Social Economic Infrastructure Research Articles

Radiation and space flights safety: An insight

Cosmic radiation hazard is cornerstone of space flights safety. Different properties of solar electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation with emphasis on its dangerous influence on astronauts and spacecraft equipment and systems are discussed. Solar and galactic cosmic rays (SCR and GCR) pose a serious obstacle in terms of safety and security of space flights, especially beyond the Earth's magnetosphere. Solar flares and GCR are of special concern. Solar flares are distinguished as extremely complex phenomena observing across the whole electromagnetic spectrum from radio wavelength to extreme ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray. Powerful fluxes of energetic particles in very wide energetic spectrum are generated which interact with the home planet and disturbing tremendously our space environment. Altogether, it is referred to as space weather. Geomagnetic storms induced by solar flares affect the ground facilities, social-economic infrastructure and global system operations involving electric power supply, aviation and ground transportation, oil-gas pipelines, geographic information system/data management (GIS), etc. As systems become more complex over time, the impacts of space weather on space flights and humanity in general are likely to increase. We analyze flares complexity and classification depending on their size, duration, morphology or magnetic topology and characteristic corpuscular radiation based on different classification systems as well protective measures to mitigate their consequences. Humans will encounter extremely serious problems of space flights safety at the beginning of new phase of the Moon exploration. Of the risks evaluation of habitation in the lunar hostile environment, specifically in the potential sites of Lunar Base deployment, monitoring of radiation doses absorbed by astronauts on the lunar surface is the first one. Underground shelters could be used to provide safe habitation and maintain the long-term humans' activity. Nowadays we face numerous problems involving many unknowns and dangers of the natural origin in the outer space, which runs in parallel with the needs of great technological advancements and breakthroughs. It is incremental in the course of growing complexity of space flights and progressive development of the human missions with an ultimate goal of undertaking manned flights to the Moon, Mars and beyond.

Retrospectives of the Formation of the Social-Economic Infrastructure of the Chinese Eastern Railway

Retrospectives of the Formation of the Social-Economic Infrastructure of the Chinese Eastern Railway

Risks and Uncertainty in the Formal Solutions to the Informal Settlements in India

This paper discusses various formal solutions adopted by the Indian official bodies to deal with the Indian informal settlements “the slums”. It focuses on Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) or the “Housing for All by 2022” as an essential housing act toward improv-ing the living conditions of the informal settlements, and to achieve cities and housing for all. According to the Indian 2011 censes, 66% of formal towns and cities in India have informal areas. Nearly one in every six urban Indian res-idents lives in a slum. Poor and rural immigrants find in the slums a physical shelter, but they lack quality of living and basic social-economic infrastructure. Bringing formal solution to the informal set-tlements is a challenge that requires deep understanding of the Indian heterogeneous population. This paper starts with the main housing policies that were launched in India during the 2000s, and extend to cover several case studies in In-dian cities based on a field visit conducted in India. It discusses sever-al concepts applied such as in-situ and relocation alternatives; possible improvements for the local communities by promoting livelihood re-sources; the concepts of using land as a resource, land pooling and public private partnership in developing the slums. This paper aims to understand the notion of risks and uncertainty in these solutions as constraints in improving the informal settlements in India for a better urbanism future.

Analisis Peningkatan Infrastruktur Jalan Dalam Mengurangi Kepadatan Lalulintas Di Kota Jayapura

The study analyses the contribution of road infrastructure development to the traffic congestion reduction on the main roads of Jayapura-Abepura-Heram as well as the influence of population and social economic infrastructure to the social interaction in Jayapura city. Besides the secondary data source from Statistics Board of Jayapura, this study surveyed the flows of two, four and six-wheeled vehicles during rush hours of 06.30 – 09.30 am and 15.00 – 18.00 pm on Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday, crossing the main road of Jayapura-Abepura and the alternative road of Jayapura-Kotaraja-Waena. The data is then analysed using the Spider Web and Newton Gravity Analysis, transformed into normal logistic (ln), and then using the Statistical Nonlinear Estimation Model. The first and second surveys showed the development of alternative road of Jayapura-Abepura-Heram able to reduce traffic congestion to all types of vehicles while major contributor is experienced to private, government vehicles and two-wheeled vehicles. This finding is as shown by Spider Web Analysis, moving away from the centre (zero) and closer to the blue line. While the total contribution of the alternative road to the traffic congestion reduction on the main road is 24 percent, the development of the road has no impact on public transportation on the main road. Newton Gravity Model shows both coefficients of distance constraint (km) and tariff constraint (Rupiah) inelastic to the change of attractiveness and thrust variables on the origin and destination districts while the coefficient of market-wide elastic to the attractiveness variable, i.e. Z5 = 3.027789. This indicates a sensitivity from the sellers and type of goods in the market to the change of vehicle flow among districts. The coefficient determination (R2) on the distance constraint model, 0.99736 is significantly able to explain factors, driving the flow of vehicles of Jayapura-Abepura while that on the tariff constraints model is only 0.523. The rest 0.477, therefore, can be explained by constraint outside the model.Keywords : Development of Road Infrastructure and reduction of traffic density on Highway

CAUSES OF REVOLUTION OF 1917 IN RUSSIA (SOCIAL-CULTURAL ASPECT)

