Social Facts Research Articles

Principles of Politeness in Balinese Speech

A good communication is reflected in the use of good and appropriate language. Politeness in a language is an important thing that needs to be considered in communication. However, often the problem of politeness in language becomes an obstacle for the younger generation in using Balinese. For that reason, a research on politeness in language related to the use of good and appropriate language in using Balinese is very important to do. Data of this research is written data of Balinese folklore. To obtain good research results, the data collection method applied in this study is the observation method with the help of notes. The data analysis used matching and distributional methods with intralingual and extralingual techniques. The data was analyzed referring to the view that living language (used orally and in writing) represents facts about nature, society and culture that exist in its environment so that in addition to being a social fact, language is also a record of natural facts as a sign of the relationship between humans and their natural environment. This study shows that the principle of politeness includes the principle of politeness and the principle of cooperation. Related to the two principles, the forms of compliance with the principle of politeness and the principle of cooperation, the forms of violations of the two principles, and the reasons why violations of the two principles of politeness can occur are studied.

Acculturation

The hypothesis of the history of humanity as a succession of acculturations was more appropriate to linguistic, social and cultural facts and to the continuity of history itself. One of the most assiduously upheld principles in historical linguistics was acculturation. There was no linguistic change without languages in contact, and both the history of languages in contact and linguistic change were part of acculturation, based on social and cultural diffusion, which implied the intrinsic relationship between linguistics, sociology and anthropology. From approximately 1970, the panorama of concern for space in the historiography relating to the Crown of Castile began to change. The entry of anthropology into history was one of the most significant historiographical data. The central idea of ecosystem and the key concept of acculturation were used by some Spanish historians, in order to offer a new interpretation of the behavior of Hispanic-Christian society. Our current working hypothesis has been an application of languages in contact, within a new project of anthropological history on the long process of formation of Hispanic Romance languages. In the history of humanity, the primary principle in the history of languages in contact and linguistic change was the acculturation of human groups.

관광 기호 체계와 의미 생성 : 소쉬르의 구조언어학에 기반한 개념적 접근

This study explores the objective structures and mechanisms that generate meaning in tourism through a semiotic approach. It conceptualizes tourism as a non-linguistic sign system and reconfigures the tourism framework accordingly. Drawing on Saussure’s structural linguistics, the research examines the structures that underpin meaning creation in the tourism sign system. First, Ferdinand de Saussure’s views on language and epistemology are reviewed, along key concepts such as langue and parole, signifier and signified, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, and synchrony and diachrony. The study differentiates between signifier and signified in tourism signs, emphasizing that the ‘langue of tourism’ is not an independent 'substance' with inherent “content” but rather a “form” and “social fact” collectively constructed in the minds of potential tourists’ mind. Meaning in tourism emerges through syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, demonstrating how meaning is produced in the tourism sign system. Through this process, the objective structures and mechanisms of meaning creation in the tourism sign system are revealed. This study complements prior semiotic research by providing a framework for understanding the objective foundations that enable subjective tourist experiences. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

The Social and the Individual: Reduction without Identity

This paper explores the relationship between social and individual phenomena, advocating for a form of analytical individualism that incorporates both ontological and explanatory holism. The first part of the paper addresses foundational ontological questions, arguing for the reduction of social facts to individual behaviors without equating them in identity. In the second part, the discussion focuses on collective intentionality, particularly through a critical examination of John Searle’s account. I argue that while collective intentionality offers useful insights into the nature of social institutions, it faces principled limitations when applied to broader social phenomena. The paper ultimately supports a non-identifying reductive individualism, which recognizes the social as grounded in individual actions while avoiding simplistic reductions. This approach, I contend, provides a more coherent framework for understanding the complex interaction between individual and social processes, as well as the ontological status of social facts.

The WEIRD Trio: The Cultural Gap between Physicians, Learners, and Patients in Pluralistic Societies.

Physicians are shaped by sociological and philosophical factors that often differ from those of their patients. This is of particular concern in pluralistic societies when navigating ethical disagreements because physicians often misunderstand or even dismiss patient perspectives as being irrational. This paper examines these factors and why many physicians approach ethics as they do while elucidating various patient perspectives and demonstrating how they make sense when considered from a different cultural worldview. Many physicians are trained in contexts that are WEIRD: Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic. These sociological characteristics tend to go hand in hand with the trio of individualism, secularism, and existentialism. These then shape an approach to ethics that focuses on the individual patient, makes no reference to the divine, and focuses on a patient's personal desires. This contrasts significantly with many patients who are collectivistic or religious, and then make rational decisions based on other values. The social fact of pluralism implores physicians to temper confidence in their own cultures while considering others to promote mutual understanding and improved care. This paper concludes with a discussion of how bridges can be built across cultures without sliding into relativism, beginning with recognizing and communicating our shared moral intuitions.

