Social Implications Of Science Research Articles

Medical Physics Topics as an Anchor for Physics Learning

Students taking introductory courses in physics at the secondary and university level may benefit from the inclusion of medical physics topics, a growing field related to biophysics that includes radiation therapy physics, medical imaging physics, nuclear medicine, and health physics. Both standard physics classes for physics and engineering students, as well as physics courses for students interested in the life sciences may take advantage of the applied and immediately applicable nature of medical physics topics. Integrating medical physics as examples of physics topics stimulates learning as relevant and connected to students’ prior knowledge and interests, develops problem solving skills, engages students with concepts involving ethical and social implications of science and technology, and introduces students to a potential career opportunity. Examples of medical physics topics are discussed. Physics educators are encouraged to consider integrating some examples from medical physics into their curricula to spur student engagement and to acquaint students with one example of a rewarding career opportunity in physics.

Критический рационализм как источник теоретической юриспруденции

The article is devoted to the inquiry of a specific conception of law, emerging from an attempt to comprehend sociolegal order through the lens of epistemology of critical rationalism. Taking as an example the works of Friedrich Hayek, one of the leading theorists who applied critical-rationalist epistemology to the study of society, we describe the key tenets of this epistemology, as well as its implications for social science. According to our hypothesis, the key tenets of critical-rationalist epistemology can produce not only a certain social philosophy, but also a certain view on the main questions of legal theory. The questions of the function of law, its structure and evolution, being studied by its theoretical reconstruction in the context of the critical-rationalist epistemology, indicate the significant relevance of the epistemology of critical rationalism as the basis of a coherent legal theory. The legal theory, which consider law as an endogenously evolving “compositive” (dispersed) social structure, preventing epistemically unjustified intervention of organized power actors into spontaneous social order. This perception of law, based on the epistemology of critical rationalism, opposes the currently dominant “Cartesian-rationalist” theory of law as an exogenously designed by political legislator logical normative structure, serving as a technical tool of epistemically unjustified intervention of organized power actors into spontaneous social order. And though this Cartesianrationalist legal theory is the opposite of the critical-rationalist concept of law, the very identification of these two types of legal theory is becoming possible only when we analyze law through the lens of the epistemology of critical rationalism.

Recruiting Participants with Complex Communication Access Needs in Social Science Research: Issues of Capacity and Consent

Qualitative research assumes verbal and written communication ability from participants. Legitimised by the ethical pillars of ‘capacity’ and ‘consent’, articulate speech acts are the hidden ticket to research inclusion. The knowledge contribution of people with complex communication access needs is left off; a situation that undermines social science, reinforces disability exclusion paradigms and bypasses opportunities to remediate the problem. In this study, an important part of capacity assessment was transferred from the researcher to the prospective participants to sign off on the investigators’ capacity to communicate using alternative augmentative communication. The article begins with an exploration of the problem before describing the adaptations made and implemented in this study and their implications for social science.

Undergraduate Disabled Students as Knowledge Producers Including Researchers: Perspectives of Disabled Students

Knowledge influences policy development and policies impact disabled people. Scientific and technological advancements, including neuro-advancements and their governance, have social implications for disabled people. However, knowledge is missing on this topic. Although efforts are underway to increase the number of disabled academics, the numbers remain low. Engaging undergraduate disabled students in knowledge production, especially research, could decrease the knowledge deficit and increase the pool of disabled students considering an academic career. We performed 10 semi-structured interviews of disabled students to understand the reality of undergraduate disabled students as knowledge producers, including researchers. Using a directed thematic content analysis, we found that participants felt that undergraduate disabled students were insufficiently exposed to and supported in the identity of being knowledge producers including researchers. Participants identified ethical, legal, and social implications of science and technology and argued that undergraduate disabled students and disabled people have a role to play in the discussions of these. Exposing disabled students at the undergraduate and high school level to knowledge production including researcher identity could increase the numbers of undergraduate disabled researchers, disabled academics, and disabled students doing research in the community after graduation and decrease the knowledge gaps around the social situation of disabled people.

