Conditions Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

From Exclusion to Connection: The Role of Anthropomorphic Chatbots in Shaping Customer Responses Post-Social Exclusion

In a world where digital interactions have become the norm, chatbots are evolving to not only assist with tasks but also to alleviate feelings of social exclusion. This study investigates how anthropomorphic chatbots influence customer engagement and emotional responses following social exclusion, and further impact their commercial decisions. Through a between-subject experiment involving 609 participants, we explored the effects of anthropomorphic (vs. non-anthropomorphic) chatbots across three social exclusion conditions (ignored, rejected, and control). Our findings reveal that anthropomorphic chatbots significantly enhance purchase intention, relational investment, and organizational trust, mediated by increased senses of belonging and control and enhanced parasocial interactions. This research enriches the marketing literature by applying the need-threat model and illuminating the psychological mechanisms underlying customer responses. The practical implications for marketing and public relations professionals include strategies for optimizing brand-consumer interactions through the strategic use of anthropomorphic chatbots.

Causal effects of appearance-related social exclusion on state body dissatisfaction among young Chinese adults

ObjectivesNumerous studies have linked experiences of appearance-related interpersonal rejection to body dissatisfaction (BD), though few experimental studies have been conducted. This study assessed causal effects of appearance-related social exclusion during an online Cyberball game on state BD as well as potential moderators of this association. MethodsYoung Chinese adults (60 women, 37 men; age 20.08 ± 1.32 years) were asked to provide an image of themselves that would be sent to other players prior to a visual perception study involving Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game that is used to elicit temporary social exclusion effects. Participants completed a trait Fear of Negative Appearance Evaluation (FNAE) measure before or after engaging in the Cyberball task in addition to post-task state measures of BD and positive mood facets. ResultsParticipants randomly assigned to the social exclusion condition (i.e., receiving 2 of 30 possible throws) reported significantly higher post-Cyberball state BD and significant happiness/energy level/self-confidence deficits compared to peers in a social inclusion condition (i.e., receiving 12 out of 30 throws). A hierarchical regression analysis indicated social exclusion condition membership and trait FNAE elevations, but not their interaction, were significant predictors of higher state BD scores, independent of the impact of gender. ConclusionsSocial exclusion experiences linked to physical appearance are a significant causal influence on increases in state BD and positive mood decrements among young Chinese adults.

The Effect of Social Situations on Risky Decision-Making in Individuals With Borderline Personality Tendency.

This study examined the effect of social situations on risky decision-making in individuals with a borderline personality tendency (BT). Fifty-eight participants with either high or low levels of BT were included in this study. Those who met the screening criteria were assigned to one of the two social situations (exclusion vs. inclusion) and they played the Cyberball game. Next, the participants were required to play the "Game of Dice" task to measure their decision-making pattern. The results revealed that individuals with high BT (n=28) showed significantly higher risky decision-making, compared with low BT (n=30) in the exclusion condition. However, no significant difference was found in the social inclusion condition. In the social exclusion condition, individuals with high BT made risky decision in response to negative feedback, regardless of the previous decision. These findings can be applied to develop appropriate interventions in psychotherapy for individuals with borderline personality disorder/tendency.

The effect of social exclusion on intertemporal choice in suicide attempters: A preliminary experimental study

BackgroundSuicide-related theories and a growing body of evidence suggest that suicidal patients may have a tendency toward “short-sightedness"—the preference for immediate gratification when making intertemporal choice—and that social exclusion may exacerbate this tendency in suicidal patients. The present study examined the intertemporal choice performance of suicide attempters under conditions of social exclusion in a sample of affective disorder patients. MethodsA total of 64 affective disorder patients (22 non-suicidal patients, 24 single-suicide attempters and 18 multiple-suicide attempters) completed an intertemporal choice task in an exclusion or a non-exclusion condition. Social exclusion was manipulated using the Cyberball paradigm. ResultsNon-suicidal patients and single-suicide attempters both exhibited an exaggerated preference for immediate rewards in the exclusion condition compared with the non-exclusion condition; in contrast, the multiple-suicide attempters appeared relatively indifferent to the social exclusion, exhibiting virtually identical preferences for immediate rewards in both the exclusion and non-exclusion conditions. In addition, the multiple-suicide attempters exhibited an exaggerated preference for immediate rewards compared with non-suicidal patients and single-suicide attempters in the non-exclusion condition, while the three groups did not differ in the exclusion condition. ConclusionsAffective disorder patients with a single or no suicide attempts are more short-sighted after being excluded, while those with multiple suicide attempts appeared consistent short-sightedness in both exclusion and non-exclusion conditions. The study provides preliminary evidence of the role of disadvantageous intertemporal choice in the suicidal process. Future research replicate and extend these findings could have implications for suicide prevention and intervention.

