in University Students: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is widespread among university students and is associated with high costs for the society. While unguided internet- and mobile-based interventions (IMIs) may have short-term effects in reducing SAD symptoms, evidence for their long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness is still limited. The aim of this study is to examine the 6-month outcomes of an IMI for university students with SAD. Participants were recruited via mass mails sent to enrolled students and included if they were at least 18 years old, met the diagnostic criteria of SAD in a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID-I), and provided written informed consent. In a prospective study designed as a two-armed randomized-controlled trial, 200 students (mean age 26.7 years) diagnosed with SAD were randomly assigned to an IMI or a waitlist control (WLC) condition. The IMI consisted of nine weekly sessions based on the cognitive-behavioral treatment model for social phobia by Clark and Wells. The primary outcome was SAD symptom severity assessed via the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). A health economic evaluation from a societal and healthcare perspective examined the costs related to the symptom-free status and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. Statistically significant differences in SAD symptom severity previously found at posttreatment favoring the IMI were maintained at a 6-month follow-up [SIAS (Cohen’s d = 0.59 ; 95% CI, 0.30, 0.87) and SPS (Cohen’s d = 0.83 ; 95% CI, 0.54, 1.1)]. From a societal perspective, at a willingness to pay (WTP) of €0, the intervention was found to have a 92% and 93% probability of cost-effectiveness compared with the WLC per symptom-free status and QALY gained, respectively. From a healthcare perspective, the likelihood of cost-effectiveness of the intervention was 97% per symptom-free status at a WTP of €1000 (US$1326) and 96% per QALY gained at a WTP of €6000 (US$7956). This IMI is effective in treating university students with SAD and has an acceptable likelihood of cost-effectiveness compared with WLC from a societal perspective. This intervention can be integrated into university healthcare to reach students with SAD as it is scalable, shows a high probability of cost-effectiveness, and overcomes known treatment barriers. This trial is registered with DRKS00011424.

Latent profiles of problematic smartphone use severity are associated with social and generalized anxiety, and fear of missing out, among Chinese high school students

We explored problematic smartphone use (PSU) using latent profile analysis (LPA) and relationships with anxiety variables, including severity of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) in a non-clinical sample. We conducted a web-based survey (during the COVID-19 pandemic from February to March 2020) with high school students (N = 1,797; 1,164 female; ages 13–19 years) in Tianjin, China, administering the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) to assess PSU, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) Scale. Using Mplus 8.7, we conducted LPA on SAS-SV item responses to uncover latent profiles and relations with anxiety and fear measures. A three-profile PSU model fit the data according to fit indices and likelihood ratio tests. SAS-SV item responses were lowest in profile 1, moderate in profile 2, and most severe in profile 3. Individual PSU profiles modeled by LPA demonstrated significant differences in social and generalized anxiety severity and FoMO. Controlling for age and sex, adolescents with higher levels of anxiety were more likely to be classified as profiles 2 and 3 rather than profile 1. These findings will hopefully inspire future studies and treatments concerning the severity of PSU as it relates to various psychopathology constructs.

Pathological network changes in patients with social anxiety disorder before and after an Internet-based CBT

A network perspective may shed light on the understanding of Internet-based CBT efficacy for social anxiety disorder. Previous cross-sectional evidence revealed a densely interconnected network for individuals with social anxiety. Yet, longitudinal network changes before and after ICBT are lacking. This study aimed to investigate pathological network changes with Graphical Gaussian Model among patients with social anxiety disorder (n = 249). Social phobia scale (SPS) and Social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS) were measured before and after 8 weeks Internet-based CBT. Results revealed the connection between symptom tension when speaking and symptom awkward when being watched was the most robust edges during ICBT interventions. The pathological network benefited from ICBT and exhibited modification in several prominent interconnections. The overall network connectivity continues to exhibit comparable strength after ICBT. This study represents the first examination of social anxiety network changes after patients with SAD completed a systematic ICBT. Changes in critical edges and nodes provide valuable insights for the design and efficacy assessment of ICBT interventions.

Thematic Analysis to Measure Social Anxiety among Students

The occurrence of social anxiety among students in higher education has become a growing concern, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of effective assessment methods. To address this, a study was conducted utilizing thematic analysis to explain prevailing trends in the measurement of social anxiety. By analyzing ten scholarly articles sourced from the Web of Sciences (WOS) database, the research sought to identify common patterns and themes in the approaches employed to assess social anxiety. The findings of the thematic analysis highlighted several prevalent tools frequently utilized in assessing social anxiety, including the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, the Social Anxiety Scale, the Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire, and the Social Anxiety Scale. These established measurements signify essential resources for researchers and practitioners aiming to comprehensively evaluate social anxiety in university students. This comprehensive review of existing literature not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the methodologies employed in studying social anxiety but also emphasizes the importance of employing a variety of measurement techniques in future research endeavors. By incorporating these findings, scholars and mental health professionals can devise more tailored interventions and support mechanisms to address the growing concerns surrounding social anxiety within higher education settings.

Psychiatric morbidity among patients suffering from Vitiligo.

