Cognitive ageing: sex and life course social class differences in England.

Introduction: Maternity is not only a natural fact, it is also a multi-determined cultural construction, defined and organized by norms that arise from the needs of a specific social group and from a defined period of its history. Women are considered as historical beings and a source of inspiration for artists and creators through motherhood. Objective: Characterize the impact of motherhood in science, history and art. Methods: A literature review was conducted by consulting original articles, case reports, and open access systematic reviews in peer-reviewed academic journals from the last 5 years. Search terms include motherhood, science, art, and history, as well as their English translations. Results: From a biological perspective, the mother is the living being that assumes this condition from the moment of fertilization. From a cultural perspective, it constitutes an essential element in the upbringing of individuals, as well as in the constitution of the family institution. Conclusions: It was concluded that it is necessary to emphasize that motherhood and upbringing should be the subject of a renewed and constant psychosocial study that does not ignore that they will always be closely related to the different conceptions of children, social class, customs and social, historical and cultural norms. This concept has been the central axis of multiple artistic creations where the feminist art movement stands out.

A trajectory mining framework for exploring individual concurrent environmental exposure and its association with mental health.

Mapping adolescent problematic social media use patterns across 41 countries/regions: A multilevel latent class analysis with social determinants.

Online social class cues and employability: Experimental evidence from Germany

National and regional burden of early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Americas from 1990 to 2023, attributable to modifiable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2023.

The aim of this research is to investigate primary school teachers' perspectives on the utilization of virtual museums in education. Adopting a qualitative case study design, the study employed the maximum diversity sampling method to select participants. The study group consisted of 25 teachers working in various provinces, districts, and villages across Turkey under the Ministry of National Education who actively integrated virtual museums into their lessons during the 2023–2024 academic year. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and subsequently analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the study revealed that the opinions of primary school teachers regarding the use of virtual museums in primary schools were grouped into five different themes: “definition,” “usage status,” “benefits,” “limitations,” and “suggestions.” It was concluded that primary school teachers mostly characterized virtual museums as technology-focused museums. While primary school teachers were found to use virtual museums more in social studies and life skills classes, it was concluded that they mostly used virtual museums in a lesson-focused manner. Primary school teachers perceived virtual museums as advantageous primarily because they are cost-free and eliminate the need for transportation, thereby considering them beneficial mainly from an economic perspective. Teachers identified the main limitations of virtual museums as the lack of direct, hands-on experience and the abstract nature of the content, emphasizing particularly the absence of a realistic sense of presence. Primary school teachers also suggested enriching the content of virtual museums, linking them to the curriculum, providing technological support, and offering in-service training.

Tourism is evolving, and the integration of technology for sustainable development has become increasingly crucial, especially for heritage sites like Borobudur. These sites must balance cultural preservation with the demands of economic growth. Understanding the factors that influence the sustainability of smart tourism villages is essential to ensure these destinations remain viable and sustainable over the long term. This study investigates the interplay of perception, belief, and socioeconomic factors in shaping the sustainability of smart tourism villages in Borobudur using an explanatory quantitative design with a survey approach. Data were collected from 182 participants via online questionnaires, and statistical methods, including CFA, ANCOVA, mediation, and moderation analyses, were used to explore variable relationships. The results reveal that perception (β = 0.0810, p = .4068) does not significantly influence sustainability, while belief (β = 0.1634, p = .0183) plays a key mediating and moderating role, strengthening the perception-sustainability relationship (Int_1 = 0.0376, p = .0371). Demographic factors such as gender (β = 0.3857, p = .5955) and age (β = 0.3037, p = .4935) are not significant predictors, whereas socioeconomic status (β = -0.2309, p = .0046) and job (β = -0.1976, p = .0286) significantly moderate the relationship, indicating that higher socioeconomic status and certain jobs weaken the perceptionbelief-sustainability link. These findings emphasize the significance of both psychological and demographic factors in smart tourism sustainability, suggesting that targeted strategies are necessary to improve sustainability awareness among diverse socioeconomic and occupational groups, thereby supporting sustainable tourism development in Borobudur.