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the risk of social stigma

IntroductionSocial stigma indicates a process of negative connotation of a person which results in discrimination. The victim of stigma experiences a condition of social exclusion that negatively affects his relationships. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread the fear of being “contaminated”, which has led to the discrimination of a part of population.ObjectivesThe purpose of this work is to analyze which people have suffered from stigma due to the COVID-19 pandemic by examining the negative effects on their health during this period.MethodsA literature review of peer-reviewed articles was performed on Pubmed NCBI database by inserting the keywords: stigma and COVID-19 in the period 2020-2021.ResultsThe data showed that the categories most at risk were positive patients and their families; healthcare workers in COVID-19 wards; Asian people. Discrimination has included avoidance attitudes, physical or verbal abuse, hypersurveillance in public places. Negative effects on victims included anxiety, depression, feelings of rejection and shame, self-harm and suicide. COVID-19 patients attempted to hide the disease by avoiding access to hospital; health personnel developed risk of burnout; Asian restaurants experienced a drop in reservations, even after quarantine period.ConclusionsSocial stigma is a public health problem and greater efforts are mandatory to reduce it including correct information, with the help of social and mass media; social interventions aimed at generating empathy; avoiding the use of negative language focused on stereotypes that could generate fear or discrimination. Such interventions are crucial to reduce discrimination in such a fragile period as COVID-19 pandemic.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

From pity to numbness: Social exclusion moderates the relationship between trait empathy and bystanders' aggressive tendencies in cyberbullying.

Studies on cyberbullying have revealed an inconsistent relationship between trait empathy and bystanders' aggressive tendencies towards victims. We believe that these studies have overlooked the role of social exclusion. We infer that high-severity social exclusion suppresses the negative relationship between trait empathy and bystanders' aggressive tendencies. In Study 1, 226 participants read a news report concerning a singer's humiliation by netizens due to lack of talent. The results revealed that trait empathy predicted lower aggressive tendencies towards the singer for participants with fewer experiences of social exclusion. However, trait empathy was unrelated to aggressive tendencies for participants with more experiences of social exclusion. In Study 2, 146 participants were randomly assigned to a low-severity or a high-severity social exclusion condition and were required to recall their experiences of low- or high-severity social exclusion, respectively. The results demonstrated that in the low-severity condition, trait empathy was negatively associated with participants' aggressive tendencies towards the singer and this relationship was mediated by state empathy. However, there was no evidence that the process was at work in the high-severity condition. This study further presents implications and directions for future research.

Relationship of help in the community outpatient program for people in situation with predatory consumption and / or dependence on alcohol and other drugs: a case study in the municipality of osorno, Chile

The People in Situation of Calle are one of the most vulnerable groups in terms of physical and mental health. In Chile, around the middle of them present problems with the consumption of substances, increasing its condition of social exclusion. To obtain a comprehensive measure of the mode in which the assistance relationship is established with persons in a situation where the prejudicial consumption of alcohol and other drugs is aborted, from the perspective of women interviewed in a psychosocial intervention program in Chile, the way in which the intervention in practice is configured. For this purpose, a case study of a program is carried out, conducting semi-structured interviews with the integrants of the psychosocial intervention team. Complementary documentary analysis of program acts and information was carried out. The main results are arrojan that, in the configuration of the relationship of ayuda, the emotional and relational angle that is established with the users of the daily support, the active listening, the empathy, are the central elements for the development of the work that allows users to adhere to their treatment plan. These dimensions are complementary to work routines with institutional redundancies for better logarization of the living conditions of the people involved in the program are the key elements for the development of a psychosocial intervention that allows users to adhere to their treatment plan. These dimensions are complementary to work routines with institutional redundancies for better logarization of the living conditions of the people involved in the program are the key elements for the development of a psychosocial intervention that allows users to adhere to their treatment plan. These dimensions are complementary to work routines with institutional redundancies for better logarization of the living conditions of the people involved in the program.

