Social Class Structure Research Articles

Early Stages of Socialist Industrialization and Changes in Social Social Class Structure

Early Stages of Socialist Industrialization and Changes in Social Social Class Structure

Un jeu chinois

A Chine se Game : Notes for a Social Critique of Judgment. The author reports on the results of a survey of the image that the French have of their political leaders. It was conducted in the form of a game known as the "Chinese portrait". He shows that those questioned employed classificatory schemes (high/low, right/left, white/black, strong/weak, rich/poor, etc.) which express in their own logic the objective structure of France's social classes. A "majority" assigned to the representatives of the left or of the working class the most pejorative characteristics the (Renault as opposed to the Rolls Royce, the pine-tree, black, the cap, and Mireille Mathieu, as opposed to the oak-tree, white, the top hat, and the Queen of England). But this was probably because the prevailing system of classification has been accepted by even those who wish to reject its bases and its symbolic products.

Competing Inequalities: The Sex and Social Class Structure of the First Year Scottish University Student Population 1962-1972

Competing Inequalities: The Sex and Social Class Structure of the First Year Scottish University Student Population 1962-1972

Women and health care: a comparison of theories.

There are three distinct approaches to the analysis of women's position in society, and thus of women's relation to the health care system. Liberal feminists seek equal opportunity "within the system," deman equal opportunity and employment for women in health care, and are critical of the patronizing attitudes of physicians. Radical feminists reject "the system" as one based on the oppression of women and seek to build alternative structures to better fill their needs. They see the division between man and woman as the primary contradiction in society and patriarchy as its fundamental institution. They have initiated self-help groups and women's clinics to extend the base of health care controlled by women in their own interests. Marxist-feminists see the particular oppression of women as generated by contradications within the development of capitalism. Women's unpaid labor at home and underpaid labor in the work force both serve the interests of the owners of capital. The health care system serves these same interests; it maintains and perpetuates the social class structure while becoming increasingly alienated from the health needs of the majority of the population.

A Method for Investigating and Representing Implicit Social Class Theory

This article presents an approach to identify and represent information about social class structures implicit in the informal descriptions of social class given by naive community members. The report offers a methodology, describes a pilot study, and presents results using the proposed methodology.

The political economy of medical care. An explanation of the composition, nature, and functions of the present health sector of the United States.

This presentation provides an alternative explanation of the present composition, nature, and functions of the health sector in the United States to those frequently given in sociological, economic, and medical care literature. These expalantions usually maintain that the Amcerican health sector is a result of the value system of the assumedly middle class American society. In this presentation it is postulated that the present economic structure of the United States determines and maintains a social class structure, both outside and within the health sector, and that the different degrees of ownership, control, and influence that these classes have on the means of production, reproduction, and legitimization in the United States explain the composition, nature, and functions of the health sector. It is further postulated that the value system is not the cuase, but a sysmptom, of these class controls and influences. The paper is divided into three sections. The first part profices a description of the class structure, which includes the corporate class, upper middle class, lower middle class, and working class, and it describes the mechanisms whereby this structure is maintained and replicated, both outside and within the health sector. The second section analyzes: (1)the production characteristics and social make-up of the thre main sectors of the U. S. economy-the monpolistic, state, and competitive sectors-and it focuses especially on the monopolistic sector, which is assumed to be the dominant sector in the U. S. economy, with its needs determining to a large degree the functions of the social sectors, including those of the health sector; (2) the increasing dominance of the monopolistic sector in the health sector, by means of the financial institutions, which conflicts primarily with the providers'relative control of the financing of health services; and (3) the main conflict in the control of the reproductive (academic) an distributive (delivery) institutions which, it is postulated, is not, as is generally belived, between the providers and the so-called consumers, but rather between the corporate and upper middle classes (including the providers), who control those institutions, and the majority of the U. S. population, the lower middle and working classes, who do not control them...

The spatial hierarchy of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system

Westaway J. (1974) The spatial hierarchy of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system, Reg. Studies 8, 145–155. The paper discusses the rationale behind the spatial concentration of control functions of business organizations and its implications for the British urban system. This concentration is one dimension of the development of the corporate hierarchy. The development of business organizations is examined and the mechanism by which such developments are translated into a spatial context is seen largely in terms of access to specialized information. The increasing spatial concentration of control functions of organizations has important implications, both economic, in terms of the future behaviour of firms, and social, in terms of the loss of community control of local industries and spatial variations in social class structure. The key policy question is seen as a decision between allowing continued centralization or to encourage the decentralization of control function...