In the digital age, social media platforms homogenize beauty standards and intricately link clothing choices to social norms and class identities. Grounded in Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of cultural and social capital, supplemented by Erving Goffman’s theory of stigma, this study examines how social media amplifies pre-existing socio-cultural pressures that influence Turkish women’s decisions to abandon the hijab. The research has practical implications for understanding and addressing hijab abandonment. It employs a qualitative design based on semi-structured interviews with 13 participants, analyzed through a phenomenological approach. The findings reveal that the pursuit of social acceptance and resistance to social exclusion are more decisive factors in hijab abandonment than direct social media influence. While social media serves as a crucial amplifier of aesthetic ideals and a gateway to digital legitimacy, the primary drivers are deeply rooted in the pursuit of social acceptance and resistance to long-standing mechanisms of socio-cultural exclusion, stigmatization, and symbolic violence—processes intensified and mediated through digital platforms. The analysis uncovers the operation of a dual-sided neighborhood pressure, whereby women face scrutiny from both religious communities enforcing idealized piety norms and secular circles perpetuating stigmatizing labels such as backwardness or ignorance. Crucially, participants reported that unveiling was strategically employed as a means of overcoming barriers to professional advancement, gaining access to elite social spheres, and escaping the constant burden of representation. The study concludes that hijab abandonment emerges as a complex strategy of social navigation, where digital platforms act as powerful accelerants of pre-existing class- and identity-based conflicts.

Older adults make up the largest proportion of nonusers of the internet. With the increasing digitalization of services, it is important to identify what interventions are effective at reducing digital exclusion in older adults. We aimed to identify what evidence exists on the effectiveness of interventions to address digital exclusion in older adults. This rapid review assessed the effectiveness of interventions to address digital exclusion in older adults aged 60 years or older. Searches were conducted in November 2023 across a range of databases and used supplementary search methods. Searches were limited to comparative studies published from 2018 onward in English. Data were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. A total of 21 studies were included that aimed to increase a range of digital literacy skills. Sample sizes ranged from 5 to 381. Intervention approaches varied considerably and were often multicomponent and undertaken in a variety of settings. There is evidence to suggest that a range of interventions can reduce physical, personal, and perceptual barriers and improve older adults' skills, knowledge, digital literacy, and perceived self-efficacy, reduce technophobia, and increase use of technology. Importantly, findings indicated improvements among a range of subpopulations, including those living in rural areas, at risk of social isolation, who are homebound, of lower socioeconomic groups, and individuals with visual impairment. To achieve improved and sustained digital inclusion in older adults, evidence suggests it may be important to ensure structural barriers, such as access to the internet and affordability of devices, are removed. However, all studies contained methodological limitations and may not be adequately powered to determine effectiveness. The evidence shows the potential benefits of interventions aimed at improving a range of digital skills and increasing technology use in older adults, which could help to address digital exclusion. The findings of this rapid review can inform the development and delivery of future interventions. However, it is important to consider the context in which the included interventions were used and the lack of certainty of the findings. This review also identified a lack of high-quality evidence, as all studies identified contained methodological limitations and may not have been adequately powered to determine effectiveness. In addition, consideration should also be given to those who do not wish to engage with the online world to ensure they are not left behind.

This study establishes the theoretical foundations, scope, and economic examples of conspicuous production, introducing this novel concept into business studies. By elucidating the concepts of conspicuousness and conspicuous consumption, it provides a detailed theoretical framework for understanding conspicuous production. The research explores the interplay between conspicuousness, class, and status, with a particular focus on the sanctification of work as a pivotal element of conspicuous production. Additionally, it highlights how the upper economic classes leverage conspicuous production in a manner akin to conspicuous consumption, emphasizing the ostentatious (re)production of products, services, and the body. This comprehensive analysis not only advances the theoretical discourse on conspicuous production but also lays a robust foundation for future research into its diverse dimensions and implications.

Emperor Alexander I passed away unexpectedly in the uyezd town of Taganrog, located far from St Petersburg and Moscow, in November 1825. He was not elderly and did not suffer from any chronic diseases that could be considered life-threatening. This death was followed by a series of dramatic events, including the oath of allegiance to Constantine I and his refusal to accept the crown, the interregnum, the accession of Nicholas I, the Decembrist uprising, and the death of the recently widowed Empress Elizabeth (once again far from the capitals). Panegyrists had to explain all these unexpected and contradictory events as manifestations of God’s providence. Such a difficult task was performed by venerable writers and amateurs, university professors and their students, aristocrats and low-class people, agents of the political police and dissidents persecuted by them. The author examines the deeds and virtues for which the eulogists praised the deceased monarch, thereby expressing their hopes for the new reign. What was the combination of the canon of glorification and description of feelings among different authors and social classes? Could censored texts reflect doubts about the official version of Alexander I’s demise? In whose honour were panegyrics composed during the interregnum when it was unclear which of the contenders would become the next monarch? How was Nicholas I’s accession to the throne while his older brother (Tsarevich Konstantin) was still alive explained in public consciousness? To answer these questions, the author draws upon poetic and prose panegyrics published in Russian magazines in 1825–1826 (Vestnik Yevropy, Syn Otechestva, Otechestvennye Zapiski, etc.), the Kalendar Muz na 1827 God almanac, and the Severnaya Pchela newspaper. Letters, diaries, and memoirs of contemporaries of the events under study serve as supplementary sources.