Use of Moringa Plant as a Healthy Processed Food: A Study of the Social Facts Paradigm Within the Keloris Community in Ngawenomboh Village, Kunduran District, Blora Regency, Central Java

Empowered communities are self-reliant, have better opportunities to utilize and access local resources, and improved well-being. Social facts indicate that the community of Ngawenomboh Village in Kunduran District, Blora Regency, Central Java, is facing welfare issues resulting in malnutrition. On the other hand, there is local potential for the wild moringa plant, which is underutilized even though appropriate processing might boost the nation’s economy and combat malnutrition. Using moringa as a nutritious processed product, “Keloris,” can majorly benefit the community. This research aims to explain and assess this initiative. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection techniques through observation and in-depth interviews with Keloris and community sources. The results show that the community empowerment initiatives by Keloris follow the empowering sustainability approach with technology. The empowering approach includes moringa cultivation, and production and distribution partnerships, which have resulted in community empowerment, self-reliance, and entrepreneurship. Meanwhile, the sustainability approach involves training and developing community empowerment programs, resulting in the emergence of 1keloris as agents of change responsible for moringa development in the community. Additionally, the technology approach, through the use of production machines and digital marketing, has increased moringa production capacity and quality, as well as expanded its market. This research contributes to a community empowerment model for processing moringa as a healthy product. Keywords: empowerment, keloris, local potential

AN AUSTRIAN CRITIQUE AND ALTERNATIVE TO DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS

Among scholars, Discounted Cash Flow is considered one of the most precise methods to preview the “fair” value of an asset. However, as the Austrian School explains, social phenomena are complex and cannot be modeled. Social facts involve uncountable variables and a radical, permanent uncertainty. So, this work presents a critique of the Discounted Cash Flow Perspective and introduces guidelines for the development of an Austrian entrepreneurial-based alternative. Entrepreneurs are individuals who bear uncertainty, while seeking profits and molding the future, aiming to satisfy consumer needs. It is through entrepreneurship that firms sustain their activities over time, challenging turbulences and creating/exploiting opportunities. Then, more than modeling prices of firms, investors should analyze the quality of the entrepreneurship of the firms they intend to invest in, rewarding and trusting those they see as most profitable in the future.

A TIPIFICAÇÃO PENAL DOS CRIMES CIBERNÉTICOS NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO

This article, a descriptive and qualitative bibliographic research, based on authors such as Delgado (2017), Prado (2019), Souza and Ramalho (2022) among others, aims to discuss the way in which the Brazilian legal system has acted in the prevention and classification of cyber crimes. The work was structured in topics which correspond to its specific objectives as follows: bringing concepts of crime and criminal offenses and the way in which they are configured in Brazilian law; elucidate what would be a cyber crime and what are the requirements for its configuration; argue about the three dimensional theory of law (fact, value and norm) to justify governmental actions that lead to the classification of cyber crime. The conclusion reached was that Brazilian Criminal Law has been adapting to new situations and social facts that give rise to a legal response in defense of society.

The Effectiveness of Recognizing the Existence of Traditional Institutions in Indonesia Based on The Constitution

Plurality is a social fact that cannot be avoided in Indonesia. The diversity of Indonesian people's tribes, religions, races, languages ??and religions shows their diversity. The founders of the Republic of Indonesia used the basic philosophy of "unity in diversity" to show the diverse social reality of the Indonesian nation, and the basic philosophy of "tunggal ika" to show the desire to unite the entire Indonesian nation into one. With the combination of the two, the philosophical motto of the Indonesian nation is "Unity in Diversity", which means unity in diversity. Apart from various different societal systems and structures, this community has unique norms that are considered customs and are adhered to by its community members. Customary law communities are genealogical or territorial communities that are prosperous and have citizens who are different from members of other legal communities and can act as independent and independent legal subjects. One of the problems in administering customary law communities is the existence of customary institutions. The problem currently occurring is that there is no clear and integrated mechanism for recognition and protection procedures. Regulations regarding procedural mechanisms for recognizing the rights of customary law communities through sectoral legislation are often not adhered to by various parties, in fact the nature of the regulations which do not focus on specifically regulating customary law community institutions has an impact on ineffective implementation even though customary institutions have relevance to the Indonesian constitution. The existing mechanism only concerns the process of identification, verification and determining its existence, which makes it increasingly pressured by development activities that do not pay attention to traditional rights and threaten local wisdom.