This article attempts to establish the causes of the Revolution of 1917 in Russia and the civil war events that followed after. The authors focus on the fact that as the revolution itself, which took place in stages as a single process throughout 1917 and spanning several years of civil war, was extremely violent form. After these events the entire social-economic infrastructure of the country were settled and the population had a huge decline in their numbers. The authors believe that unprecedented the brutality of the events of 1917–1921 was due to the fact that Russian society had no common social-cultural basis for unity. The cultural rift largely occurred after Peter’s reforms, the result of which was the loss characteristic of prePetrine Russia conciliar forms of life. The events of 1917 and the ensuing absolutely logical way, a bloody civil war was largely determined by the absence in the Russian Empire, a single social-cultural grounds for interaction between different social layers. Society has divided into “us” and “them”. The result was a situation of unresolved conflict, ready at any moment to transform into a brutal war of all against all for the sake of mutual and total destruction. Clear differentiation and polarization of the opposing forces in 1917– 1921 years was due to the role of the so-called revolutionary intellectuals, which offered the lowest strata of the Russian society of ideological values, which was largely in tune with the sobornost’-traditionalist notions of the peasantry of ownership, authority, law and other social institutions.

Regional Backwardness and Public Spending on Development of Rural Physical and Social Infrastructure in Karnataka

The word infrastructure has been derived from the different two independent words ‘Infra’ means which lies beneath or comes before and similarly ‘Structure’ which means well planned or organised. Infrastructure could serve as a true engine of growth and can provide the much needed momentum to the economic in the time of economic slowdown. The Indian economy has grown at an average 8 per cent in the recent past years, and a 10 per cent annual GDP growth is difficult to achieve unless the county improves its rural infrastructure. If India is to sustain its high growth much of the required investment is of a public goods nature and thus most of the infrastructure investments must come from public sources. Karnataka is a pioneer State in the transformation of the ‘Gram Swaraj’ concept into reality and enacting the PRI Act to bring the practice of decentralised administration and development in line with the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution. A three-tier structure was created with the Zilla Panchayath at district, Taluka Panchayath at taluks and Gram Panchayath at the village level. 73rd amendment of constitution gives more power to Gram Panchayath in context to local self governance. A high power committee for the redressal of regional imbalance was constituted by the government in 2000. It identified 35 indicators encompassing agriculture, industry, and social-economic infrastructure and population characteristics to index of development. Gram Swaraj Project implemented in Karnataka State from the year 2006–2007 was based on Prof. Nanjundappa committee to address the issue of regional imbalances in his report. With this background the State Government has intend to strengthening the 1,341 Gram Panchayats comes under ‘most backward taluks’ with the collaboration of World bank aid.

Poverty Reduction through Local Wisdom(A Case Study from Buru Island-Maluku and Surade-West Java)

Literature reviews on the concept of poverty and local observation on the field study were employed to investigate whothe poor are, in order to seek alternative policies according to specific local conditions to combat poverty, and to seelocal wisdom in a preventive effort to reduce poverty. Survey methodology, in-depth interviews and focus groupsdiscussions were used in this study. The findings suggest that the concept of poverty is multifacet. Both Bupolo peopleand Surade farmers cultivate small land. While Surade farmers are poor with no or limited land size and with relativelysmall scales' business, Bupolo people have relatively larger land size but have limited technology access, and lessaccess to social economic infrastructure, making them poor and only able to survive with food daily. The concept ofpoverty needs to be extended to include access to social economic infrastructure, remoteness, disempowerment,freedom of speech, and fairness in development. Poverty cannot be defined individually solely from the context of thecalorie fulfilment as a standard used by BPS. However, in principle, the concept of poverty cannot only be defined as arelative, but also dynamic concept. keywords: poverty, local wisdom, remoteness, small land, multifacet

Rural energy development in Iran: Non-renewable and renewable resources

Rural areas in Iran are necessarily linked to agriculture with very little diversification. These communities are solely dependent upon the fortunes of one or two primary enterprises. This is an extremely tenuous situation and these communities must diversify to insure economic and social viability. The objectives of this study are to (1) identify problems and difficulties encountered in the social–economic infrastructure as related to rural energy development and (2) present the non-renewable and renewable energy resources and assess the current energy generation and consumption rates. The analysis show that while there are numerous non-renewable and renewable energy resources available, problems such as cultural barriers and lack of appropriate mentality about energy impede the much-needed development in the rural areas of country. To fulfill rural energy needs, renewable energy plants must be developed locally all across the country: hydro and geothermal in the northern and western areas, wind in the eastern and the southern planes, and solar energy in the central desert plateaus. In conclusion, proper distribution of subsidies and adaptation of new efficiency laws are identified as areas for improvements.

Economic Assumptions of the Regulatory Algorithm of Social Economic Infrastructure

The study analyzes the necessity of the infrastructureservices for the state economy growth; and to insure theprovision of these services, applying regulation.Having evaluated infrastructure enterprises accordingto certain criteria and predicting regulation possibilities,the algorithm can be created, which can help toevaluate the infrastructure enterprises and to choose themost suitable method of the regulation. The economicinfrastructure services are necessary for all the subjectsof the state economy. The social infrastructure servicesinsure the welfare of the populations. Most of the infrastructureenterprises are natural monopolies. Evaluatingdifferent possibilities, the government can initiatethe reforms of infrastructural sectors trying to increasethe rationality of the activities.The main findings of the study: • regulation of the social economic infrastructure –the main factor assuring rational state economyfunctioning; • the government guarantees are needed for infrastructuresectors; • more rapid economy growth can be assured bythe implementation of the infrastructure reforms,initiated by the government.