Development of TOSRA (Test of Science Related Attitudes) Instrument for Science Related Attitude Studies in Sindh Province

This study aims to explore the implementation of attitude measurement tool known as Test of Science-Related Attitudes (TOSRA) in Sindh. 1097 higher-secondary level students from Hyderabad division of Sindh participated in the study. The alpha reliability values of different scale of TOSRA were analysed and enhanced to acceptable and good level using statistical techniques. The alpha coefficients for adapted TOSRA scales were observed as; Social Implications of Science (0.707), Adoption of Scientific Attitudes (0.801), Classroom Enjoyment (0.779), Leisure Interest in Science (0.767) and Career Interest in Science (0.701). The overall alpha coefficient for adopted (five-scale) TOSRA questionnaire administered in this study was 0.912. Similarly, the values of discriminant validity of the scales were deduced using correlation techniques for these scales where mean correlation between the scales ranged from 0.49 to 0.57. The adopted version of TOSRA was developed based on the statistical analyses including Cronbach alpha, Pearson’s correlation, and factor analysis, and showed sufficient validity and reliability to be implemented in subsequent research to measure students’ attitude towards science in province of Sindh, Pakistan.
 Keywords: Attitude towards Science, TOSRA, Instrument development, Science Education, Higher secondary students

Identification of students attitudes towards natural sciences at Adhyaksa 1 Junior High School, Jambi City

The study examined the attitudes of students at Adhyaksa 1 Junior High School in Jambi, Indonesia towards science subjects. This type of research is a mixed method. This study involved 136 students of Adhyaksa 1 Junior High School in Jambi City. The instruments used consisted of questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire used was adapted from the study astalini and kurniawan with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.842 with a valid number of claims of 56. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics processed using the SPSS program. The results of the seven indicators are the social implications of science, normality of scientists, attitudes towards science inquiry, adoption of scientific attitudes, pleasure in learning science, interest in learning more science, career interest in science, this dominant in the moderate category, which means students are sufficient in learning science. With this research, it is expected to be able to measure students 'attitudes towards how students' attitudes towards the natural science course in Adhyaksa 1 Junior High School, Jambi City.

Is the Political Slant of Psychology Research Related to Scientific Replicability?

Social science researchers are predominantly liberal, and critics have argued this representation may reduce the robustness of research by embedding liberal values into the research process. In an adversarial collaboration, we examined whether the political slant of research findings in psychology is associated with lower rates of scientific replicability. We analyzed 194 original psychology articles reporting studies that had been subject to a later replication attempt (N = 1,331,413 participants across replications) by having psychology doctoral students (Study 1) and an online sample of U.S. residents (Study 2) from across the political spectrum code the political slant (liberal vs. conservative) of the original research abstracts. The methods and analyses were preregistered. In both studies, the liberal or conservative slant of the original research was not associated with whether the results were successfully replicated. The results remained consistent regardless of the ideology of the coder. Political slant was unrelated to both subsequent citation patterns and the original study’s effect size and not consistently related to the original study’s sample size. However, we found modest evidence that research with greater political slant—whether liberal or conservative—was less replicable, whereas statistical robustness consistently predicted replication success. We discuss the implications for social science, politics, and replicability.

Development of the REACH (Real Education About Cannabis and Health) Program for Canadian Youth.

Because cannabis use in children can have negative consequences, the recent legalization of recreational cannabis for adults in Canada creates an urgent need for youth education. A multidisciplinary clinical rotation was developed wherein nursing and pharmacy students collaborated with youth (grades 7 through 10) to construct an educational program about cannabis. Four schools participated, representing a variety of socioeconomic demographics. Feedback was solicited from students and stakeholders. The purpose of this project was to create REACH (Real Education About Cannabis and Health), a toolkit and curriculum resource that includes lesson plans for teachers covering the science of cannabis, social science implications, peer pressure, decision making and harm reduction, videos featuring youth testimonials, and supplemental resources. Preliminary feedback suggests the materials are engaging and informative. A collaboration of health science students with youth in schools resulted in an authentic and relatable educational program about cannabis. Future studies will evaluate REACH's effectiveness in seventh- and ninth-grade students. [J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(8):465-469.].