Vitiligo is a chronic acquired, stigmatizing disease characterized by discoloration of skin and mucous membranes. Patients suffering from this condition suffer from a lack of confidence and psychological stress. To assess depression, anxiety, and social anxiety among patients suffering from vitiligo. This hospital-based cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was carried out in a tertiary care center on 100 patients suffering from vitiligo, who were consecutively enrolled after informed consent from the outpatient department (OPD) of the dermatology department. Permission was obtained from the institutional ethics committee Diagnosis of vitiligo was made by two consultants from the department of dermatology. Sociodemographic variables were recorded in the sociodemographic form. The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was applied to all 100 patients. Patients who scored >3 on GHQ-12 were further subjected to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Results were statistically analyzed on SPSS-22.0 (IBM, Armonk, USA). Of all the patients, 55% (n = 55) had a GHQ score >3 (i.e., Psychiatric morbidity was present in 55% of patients.). Out of 50 patients in the age group of 18-25 years, 41 patients in the age groups of 26-35 years, and 9 patients in the age groups of 36-45 years, 22 (44%), 17 (42.1%), and 6 patients had psychiatric morbidity, respectively. Of the total number of patients, 46% had depression according to the HAM-D scale. Of all the patients, 18% had mild, 22% had moderate, and 6% had severe depression. Age-wise analysis showed that out of 50 patients in the age group of 18-25 years, 41 patients in the age group of 26-35 years, and 9 patients in the age group of 36-45 years, 22 (44%), 20 (48.7%), and 4 patients had depression, respectively. Of the patients who had depression, 39% were male and 58% were female. On HAM-A, 47% of the patients had anxiety; 33% had mild, 12% had moderate, and 2% had severe anxiety. Age-wise analysis showed that out of 50 patients in the age group of 18-25, 41 patients in the age group of 26-35 years, and 9 patients in the age group of 36-45 years, 20 (40%), 23 (56.1%), and 3 patients had anxiety, respectively. On SIAS, 36% of the patients had social anxiety. Out of 50 patients in the age group of 18-25 years, 41 patients in the age group of 26-35 years, and 9 patients in the age group of 36-45 years, 23 (46%), 9 (7.8%) and 4 patients had social anxiety, respectively. According to gender-wise distribution, 17% of male and 63% of female patients had social anxiety. A high prevalence of anxiety, depression, and social anxiety has been observed in this present study. Therefore, importance should be given to psychiatric evaluation of such patients and, if required, necessary interventions should be undertaken to improve their quality of life.

Linking Social Anxiety and Depression: The Role of Metacognitive Beliefs and Anhedonia

Aim and background: This study aims to examine mechanisms that may account for the comorbidity between social anxiety and depression. Objective: We hypothesized that maladaptive metacognitions and anhedonia would serially mediate the link between social anxiety and depression. Method: We tested this notion by collecting data from 208 international, English speaking participants ranging from the ages of 18 to 65 years old using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale (SAAS), Patient’s Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30). Results and Discussion: The results show a significant serial mediation effect from social anxiety via beliefs about uncontrollability and danger and anhedonia to depression, with the pathway from social anxiety via reduced beliefs in cognitive confidence and anhedonia to depression not being significant. Furthermore, a direct path from social anxiety to depression was also significant. Conclusions: Findings provide support for both the tripartite model and the self-regulatory executive function model of anxiety and depression. While the findings imply the contributions of other mediating variables, they also indicate that metacognitive therapy with additional focus on anhedonia could be effective in preventing the development of depression.

Mediating effect of social interaction anxiety between emotional intelligence and life satisfaction in physical education students: post-COVID-19 study.

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of social interaction anxiety on satisfaction with life mediated by emotional intelligence. The research design was descriptive, cross-sectional, and non-randomized. In total, 1,164 Mexican physical education students participated (Mage = 21.21; SD = 3.26; 30.0% female; 69.6% male; 0.4% other). The scales used were the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Trait Meta-Mood Scale and Satisfaction with Life and a structural equation analysis with latent variables was conducted. The results highlight that it can be asserted that emotional clarity and repair had a mediating effect between social interaction anxiety and satisfaction with life, as they did decrease the negative effects of social interaction anxiety on satisfaction with life. In addition, social interaction anxiety had a direct and positive effect on emotional attention and a negative effect on emotional clarity and repair.

Social Interaction Anxiety, Social Isolation, Self-efficacy, and Depression in Social Networking Users

This research was designed to explore the relationship between social interaction anxiety, social isolation, self-efficacy, and depression in men and women using different social networking sites. The study also explored social interaction anxiety as a predictor of social isolation, self-efficacy, and depression in social network users. A sample of 275 social network users (men = 136, women = 139) was employed from public and private sector universities of Lahore and Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK), Pakistan by using a purposive sampling technique. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Social Isolation Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess the study variables. Results showed that social interaction anxiety has a significant positive association with social isolation and depression, and a negative association with self-efficacy in men and women using social networking sites (p &lt; .01). Further, multiple regression analysis showed that social interaction anxiety was found to be a significant positive predictor of social isolation and depression. Social interaction anxiety was found to be a negative predictor of self-efficacy among men and women using social networking sites. Some demographic variables such as physical activity, hours of using different social networking sites, and self-reported quality of sleep turned out to be significant predictors of social interaction anxiety, social isolation, self-efficacy, and depression among young adults using social networking sites. Furthermore, gender differences were significant across all the variables. The current findings have practical implications for social networking users, teachers, parents, researchers, policymakers, and information technology professionals.