A Sociological Approach to the Adolescent Pregnancy in the Low-Income Population of the Gran Mendoza, Argentina

Our purpose is to contribute to the knowledge of the incidence of teenage pregnancy in the low-income sector of the Gran Mendoza by understanding them as part of their life strategies within the framework of their conditions of existence strongly impacted for low job opportunities and a reactive educational system. Pregnancy and motherhood in these adolescents are problematized considering that their incidence remains high compared to that for women of other social classes. We had chosen to know their opinions regarding their sexual and reproductive practices that drive them, or not, to the pregnancy and maternity. We think it is possible to argue that, in extreme conditions of social exclusion, with a lack of familiar support and limited cultural capital, teenagers tend to have sexual practices that drive them not to avoid pregnancies strongly influenced by traditional ideas regarding the role of women in society. On the contrary, when teenage women have bigger levels of cultural capital, dispute the reiterate tendencies of the traditional “class habitus” and report educational and professional life projects.

The effects of service-learning on physical education teacher education: A case study on the border between Africa and Europe

Recent studies, supported by the European project Europe Engage – Developing a Culture of Civic Engagement through Service-Learning within Higher Education in Europe, suggest that service-learning (SL) is an effective approach to develop personal and social learning linked to real contexts. This particular case study analyses the perceived effects of an SL programme implemented in Melilla (on the border between Africa and Europe) by Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students. They offered a service focusing on promoting physical activity and sport among different vulnerable groups (unaccompanied foreign minors, migrants and refugees, adults with autism spectrum disorders, women in conditions of social exclusion, ex-drug addicts and vulnerable older people). This case study used a qualitative hermeneutic-phenomenological methodology. A total of 46 PETE students (36 male and 10 female) participated in one of the two editions of SL carried out in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019. Two focus groups and 46 personal reflective journals were analysed, and some interesting outcomes emerged from the thematic analysis, related to the four categories of Butin’s conceptual model, which was used as a benchmark. These findings reveal how SL can promote an inclusive Physical Education (PE) experience in such a multicultural setting. The positive results achieved are consistent with previous SL research and specifically support the applied intervention design based on the phases of Kolb’s experiential learning (1984). In conclusion, SL offers an empowering approach for multicultural education in PETE programmes, supporting the socially critical research developed in PE in recent decades.

Narcissism and Anger: the Moderating Role of Social Exclusion and the Mediating Role of Hostile Attribution Bias Mechanism

The present research (N = 169) examined the relationship between narcissism and anger responses considering the moderating role of social exclusion and the mediating role of hostile attribution bias. For this, social exclusion scenario and inclusion scenarios were utilized, and a total 183 participants were recruited from the UK using the online platform Qualtrics. Fourteen responders were excluded for failing the attention check question and the remaining 169 participants were randomly assigned to either the social inclusion condition (n = 87) or the social exclusion condition (n = 82). The results demonstrated that participants with high narcissism reported a greater level of anger when socially excluded, yet not when they were socially accepted. Furthermore, we observed indirect (mediation) effects in which greater levels of anger were affected by higher narcissism via higher levels of hostile attribution bias in both social exclusion and inclusion conditions, but the indirect effect was stronger in the condition of social exclusion than in the condition of social inclusion. Thus, the strong direct and indirect relationship between narcissism and anger can be found in the social exclusion condition, while the weaker but significant indirect relationship between narcissism and anger via hostile attribution can be also observed in the social inclusion condition. We discuss the implications of these findings and future research directions.

Does Social Exclusion Improve Detection of Real and Fake Smiles? A Replication Study.

Research on social exclusion suggests an increased attention of excluded persons to subtle social cues. In one study (N = 32), published in Psychological Science, Bernstein et al. (2008) provided evidence for this idea by showing that participants in the social exclusion condition were better in correctly categorizing a target person’s smile as real or fake. Although highly cited, this finding has never been directly replicated. The present study aimed to fill that gap. 201 participants (79.1% female) were randomly assigned to a social exclusion, social inclusion or control condition. Next, participants watched 20 videos of smiling persons and rated whether they show a real or a fake smile. In line with the original study, results showed that participants in the exclusion condition performed better than in the control condition. However, the performance did not differ between the exclusion and inclusion condition—although the pattern was in the predicted direction. In sum, the findings of our study increase rather than decrease confidence in the validity of the investigated idea, but results point to a substantially smaller effect.