COMPARISON OF STUDENT ATTITUDES TOWARD NATURAL SCIENCES IN RURAL MIDDLE SCHOOLS IN JAMBI PROVINCE

The purpose of this study is to determine the assessment of students’ attitude of science subjects in several indicators. This type of research is quantitative research with inferential statistical data. This study involved two different schools, namely SMP 17 Batanghari Regency with a sample obtained by 140 students and SMP 3 Muaro Jambi with a sample of 145 students. The students’ attitudes were noticed in several indicators, namely the social implications of science, the adoption of science attitudes and the enjoyment of learning science. As the result, from the three indicators, the attitude of the SMP 3 Muaro Jambi students were dominantly in good category, whereas those of the students in Batanghari District were dominantly in quite good category. In conclusion, there were differences between the two school students’ attitude toward natural science which was reinforced by the results of t tests that have been done.

Deskripsi Sikap Siswa Terhadap Pembelajarn IPA di SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi

This research was conducted aiming to describe the attitudes of students towards learning science at SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi, how to attitude towards science investigations at SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi, and find out what are the constraints owned by students and teachers in the process of forming attitudes when learning science at SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi, how to improve the positive attitude of junior high school students when taught science material at SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi and the social implications of science. This research uses a relation approach with descriptive method. This research was carried out at SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi. Samples taken in this study were all students of SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi as many as 45 people. This research data uses quantitative data. The collection technique in this study was a questionnaire. This attitude questionnaire was carried out using a Likert scale measurement. Likert scale assessment is strongly agree (SS), agree (S), disagree (TS), and strongly disagree (STS). From this study it can be concluded that, research conducted on students' attitudes towards science learning at SMPN 1 Muaro Jambi by using indicators of the implications of social attitudes of students towards learning science is included in the good category, students are more dominant having good attitudes with a percentage of 60%.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS NATURAL SCIENCE: COMPARISON OF STUDENT ATTITUDES IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN MUARO JAMBI DISTRICT

Purpose of the study: This research was conducted to review the comparison of students’ attitudes towards science subjects through 3 indicators, namely the social implications of science, attitudes towards investigation and career interests in the field of science sourced from TOSRA.
 Methodology: The research design used is quantitative with the type of survey research. The research subjects were 1075 students. The instrument used in the form of a questionnaire attitude towards science subjects. The analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics in the form of one way ANOVA test.
 Main Findings: Students at Junior High School 26Muaro Jambi were dominant in the indicators of social implications with a percentage of 66.9% (103 out of 154 students) with a good category, while Junior High School 6 Muaro Jambi was dominant in the social implication indicators with a percentage of 51.5% (313 out of 608 students) with a sufficient category, and Junior High School 5 Muaro Jambi dominant in the indicators of social implications with a percentage of 62.3% (195 of 313 students) with a sufficient category. Based on the one way ANOVA test, it was found that there were differences in attitudes towards science subjects at Junior High School 26 Muaro Jambi, Junior High School 6 Muaro Jambi and Junior High School 5 Muaro Jambi.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The renewal of this study is the absence of research conducted in Junior High School in Muaro Jambi Regency, Indonesia regarding students’ attitudes toward science subjects reviewed through indicators of the social implications of science, indicators of attitudes towards science investigations, and indicators of career interest in the field of science.