INTERURBAN DIFFERENCES IN BLACK HOUSING QUALITY∗

ABSTRACT Interurban differences in the quality of black housing are best explained by income-related and supply factors. Social class and household structure are not important independent predictors. Significant associations of housing quality with crowding and age of housing indicate that racial discrimination distorts the supply of housing available to black households. The size of communities mitigates the effects of discrimination; large black communities have better housing than small ones.

Diverse college environments and the effect on American social class structure

Diverse college environments and the effect on American social class structure

Social Class Structure Revisited and Extended

Social Class Structure Revisited and Extended

Main shopping catchments of the West Yorkshire conurbation

Reports on the findings of a study to delineate trading catchment areas in the West Yorkshire conurbation of England. Delineates the associated areas of shopping influence of the seven major urban centres of the area and attempts to measure the degree of dependence of the constituent local government areas on these centres. Analyses frequency of journeys and means of travel to shop, also examines the social and economic class structure of the catchments. Concludes that this study provides a measure of each centre's shopping pull and an indication of the urban hierarchy of the area addressed.

Social class and social structure in a middle-sized Pennsylvania community

The major purpose of this study is to describe select demographic and socio-cultural characteristics associated with the five social classes of the social structure in an urban Pennsylvania community. Classes are delineated by the Hollingshead Index of Social Position. Description of the class characteristics is made more fruitful through use of this index. The stratification procedure demonstrates that stratifying a population enables us to better understand the organization and function of a community as a sociological entity.

Golden Mountain of Lead: The Chinese Experience in California

It is difficult to over-estimate the role of the Chinese in California his tory. Chinese labor played a major part in the development of mining, railroads, large-scale agriculture, and urban industry. Racial hostility toward Chinese profoundly effected social class structure, ethical values, and the political environment of nineteenth-century California. The anti-Oriental prejudices first applied to the Chinese were easily passed on to the Japanese and Filipinos. Philip Choy provides a general survey of the role played by Chinese in California history.

COLLEGE GRADING PRACTICES: AN OVERVIEW1

ABSTRACTWhile grades and grading procedures have become issues of widespread interest and controversy in recent years, the interest has been directed primarily toward questions of external form and the prediction of later grades from earlier grades. More important questions concerning the purposes and effectiveness of grades have continued to be neglected. Nontraditional forms of grading currently being tried are usually Pass/Fail systems, but Pass/No Record and descriptive grading are also used.The most commonly stated purposes of grades are for selection to more advanced educational programs and employment, for motivating students, and for providing students with information about their performance. Consideration of purposes, however, seldom enters decisions about form. Grades are charged with distorting both learning and teaching and undesirably affecting students' attitudes and emotional states, yet evidence either for or against these charges is sparse. Education is commonly viewed as a vehicle for social and economic mobility, but a contrary view of the educational system as a device for the restraint of mobility and the maintenance of the existing social class structure has also been presented. Neither view can point to convincing evidence in its support, but grades have a major role in both.Although grades are often charged with being unreliable, those charges usually refer to grades assigned to individual pieces of student work, such as test papers or themes. Course grades and grade‐point averages have shown high internal consistency and good temporal stability up to about a year. Treating academic performance as a single dimension represented by grades is therefore justifiable. Nevertheless, situations probably exist in which the widely presumed but infrequently demonstrated multidimensional nature of academic performance should be acknowledged and put to use.

Neglected Variables in the Study of Death Attitudes

Martin, W. T. 1965 "Socially induced stress: some converging theories." Pacific Sociological Review 8 (Fall):63-69. Merton, R. K. 1938 'Social structure and anomie." American Sociological Review 3 (October):672-682. Reiss, A. J. Jr. and A. L. Rhodes 1961 "The distribution of juvenile delinquency in the social class structure." American Sociological Review 26 (October) :720-732. Sewell, W. H. and V. P. Shah 1968 "Social class, parental encouragement, and educational aspirations." American Journal of Sociology 73 (March) :559-572. Short, J. F. Jr. 1964 "Gang delinquency and anomie." Pp. 89-128 in Marshall B. Clinard (ed.), Anomie and Deviant Behavior. New York: Free Press of Clencoe. Spergal, Irving 1967 "Deviant patterns and opportunities of pre-adolescent Negro boys in three Chicago neighborhoods." Pp. 38-54 in Malcolm W. Klein (ed.), Juvenile Gangs in Context. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Thrasher, Frederick M. 1927 The Gang. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Anencephalus and the local water supply.