Taxi vs. demand responsive shared transport systems: An agent-based simulation approach

Public transport in urban and suburban areas is not always able to meet population's need of accessibility to jobs, education, health and other opportunities in terms of routes and frequencies; therefore, those who do not own a private vehicle, or who cannot afford individual public transport (e.g. taxis), are often in a condition of social exclusion. Taking advantages of new ICT tools and facilities, Demand Responsive Shared Transport (DRST) services can provide “on demand” transport gathering ride bookings of different users and routing a fleet of vehicles to satisfy passengers' needs while minimizing the cost for the operator.In this paper, different DRST service configurations are compared to taxi services to investigate their economic attractiveness and sustainability. This is done by using an agent-based simulation model applied to the case of Ragusa (Italy), a city with poor public transport supply, where an innovative DRST service has already been experimented. A set of 50 different scenarios has been simulated, by varying the numbers of vehicles and seat capacity, and considering different demand rates and route choice strategies of the vehicles. Results are analyzed according to different key performance indicators, mainly showing that the DRST system is more advantageous than taxis when dealing with higher demand rates. On the other hand, the efficiency of the DRST system is rather limited compared to taxis in the case of low transport demand and fleets with a small number of vehicles. Between high and low demand there is a balance between the taxi and the DRST systems, where one should deepen the analysis to identify optimal operational parameters. These results pave the way for further analyses to help the planning and design of intermediate transport services like DRST, which are able to bridge the gap between collective and individual transport in urban and suburban areas.

Five Factor Narcissism and threat to fundamental needs following social exclusion engendered by the Cyberball game

The present study aimed to examine whether the five factor narcissism sub-scales predict a threat to primary needs and mood reactivity in two immediate and delayed stages following social exclusion. The Cyberball, a socially aversive task, was administered in a community sample (n = 307). Participants then filled out the Five Factor Narcissism Inventory-Long Form and The Need Threat Scale at both reflexive and reflective stages. Results indicated that the social exclusion condition uniquely predicts the overall threat to fundamental needs as well as mood reactivity. Vulnerability and neuroticism were predictive of more negative outcomes following social exclusion. Indeed, the needs threat was persistent in participants with higher Neuroticism. Antagonism was associated with more negative affect generally; this pattern was also evident following inclusion. Participants with Grandiosity or Extraversion traits appeared to be unconcerned about this socially painful experience. Additionally, it is indicated that the need to belong and control are significantly more threatened than self-esteem or meaningful existence.In conclusion, it seems evident that vulnerability and neuroticism are determinant variables in predicting negative outcomes of social exclusion in the realm of narcissism.

Когнитивно-бихевиоральная терапия в работе психолога по социально-психологической адаптации осужденных в местах лишения свободы

The paper presents the results of a dissertation research on the problem of socio-psychological adaptation of people in correctional institutions. This work is a continuation of the previously presented materials on this topic, where the studied phenomenon was considered as the basis for ongoing preventive work with prisoners to prevent recidivism, as well as their re-socialization into society. According to the study, about a third of the sample convicted by Federal state institution “Detention Center No. 1” of Chechen Republic was characterized by maladaptation, accompanied by the experience of dissatisfaction in communication and interaction with others, dissatisfaction with their own personal qualities that demonstrated the necessity of psychological support of these persons in conditions of social exclusion. In this regard, this paper considers cognitive behavioral therapy as a method of influencing prisoners in isolation. The main ideas and the essence of the behavioral therapy approach based on cognitive techniques are described. The paper describes the results of psychological activity with convicts in the framework of the model of cognitive-behavioral therapy and methods of spiritual influence. The data of comparative analysis on indicators of socio-psychological adaptation and psychological well-being of convicts before and after experimental exposure are presented, which prove the effectiveness of the developed program of psychocorrective work with convicts on socio-psychological adaptation within the framework of the model of cognitive-behavioral therapy and methods of spiritual influence.

A European Mixed Methods Comparative Study on NEETs and Their Perceived Environmental Responsibility

This study explores whether young people’s propensity to take responsibility for the environment—and, consequently, to make pro-environment consumption choices—is negatively affected by living in a condition of social exclusion, such that of NEETs (i.e., Not in Education, Employment or Training). By adopting a mix of comparative methods, we used the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fs-QCA) to compare European countries to find which configurations of types of NEET can be associated with different levels of perceived individual environmental responsibility. In addition, we implemented a mediation model by using Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) estimation, to find whether the association between the NEET condition and the level of perceived environmental responsibility is mediated by individual happiness—as a proxy of social exclusion’s consequences on the individual’s well-being. Fs-QCA results are integrated at the micro level to test context-related variation. Data come from the 2016 European Social Survey, the 2016 Eurofound report, and the 2018 Italian Youth Report. We found that the presence of more vulnerable NEETs is associated with lower levels of perceived environmental responsibility. At the micro level, only in some countries does the condition of NEET lead to attribute environmental responsibility to the institutions, rather than to the single individual, and it seems related to a general lower well-being.