Investigation of Learning Science: Fun in Learning, Interest in Learning Time, Social Implications, Scientific Normality for Science Learning

Attitude is the tendency of one's behavior toward an object both positive and negative. Finding out about students in the world of education who can help in the learning process, this study aims to describe the attitudes of students in Muaro Jambi Junior High School 6 and Muaro Jambi Junior High School 5 in terms of 4 indicators, namely enjoyment in learning science, interest in increasing science learning time, social implications of science and scientific normality. The research design used is a mixed method with the type of explanatory research. The sampling technique in this study used is total sampling with the number of research subjects as many as 921 students from Muaro Jambi Junior High School 6 and Muaro Jambi Junior High School 5 and with 609 students in Junior High School 6 and 312 students in Junior High School 5. The instrument used is a closed questionnaire on the Linkert scale. Analysis of the data used is descriptive statistics with explanations and elaborations of quantitative data and qualitative data findings. Based on the results obtained from SPSS 22, there was obtained between Muaro Jambi 6th Middle School and 5 Muaro Jambi Secondary Schools, which had a dominant attitude toward students in the Natural Sciences subjects in the Good category.

IDENTIFICATION OF STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES ON MULTIPLE LEARNING INTEREST AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE SUBJECT

The purpose of this study was to identify how students' attitudes at SMPN 6 Batanghari toward science subjectby using two indicators, namely: the social implications of science and interest in increasing the time of science learning. This research used a quantitative approach with a survey method and the instrument was an attitude questionnaire. The samplein this study was 143 students at SMPN 6 Batanghari. Data analysis in this study used descriptive statistics. The results obtained showed that the attitudes of students in SMPN 6 Batanghari on the indicator of attitude of interest in increasing the amount of time for learning science can be said to be quite good, and for attitudes the social implications of science can also be said to be good. From the overall results of the data, there were many factors that influence the positive or negative attitudes of students in the science learning process. Thus, the teacher must be able to foster more students’ attitudes in science subject so that students have a positive attitude and can achieve better performance and can provide insight and knowledge to teachers related to student attitudes in the science learning process so that they are able to assist teachers in making lesson plans, methods, models and strategies that fit to the characteristics of students’ attitudes.

Neural mediation of greed personality trait on economic risk-taking.

Dispositional greed, characterized by the insatiable hunger for more and the dissatisfaction for not having enough, has often been associated with heightened impulsivity and excessive risk-taking. Despite its far-reaching implications in social sciences and economics, however, the exact neural mechanisms of how greed personality influences risk-taking are still ill understood. In the present study, we showed the correlation between subject's greed personality trait (GPT) score and risk-taking was selectively mediated by individual's loss aversion, but not risk attitude. In addition, our neuroimaging results indicated that gain and loss prospects were jointly represented in the activities of the ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Furthermore, mOFC responses also encoded the neural loss aversion signal and mediated the association between individual differences in GPT scores and behavioral loss aversion. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the specific neural mechanisms that mediate the effect of greed personality trait on risk-taking behavior.

Analysis of Students’ Attitude Home Economics Group Study Programs in the Field of Science and Its Influence on Science Learning Results

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EVALUASI SIKAP SISWA SMP TERHADAP IPA DI KABUPATEN MUARO JAMBI

An attitude is a form of one's perception of an object that is described with expressions of like or not. The purpose of the study was to describe the attitudes of students toward the three indicators of the attitude of the SMP in Muaro Jambi. The research method uses quantitative survey research. The instrument used was a questionnaire that focused on three indicators consisting of 25 statements and also interviews. The sample in this study amounted to 2815 junior high school students in Muaro Jambi. The results of research on three attitude indicators which became the dominant focus of research in the good category. The Social Implications of Science show a good category with a percentage of 53.2%. The pleasure of science learning is well categorized with a percentage of 66.3%. A career interest in science is categorized as enough with a percentage of 41.8%. From the research that has been carried out, it can be seen that the attitude of students in junior high school is categorized as good because the three indicators examined show good categories.

Statistical inferences for polarity identification in natural language.

Information forms the basis for all human behavior, including the ubiquitous decision-making that people constantly perform in their every day lives. It is thus the mission of researchers to understand how humans process information to reach decisions. In order to facilitate this task, this work proposes LASSO regularization as a statistical tool to extract decisive words from textual content in order to study the reception of granular expressions in natural language. This differs from the usual use of the LASSO as a predictive model and, instead, yields highly interpretable statistical inferences between the occurrences of words and an outcome variable. Accordingly, the method suggests direct implications for the social sciences: it serves as a statistical procedure for generating domain-specific dictionaries as opposed to frequently employed heuristics. In addition, researchers can now identify text segments and word choices that are statistically decisive to authors or readers and, based on this knowledge, test hypotheses from behavioral research.