The Role of H. L. A. Hart’s «Rule of Recognition» in Contemporary Anglo-American Legal Positivism

The article explores the role of the theory of «rules of recognition» by Oxford professor H.L.A. Hart in the contemporary theory of Anglo-American legal positivism, introduced by him in his central work «The Concept of Law» (1961), which has a significant influence on contemporary legal theory and philosophy. The authors reveal the content and meaning of the concept of «rules of recognition» as part of the secondary rules – «rules about rules» or «procedural rules» which determine the criteria for the validity of law along with the «rules of change» and the «rules of adjudication» in H.L.A. Hart’s terminology. The authors demonstrate the correlation with the «Grundnorm» of German legal philosophter H. Kelsen, which is more common in the Ukrainian legal theory, and which justifies the existence of constitutional norms as fundamental ones which determine the recognition of law by society and its individuals. The authors analyze the main positions of H.L.A. Hart’s followers – J. Raz, M. Kramer, B. Bix, S. Shapiro and others – regarding this theory and highlights the criticism of its individual provisions. The authors highlight how H.L.A. Hart tried to explain by the «rules of recognition» how law at the fundamental level is a matter of social convention (agreement between people inside the inhabited society), defending one of the components of legal positivism – the thesis of social fact (social sources of law thesis). The authors examine the interdependence between law and coercion by the State, the role of social practice in society’s subordination to law, the role of moral norms in the formation of law, in particular, the «rule of recognition», the correlation between the concepts of «rule of recognition» and «legal validity», and the problem of law enforcement by judges and governmental officials of the «rule of recognition». The authors summarize how H.L.A. Hart eliminates morality from the content of law in motivating judges and governmental officials to apply the rules of law, clarifies the position of legal positivism on the issue of the grounds for society’s submission to law, and demonstrates how the «empirical» theory of recognition prevails over the «analytical» theory, using R. Alexy terminology.

Toward Eve’s Exodus

OPEN ACCESS CC BY-NC-ND Paid In an American context of reproductive injustice, the Christian right legitimizes a coercive pronatalist policy agenda by appeal to the theological belief that ‘human life begins at fertilization,’ which they ground in the biblical narrative of Genesis 1–3. Drawing upon interdisciplinary resources and utilizing an innovative feminist methodology, this article demonstrates that, while the story of pro/creation in Gen. 1–3 does not directly support ‘life at fertilization’ theology, it does provide a de facto undergirding for that conceptualization via its highly androcentric ideology of reproduction. Through symbolic, mythical narration of how ‘life’ comes to be, Gen. 1–3 constructs a central fiction of the Father God’s paternal reproductive omni-potence, which is built upon God’s colonization of agents with the capacity for maternal gestation labor and his violent destruction of those agents’ collective autonomy and capacity for reproductive anti-labor. In its ancient religious context, this rhetoric championed God’s patriarchal, patrilineal world-building project, which served those establishing and reinforcing a society that generated power and wealth for dominant men. As a story deeply socialized through lived religion over time, it operates now as a contemporary social fact that the Christian right exploits to construct its own, more extreme fiction of paternal omnipotence. Illumination of the Gen. 1–3 narrative’s oppressive constructions of women as reproductive laborers/anti-laborers – symbolized by Eve and other agents – enables feminist religio-cultural narrative intervention. A new story of life’s pro/creation is needed in both religious and secular settings to liberate ‘Eve’ and advance the movement for reproductive health, rights, and justice.

Eksistensi Container House sebagai Objek Jaminan Berdasarkan Hukum Jaminan di Indonesia

Container house is a building made of used containers hich is a movable object that can be modified into a house or residential place that is an immovable object. Therefore, if the owner of the Container house ants to collateralize the container it ill cause a gap between positive law and social facts related to hat collateral law ill be charged against the Container house. so the purpose of this study is to analyze the status of the container house in the perspective of existing laws in Indonesia and in the status of the container can the container house be used as a collateral object. The method used in this research is normative research method. The result of the research is that first, a container house is a movable object ith the characteristics of a physical building made from containers that does not require construction ork so it does not require a construction permit, can be transferred and has economic value. However, normatively, there are no laws and regulations governing it so that its ownership has no guarantee of legal certainty. Second, container houses can be charged ith fiduciary guarantees, so the execution of container houses is carried out in accordance ith Article 15 paragraph (2) of the UUJF if there is consent from the fiduciary. However, if the fiduciary grantor does not agree to surrender the object of the fiduciary guarantee, then the execution is carried out based on the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU/XVII/2019, namely through a court order.

Grundnorm and Grounding A modern Metaphysics for Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory?