The article highlights the problem of integrating gaming and digital technologies into the school physical education system in the context of the digital transformation of education. It substantiates the need to modernize physical education teaching methods in accordance with the requirements of the New Ukrainian School Concept and modern pedagogical strategies aimed at stimulating students' motivation, cognitive and motor activities. It is determined that the use of gaming technologies is an effective means of developing the personality of a schoolchild, which contributes to the formation of a positive emotional background for classes, the development of communicative and social skills, the improvement of motor skills, and an increase in interest in physical education classes. Digital technologies are considered an important tool for personalizing the educational process, monitoring physical activity, and creating an interactive learning environment. Based on an analysis of psychological, pedagogical, and methodological literature, the leading principles of integrating gaming and digital technologies have been identified: innovation, interactivity, individualization, motivational and emotional engagement, visuality, and safety. A methodological model for conducting an integrated physical education lesson has been developed, combining traditional physical exercises, game elements, fitness apps, mobile trackers, online platforms (Kahoot, Google Classroom, ClassDojo), and gamification elements (challenges, ratings, virtual rewards). The effectiveness of the proposed principles was tested in a pedagogical experiment conducted among 7th and 8th grade students. The results of the experiment confirmed a statistically significant increase in motivation, motor activity, and physical fitness indicators among students in the experimental group compared to the control group. The data obtained indicate the feasibility of systematically introducing integrative approaches into school physical education practice. It was concluded that the combination of gaming and digital technologies forms a new pedagogical paradigm of physical education, focused on the development of key competencies, the formation of positive motivation for motor activity, and the education of physically and digitally literate individuals.

To assess the association between binge drinking and asthma risk across demographic and socioeconomic groups. A retrospective analysis using the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) database. Binge drinking status was the exposure variable, and asthma diagnosis was the outcome. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were included as covariates. Cross-tabulations, chi-squared tests, and Fisher's exact tests were conducted, results reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Binge drinkers had a 5.2 % lower asthma risk (OR: 0.948, 95 % CI: 0.9245-0.9722). The greatest risk reduction was in ages 45-64 (26.8 %), while ages 18-24 had a 14.3 % increased risk (OR: 1.143). Men had 4.4 % higher asthma risk, while women had 1.1 % lower risk. Black and Hispanic binge drinkers had 8.1 and 2.3 % higher risk, while white binge drinkers had 8.4 % lower risk. Higher-income and education were linked to lower asthmarisk. Binge drinking is associated with lower asthma risk in older adults and women but higher risk in young adults and men. Further research is needed to explore mechanisms.

ABSTRACT In this article, the author argues that classifying inequalities as merely “class” ignores the racial dimension, and that focusing solely on “race” without considering economic conditions also impoverishes the analysis. This articulation is fundamental to understanding contemporary Brazilian society. Racism in Brazil is structural and institutional, manifesting itself subtly and persistently. The notion of race as a sociological category, although without a biological basis, possesses concrete social force. It structures inequalities and identities and should be recognized as a legitimate analytical category in the social sciences. Munanga emphasizes that race and class are intertwined. Slavery and colonialism shaped a racial hierarchy that persists in contemporary social and economic divisions. The author highlights the central role of education and affirmative action policies in the anti-racist struggle. They do not solve the problem alone, but are necessary steps to confront historical inequalities. Keywords: Racism. Slavery. Discrimination

ABSTRACT Debates about the value of higher education are more vivid than ever. Policymakers and employers increasingly demand that universities produce graduates who can make an immediate contribution in the workplace. However, such discussions overlook significant inequalities in participation, particularly those rooted in socioeconomic disparities. In this research, we explored how students’ social class backgrounds and their participation in internships and work placements shape their perceptions of employability. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theoretical framework of capital, a survey of university students in the United Kingdom revealed that students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds exhibited greater perceived employability due to their greater access to social capital. Additionally, participation in internships and work placements was positively associated with students’ perceptions of employability by increasing their social capital. Importantly, this relationship held true for students from all social class backgrounds. These findings point to internships and work placements as valuable mechanisms for universities to enhance students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds perceived employability while promoting greater equity in outcomes. We discuss practical strategies for Higher Education institutions to implement these findings and emphasise the need for policymakers to address broader structural inequalities to diversify access to internships and professional networks, particularly for underrepresented groups.