IN 1957 Penrose1 suggested that the wide regional variations in the incidence of anencephaly might be due to differences in the local water supply. As far as I know, however, this hypothesis has not been tested, partly because of the difficulty of obtaining reliable estimates in the incidence of the malformation among both live and stillbirths. It has been shown that the incidence is much greater among hospital deliveries, due largely to unbooked emergency admissions2; it has also been shown that different hospitals in the same town can have widely different incidences3, possibly a consequence of variations in the social class structure of the populations served by each hospital. I have therefore made use of only the data from published studies of all births to women living within a certain area of the United Kingdom for a period of several years (Table 1).

The Distribution of Juvenile Delinquency in the Social Class Structure

The Distribution of Juvenile Delinquency in the Social Class Structure

Social Media and Social Class in China: How Social Media Accelerates Class Consolidation and Social Stratification) Based on Socio-economic Indicators (

This paper examines the development of Chinese social media platforms and corresponding socio-economic indicators. Applying Bourdieu's concepts of cultural capital and Fukuyama’s concepts of social capital, this paper analyzes various social media platforms and their impact on mobility across social classes in China. Government regulations are highly involved in Chinese social media platforms. Through measuring education, consumption, income inequality, social mobility, and other related socio-economic indicators, this paper argues that the emergence of social media platforms revolutionizes the traditional social class structure and results in a unique social stratification in China. Social media platforms empower upper classes, middle classes, and working classes differently. This paper's central proposition is that the rise of social media blurs boundaries between middle and working classes, but strengthens the upper classes' distinctiveness and further consolidates their capital. The models applied in this paper advances our understanding of the rise of social media and its role in advocating for social mobility while also its role in facilitating class consolidation.

A contradição exclusão/inclusão na sociedade e na escola

Com o entendimento de que a desigualdade social e a concentração de renda no Brasil vêm se acentuando e assumindo formas cada vez mais perversas de exclusão social, o presente artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre o processo de exclusão na sociedade, em geral, e na educação, em particular. Para tanto, procurou identificar algumas interpretações dadas ao termo exclusão, identificando-o como uma contradição no movimento histórico do sistema capitalista. Além disso, buscou verificar como essa contradição que se implanta na modernidade, manifesta-se no campo da educação, sobretudo, no final do século XX e início do século XXI. Tal como nas políticas públicas globais do Estado, identificou-se o sentido de exclusão subjacente às políticas de educação, como instrumento de mediação para assegurar a estrutura de classes da sociedade capitalista. Procurando identificar políticas públicas de educação básica que visam à inclusão social, surgem alguns programas voltados para o atendimento à população carente, com o objetivo de inserir e manter essa população no sistema educacional, com destaque ao Programa Bolsa- Escola Federal, que se conforma como uma ação para garantia de renda mínima.

NEW ASPECTS OF HUMAN GENETICS

Despite the ubiquitousness of depression, which has been described as the cold of psychiatry, this variety of psychological illness is ill-defined and hence presents great difficulties for epidemiological surveys. Among the hazards are the range of intensities exhibited, from the blues to profound melancholy, and the myriad putative causal agents, from the transitory situational to the genetic and biochemical. There are nevertheless a few striking, recurrent findings; these include the more frequent occurrence among women (although the mortality of depressionsuicide is more common among men), the ascending gradient with increasing age, and the seemingly random distribution of depression throughout the social class structure. The author's observations are catholic in purview and eclectic in tone. She advances excellent reasons for considering depression separately from the other psychoses; she pulls together an enormous body of research and clinical perception; and outlines tangible directions for needed investigation. Altogether, this volume affords an indispensable startingpoint for the student of depression. ROBERT N. WILSON