Abstract This article explores the possibility of reconstructing Hans Kelsen’s neo-Kantian theory of the basic norm (Grundnorm) with the help of the theory of (metaphysical) grounding. First, we outline Kelsen’s theory of the basic norm as an integral part of his neo-Kantian transcendental idealism and give a sketch of grounding theory; we then try to fit these theories together. As it turns out, grounding theory has some internal flaws. More importantly, several of the features of a metaphysical ground are not compatible with the roles which Kelsen ascribes to the basic norm – its roles as a keystone of the legal hierarchy and as a transcendental-logical condition of legal cognition. Finally, an alternative conception is examined, according to which the legal system is grounded not by the basic norm but by social facts, with the basic norm serving as a bridging principle. However, this alternative is flawed as well; its main problem seems to be that it violates the dualism of ‘Is’ and ‘Ought’. The argument is relevant for the concept of personhood, because Kelsen treats the term ‘person’ in law as a mere expression for the unity of a specific set of legal norms, so that the identity of persons is ultimately dependent on the identity and function of the basic norm of the legal system.

Analysis of the Use of Qris as Social Change Among Students

Background: This research aims to analyze the use of QRIS as an alternative to digital payments at Hasanuddin University, explore the factors influencing its adoption among students, and provide recommendations for increasing its implementation, while assessing social changes related to the shift from cash to digital money. Objective: This research aims to describe Hasanuddin University students' awareness of the use of QRIS as a digital payment solution and analyze the social changes that occur as a result of the use of QRIS among students. Method: This research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive research type. The population in this study were students registered in the Hasanuddin University FISIP Sociology Masters Program, and the sampling technique in this study was a probability sampling method with types. The type of method used was total sampling where the sample size was the same as the population with the number of research samples being 86 person. Results: The results of this research show that: first, the level of awareness of Hasanuddin University FISIP Masters students regarding the use of the QRIS application as a transaction method is in the "Enough" category with a TCR of 60.093; second, QRIS functions as a social fact that maintains social order by reducing criminal acts and building trust between individuals; third, there are five stages of the innovation diffusion process in the practice of using the QRIS application among students, namely the stages of introduction, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Conclusion: Digital awareness in the use of the QRIS application among students of the Master of Sociology FISIP University of Hasanuddin involves seven main aspects: Posthumanism, Human-Machine Interaction, Digital Aesthetics, Fluidity of Identity and Consciousness, Technology and the Evolution of Consciousness, Transcendence of Physical Boundaries, and Interdisciplinarity.

Understanding Religion, Human Rights, and Conflict: Philosophical and Sociological Perspectives

The purpose of this writing is to know the concepts of religion and human rights, freedom of expression, multiculturalism, conflict and conflict resolution from philosophical and sociological perspectives. The research method used in this writing is library research. The results of this study found that from a philosophical perspective, religion, especially Islam, and human rights both are a unity that has values from God Almighty. While freedom of expression is the right of every individual, and multicultural includes the concept of cultural equality itself, which certainly triggers several conflicts in the form of disputes, then there is a settlement process called conflict resolution. As for the sociological perspective, religion and human rights are social facts, freedom of expression is a manifestation of both, multicultural is a difference from each side whether culture or race, conflict and conflict resolution are social processes and their resolution.

Lektura patograficzna Dzienników raka Audre Lorde i Lewej, wspomnienie prawej Krystyny Kofty

This article confronts two acclaimed cancerographies dealing with breast cancer, Audre Lorde’s The Cancer Journals and Krystyna Kofta’s Lewa, wspomnienie prawej [The Left, Recollections of the Right]. The former was published in the 1980s in the United States; the latter, which contains sections from the writer’s diary written in 2002, was published the following year in Poland. Each memoir belongs to a different time and a socio- historical context; yet by discounting all the differences the article tries to identify the core pathographic readings, which are assumed to function primarily as social facts. Finally, the article argues the American critical and sociological understanding of the illness narrative is not always compatible with Polish cultural codes and conventions, and may lead to a misreading of Polish texts in that category.