This research investigated the effect of artificial intelligence-supported activities on academic achievement, critical thinking, and innovation skills. To this end, an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was used. The quantitative phase utilised a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design, while the qualitative phase adopted a case study approach. A total of 49 seventh-grade students from a public school were selected through simple random sampling, with 25 students in the experimental group and 24 in the control group. The experimental intervention lasted six weeks. The quantitative data were collected using the Academic Achievement Test, the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale, and the Innovation Skills Scale, while the qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The analysis showed that AI-supported activities significantly enhanced academic achievement and innovation skills but did not improve critical thinking compared to traditional textbook-based instruction. The analysis of interview responses revealed that students perceived the advantages of AI for learning and its disadvantages for critical thinking and misdirection. Based on these findings, it is recommended that classrooms be equipped with the essential technological infrastructure to help students benefit from AI, that large language models designed for educational use be fine-tuned with scientific and reliable sources, and that further research explore and exemplify the potential roles of AI tools in educational contexts.

Summary An enigmatic interior scene painted by Leiden artist Frans van Mieris I (1635-1681) in 1676 has been identified since the nineteenth century as a ‘woman reading a letter’, a subject in keeping with other highly popular depictions of women with love letters in Dutch genre painting. As this article demonstrates, however, the sheet of paper she holds in her hands is not a written letter but a printed newspaper, more specifically an edition of the Oprechte Haarlemse Courant – one of the most widely read and international news sources published in the Low Countries. Dutch seventeenth-century artists seldomly represented the subject of news reading with a focus on female readership. Yet the gathering of news had become increasingly popular among both women and men of this time, as well as across diverse social classes. News sharing, an act in which women were involved, was a way to stay informed about the world, while also contributing to a culture of leisure and sociability. Its depiction in the case of Van Mieris’ work poses a challenge to traditional interpretations of women’s prescriptive roles in Dutch genre painting. Women were regular consumers of the news and participated in a wider culture of learning and thought that has long gone unrecognized in art historical scholarship. This article also draws attention to a long-overlooked subject: the depiction of newspaper readers among a group of genre painters and draftsmen, including Adriaen van Ostade, Jan Steen, and Cornelis Dusart. Noteworthy is the fact that these artists typically depicted the lower classes, in what was an inversion of actual newspaper reading practices, which appeared to be largely an elite affair. This discrepancy may reflect a particular interest among well-to-do collectors in artworks that portray a lower class: in this case, workers and peasants smoking and drinking while reading fleeting news. Within this context, the originality of Van Mieris’ focus on a female newsreader from the upper class gains even more significance as it demonstrates his attempt to vary the tried-and-true motif of women reading letters. After all, the work reflects its times: the art of being ‘au courant’.

This is a literature review that discusses the scientific production on the care provided by daughters, and sons to dependent elderly parents, emphasizing cultural, racial, gender and social class issues. The Capes Periodical Portal, Web of Science and Scopus databases were consulted. Using the search strategies, 19 articles from various countries were selected, highlighting cultural specificities in relation to the topic. However, in all cultures, it is women who care for the elderly. The studies have shown that the participation of the State is crucial to building more equitable societies between the sexes.

The study presents the adaptation and investigation of an art program tailored to the developmental focus of children/students with intellectual disabilities. Klára Kokas's music reception method is well-known to music teachers. The structure of the ritual-like sessions is constant, while the content varies, and it includes several creative elements—creative singing, improvisational dance, and visual creation. With modifications, this technique may be suitable for the language development of students with intellectual disabilities. From the art program, the improvisational movement and dance—among the creative components of the Kokas method—were retained, following motivating and engaging preliminary singing that differed from the original Kokas instructions. Instead of creative singing, the emphasis was placed on incorporating ritual elements adopted from folk tradition, which are tailored to the structure of the specific abilities of the participants. The musicality and cathartic effect of folk rhymes and children's games do not contradict Kokas pedagogy; rather, they harmonize with it. Their repetition provides security for the participants, and the recurring elements act with the joy of recognition. Visual creation was omitted due to time constraints imposed by the 45-minute school class structure. The study is based on modern theoretical frameworks, e.g., the principle of transfer, the theory of Embodied Cognition, and the OPERA theory.