Educational infrastructure created in conditions of social exclusion: ‘Kyrgyz clubs’ for migrant children in Moscow

ABSTRACT This article demonstrates how social exclusion affects the strategies that migrants and their children experience vis-à-vis the preschool education system of the host society. We use the example of two private institutions established in Moscow by Kyrgyz migrants to explore their role in helping integrate migrant children into the host society. I examine the role the Kyrgyz community plays in the life of labour migrants in Moscow, and why private migrant infrastructure is created today by people from this particular country, though eventually migrants from other countries use it as well. I find that in recent years migrants have been creating private infrastructure in Russia as an alternative to the public one. It replaces state institutions for migrants that are not accessible to them. Migrants also view it as one of the channels for entering the Russian society and state institutions. These centres do not so much help migrants’ children escape social isolation as compensate for the lack of adjustment programmes in Russian schools.

Aggression of Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder Tendency under Conditions of Social Exclusion

Aggression of Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder Tendency under Conditions of Social Exclusion

Neurodevelopmental differences to social exclusion: An event-related neural oscillation study of children, adolescents, and adults.

Although the neural correlates of social exclusion have been well-documented, most studies have examined single age groups. No studies have directly compared specific age-related differences in social exclusion across children, adolescents, and adults using event-related oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) dynamics. The authors examined event-related theta EEG power and phase coherence in fair play and social exclusion conditions during the Cyberball task in 166 participants: 42 children (ages 10-12), 56 adolescents (ages 14-17), and 68 adults (ages 18-28). Children and adolescents displayed the greatest theta power to rejection events, whereas adults displayed the greatest theta power to "not my turn" events. Moreover, the functional link between theta power to rejection and self-reported distress was strongest among the adolescents. These findings suggest that an enhanced neural response to social exclusion is present by preadolescence, but the association between neural and subjective responses is most prominent during adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of lithium pyruvate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with alcoholism

Opioids interact with systems processing pain and social stimuli. Both systems are crucial for responding to strains of everyday life and both are linked to relapse risk in opioid-dependent patients. The investigation of those systems seems essential to better understand opioid addiction as a whole. 17 patients on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and 21 healthy individuals underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) social ball-tossing (Cyberball) paradigm simulating social inclusion and exclusion. In addition, painful and non-painful temperature stimuli were applied, in order to test pain sensitivity. Patients on OMT showed reduced pain sensitivity. Subjective pain was higher after social exclusion compared to social inclusion trials. In comparison to healthy controls, OMT patients felt less included and more excluded during inclusion and control conditions, and equally excluded during the social exclusion condition. Feelings of exclusion during the inclusion trials were associated with higher scores on the childhood trauma questionnaire. Across all conditions, OMT patients demonstrated decreased fMRI activation in the bilateral superior and middle occipital and bilateral cunei, the lingual gyri, as well as in the left fusiform gyrus (whole brain FWE-corrected). Comparing social exclusion and inclusion conditions, healthy individuals showed significant activation in brain areas related to social feedback and emotion processing, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the insula and fusiform gyrus, whereas OMT patients showed no difference across conditions. As negative social affect is a potential trigger for relapse, patients might benefit from therapeutic strategies that enhance social integration.

C.04.03 Clinical phenotypes of treatment resistance in schizophrenia

Opioids interact with systems processing pain and social stimuli. Both systems are crucial for responding to strains of everyday life and both are linked to relapse risk in opioid-dependent patients. The investigation of those systems seems essential to better understand opioid addiction as a whole. 17 patients on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and 21 healthy individuals underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) social ball-tossing (Cyberball) paradigm simulating social inclusion and exclusion. In addition, painful and non-painful temperature stimuli were applied, in order to test pain sensitivity. Patients on OMT showed reduced pain sensitivity. Subjective pain was higher after social exclusion compared to social inclusion trials. In comparison to healthy controls, OMT patients felt less included and more excluded during inclusion and control conditions, and equally excluded during the social exclusion condition. Feelings of exclusion during the inclusion trials were associated with higher scores on the childhood trauma questionnaire. Across all conditions, OMT patients demonstrated decreased fMRI activation in the bilateral superior and middle occipital and bilateral cunei, the lingual gyri, as well as in the left fusiform gyrus (whole brain FWE-corrected). Comparing social exclusion and inclusion conditions, healthy individuals showed significant activation in brain areas related to social feedback and emotion processing, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the insula and fusiform gyrus, whereas OMT patients showed no difference across conditions. As negative social affect is a potential trigger for relapse, patients might benefit from therapeutic strategies that enhance social integration.