When sociology must comprehend the incomprehensible: interpretation of Weber and Durkheim in the sociology of Theodor W. Adorno

In this article, we will delve into Theodor W. Adorno’s sociology. The general aim is to study Adorno’s theory of society and its relation to sociological interpretation. What primarily distinguishes Adorno from other sociologists (of his time and today) is that he considers society to be the fundamental concept of the discipline. Theorising on the post-liberal capitalism of his time, Adorno proposes the concept of the exchange society, which is understood as an antagonistic totality that reproduces itself through the suffering it inflicts on socialised individuals. Within texts dating back to the 1960s, such as ‘Society’, Adorno engages in an exploration of comprehensive sociology and the sociology of social facts, reciprocally examining them. He confronts one with the other in a proposal of an interpretative model of the comprehensibility or incomprehensibility of society. This intellectual confrontation, while avoiding synthesis, leads Adorno to two main outcomes. First, it yields a diagnostic perspective on social theory, portraying capitalist society as simultaneously rational and irrational, comprehensible and incomprehensible. Second, it hints at a sociological interpretation of specific phenomena. In addition to exploring this central theme in Adorno’s sociology, we will also shed light on his distinctive approach to classic texts and concepts. Specifically, Adorno links to the received terminologies but incorporates them into constellations that imbue them with eloquence by revealing the underlying objective moments they encapsulate. The theoretical significance of this article lies in the aim to demonstrate that Adorno’s contributions to sociology are not merely borrowed from philosophical contemplations. Instead, they arise from an immanent critique of the sociological tradition.

The Concept of Indonesian Character Education: Emile Durkheim's Perspective

The aim of preparing this work is to analyze in detail the concept of Indonesian character education from Emile Durkheim's perspective. In researching the concept of character education from Emile Durkheim's perspective, the initial step is to identify relevant data sources, including Durkheim's work and academic analysis of his views. Then, the researcher conducted a critical study of the selected literature, evaluating the main themes and key concepts related to character education from Durkheim's perspective. Next, through qualitative analysis, they compared Durkheim's views with contemporary understandings of character education to conclude the relevance and applicability of Durkheim's concepts in today's educational context. Durkheim's contribution to sociology was to introduce the concepts of social facts and solidarity, highlighting the importance of understanding the social forces that shape human behavior and the relationship between individuals and society in modern social dynamics. With his empirical approach, Durkheim built a fundamental foundation for the study of social interaction and community formation. Character education in Indonesia, supported by government policies and related ministries, emphasizes cultural values and virtues in developing students' hearts, minds, and bodies, as well as reason and creativity, with an emphasis on honesty, intelligence, resilience, and empathy as the main values. The main goal is to form a generation that is not only academically intelligent but also morally responsible and appreciates the diversity of society. Character education in Indonesia reflects conformity with Emile Durkheim's view of the influence of society on individual behavior through an emphasis on communal values, strengthening solidarity in society.

Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Upaya Penegakkanhukum dalam Mengatasi Penyebaran Uang Palsu

In this case, the author looks at several social facts that occur where the application of the law is not in accordance with the crime committed because imprisonment for a maximum of 1 year with a fine of 200,0000.ooo.00 (two hundred million rupiah) is not commensurate with the loss to the state's economy, therefore There must be adjustments to sanctions so that criminals who distribute counterfeit money can be deterred so as not to cause problems that are detrimental to both the state and society. The method applied in this article uses normative juridical law by collecting data such as laws, according to experts and journals that are in line with With the title of this scientific article, the conclusion of this scientific work is that the circulation of counterfeit money is very detrimental from various aspects, in terms of the country's economy, society and banking. The author's suggestion is to implement sanctions that provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of the crime of circulating counterfeit money.

Using language in boundary-making: nation-state building in the early years of the Turkish Republic (1927–1965)

Abstract In 1927, the nascent Turkish Republic engaged in its first endeavor as a nation-state to systematically account for all its citizens. Included on this census were a number of different attributes the Turkish government wanted to know about its citizenry, including language. In the Turkish context, examining the language categories on the census between 1927 and 1965 and how – they changed over time – provides insight into how the new republic was imagining its citizenry (and by extension, itself). The dynamic nature of the language categories not only reflected an ambiguity that the nascent nation-state had regarding what constituted salient ethnolinguistic category for governing purposes, it also reflected the realization and subsequent politicization of minoritized populations over time. After examining the history of the development of the Turkish census, the article outlines the use of running records like censuses to provide insight into how state apparatuses were creating taxonomies to realize (or visualize) its citizenry and the value of utilizing such unobtrusive measures in Durkheimian social facts such as those who are “Us” and those who are “Other”. This article then situates the census data in its geographical context and demonstrates how the delineation of historic parts of the country that were settled by non-Turkish communities were ones that were then later demarcated into smaller administrative borders, allowing for closer government and military oversight. While this article is an exploratory case study of the Turkish census as part of its state building process, I contend that looking at how language categories were used in the 1927–1965 censuses provides insight into the nature of the Turkish government’s imaginings regarding its citizenry. In particular, the use of language data as a proxy for ethnicity was concomitant with processes of internal border demarcation that was taking place to increase government oversight in particular non-Turkish contexts, resulting in a “new” form of minoritization and marginalization in the Turkish Republic.