Os Desafios na Adoção da Tradição Interpretativista nas Ciências Sociais

Esse ensaio teórico contribui para a discussão sobre a adoção da tradição interpretativista nas ciências sociais. Para tanto, debruça-se sobre os caminhos trilhados pelas ciências para a compreensão do conhecimento intersubjetivo e suas implicações nas ciências sociais. Ademais, observa-se o número crescente de pesquisadores que adotam métodos e estratégias originários da tradição interpretativista no campo dos estudos organizacionais em administração, que se contrapõem à perspectiva mainstream – tradição funcionalista. Por fim, reforça-se que este mainstream é influenciado pelo produtivismo acadêmico.

Influence of trust in the spreading of information.

The understanding and prediction of information diffusion processes on networks is a major challenge in network theory with many implications in social sciences. Many theoretical advances occurred due to stochastic spreading models. Nevertheless, these stochastic models overlooked the influence of rational decisions on the outcome of the process. For instance, different levels of trust in acquaintances do play a role in information spreading, and actors may change their spreading decisions during the information diffusion process accordingly. Here, we study an information-spreading model in which the decision to transmit or not is based on trust. We explore the interplay between the propagation of information and the trust dynamics happening on a two-layer multiplex network. Actors' trustable or untrustable states are defined as accumulated cooperation or defection behaviors, respectively, in a Prisoner's Dilemma setup, and they are controlled by a memory span. The propagation of information is abstracted as a threshold model on the information-spreading layer, where the threshold depends on the trustability of agents. The analysis of the model is performed using a tree approximation and validated on homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The results show that the memory of previous actions has a significant effect on the spreading of information. For example, the less memory that is considered, the higher is the diffusion. Information is highly promoted by the emergence of trustable acquaintances. These results provide insight into the effect of plausible biases on spreading dynamics in a multilevel networked system.

Rethinking revisited: insights from an early rethinker

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review and analyze Albert Hirschman’s landmark bookDevelopment Projects Observed, share its insights for managing big projects, discuss its theoretical implications and how it may contribute to the current understanding of project behavior, project management (PM), and in what way it may encourage the rethinking of PM.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on an in-depth analysis of Hirschman’s book. The paper draws on the writings of Jeremy Adelman who authored Hirschman’s biography, Cass Sunstein and Michele Alacevich who, respectively, wrote the foreword and afterword of the Brookings Institution classic published in 2014. It also profits from the work of Robert Picciotto who first met Hirschman in 1964, and Bent Flyvbjerg who recently offered a test of validity for Hirschman’s “Hiding Hand” principle.FindingsAlbert Hirschman was an original thinker and, the authors argue in many ways, a father of PM scholarship. His ideas had profound implications for social sciences and lasting influence in academy, policy, and practice. Although, to a great extent based on studies of projects, his ideas have had surprisingly little impact on modern writings of PM. This paper contributes to amending this weakness in current literature on PM. The authors identify in Hirschman’s book a set of core ideas that possess analytical power for explaining problems in contemporary PM. They include the principle of the Hiding Hand, the power of context, the role of complexity and uncertainty, the unexpected project effects, project traits, and latitudes/disciplines. For all his work and way of research, the authors conclude that Hirschman is not only an early behavioral theorist in PM but equally an early rethinker of PM.Originality/valueThis is the first paper that offers a discussion of Hirschman’s ideas on contemporary projects, how to understand them, their behavior, including the principle of the Hiding Hand and other important nuggets of wisdom in his research such as the significance of project traits, latitudes, and disciplines. The authors discuss in what respects these ideas may enlighten PM practice and theory. This paper also conveys the novel idea that Hirschman is an early rethinker of PM.