Social Individual Characteristics Research Articles

General Election Commission Public Communication Strategy in Increasing General Election Participation in Blitar

The Blitar City General Election Commission (KPU) in the 2019 election succeeded in achieving the target number of public participations of 84% compared to 78% in the 2014 election. The KPU's success in increasing public participation in the 2019 election certainly had a good communication strategy. This research aims to determine the KPU's public communication strategy in increasing participation in the 2019 election in Blitar City. This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observation, and documentation. This research uses Lasswell's communication strategy theory, namely selecting and determining communicators, determining target audiences, using techniques for composing messages and choosing media or communication channels. The research results show that the KPU's strategy in determining communicators involves all KPU members and staff, coordinates with relevant stakeholders, and forms ad hoc bodies and Democracy Volunteers. The KPU's strategy in preparing messages is to use language adapted to the target audience, namely local and contemporary languages. The KPU's strategy in choosing media or communication channels uses online, offline, and communication channels. This strategy has succeeded in increasing community participation in accepting political stimuli, individual social characteristics, political systems, political parties, and regional differences so that socialization can be accepted and understood effectively.

Active Tuberculosis Screening via a Mobile Health App in Myanmar: Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation.

A mobile app that calculates a tuberculosis (TB) risk score based on individual social and pathological characteristics has been shown to be a better predictor of the risk of contracting TB than conventionally used TB signs and symptoms (TBSS) in Myanmar, where the TB burden is high. Its cost-effectiveness, however, has not yet been assessed. This study aimed to determine the incremental costs of this mobile app and of chest x-rays (CXRs) in averting disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among missed cases of active TB in the population being screened. Elements of incremental costs and effectiveness of 3 initial TB screening strategies were examined, including TBSS followed by CXR, the mobile app followed by CXR, and universal CXR. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER; ie, the additional cost for each additional DALY averted) was compared to TBSS screening. Based on the latest 2020 gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Myanmar (US $1477.50), the ICER was compared to willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of 1, 2, and 3 times the GDP per capita. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted with a Monte Carlo simulation to compute the levels of probability that the ICER for each strategy was below each WTP threshold. For each 100,000 population, the incremental cost compared to TBSS of active TB screening was US $345,942 for the mobile app and US $1,810,712 for universal CXR. The incremental effectiveness was 325 DALYs averted for the mobile app and 576 DALYs averted for universal CXR. For the mobile app, the estimated ICER was US $1064 (72% of GDP per capita) per 1 DALY averted. Furthermore, 100% of the simulated values were below an additional cost of 1 times the GDP per capita for 1 additional DALY averted. The universal CXR strategy has an estimated ICER of US $3143 (2.1 times the GDP per capita) per 1 DALY averted and an additional 77.2% DALYs averted compared to the app (ie, 576 - 325 / 325 DALYs); however, 0.5% of the simulated values were higher than an additional expenditure of 3 times the GDP per capita. Based on the status of the economy in 2020, the mobile app strategy is affordable for Myanmar. The universal CXR strategy, although it could prevent an additional 77% of DALYs, is probably unaffordable. Compared to the TBSS strategy, the mobile app system based on social and pathological characteristics of TB has potential as a TB screening tool to identify missing TB cases and to reduce TB morbidity and mortality, thereby helping to achieve the global goal of "End TB" in resource-limited settings with a high TB burden.

Key Age-Friendly Components of Municipalities that Foster Social Participation of Aging Canadians: Results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

Municipalities can foster the social participation of aging adults. Although making municipalities age-friendly is recognized as a promising way to help aging adults stay involved in their communities, little is known about the key components (e.g., services and structures) that foster social participation. This study thus aimed to identify key age-friendly components (AFC) best associated with the social participation of older Canadians. Secondary analyses were carried out using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (n = 25,411) in selected municipalities (m = 110 with ≥ 30 respondents), the Age-friendly Survey, and census data. Social participation was estimated based on the number of community activities outside the home per month. AFC included housing, transportation, outdoor spaces and buildings, safety, recreation, workforce participation, information, respect, health, and community services. Multilevel models were used to examine the association between individual social participation, key AFC, and environmental characteristics, while controlling for individual characteristics. Aged between 45 and 89, half of the participants were women who were engaged in 20.2±12.5 activities per month. About 2.5% of the variance in social participation was attributable to municipalities. Better outdoor spaces and buildings (p < 0.001), worse communication and information (p < 0.01), and lower material deprivation (p < 0.001) were associated with higher social participation. Age was the only individual-level variable to have a significant random effect, indicating that municipal contexts may mediate its impact with social participation. This study provides insights to help facilitate social participation and promote age-friendliness, by maintaining safe indoor and outdoor mobility, and informing older adults of available activities.

PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH ON CONSUMER DECISSION ANALISYS

This study proposes an approach to analyse the consumption of goods provided within the socio-cultural process (social sphere). Based on the study of individual social and economic characteristics of goods, the traditional approach is not sufficient for the management of production and consumption processes. An alternative model is argued, in which the process of consumer decision-making takes center stage. When consumption is recognised as a problem-solving process, the underlying structural-functional relationships of consumption can be modelled and analysed in their entirety. The theoretical verification of the model is based on a compatibility study with rational motivations in behavior, and uncertainty and risk in consumption.

Do Sociocultural Factors Drive Civic Engagement? An Examination of Political Interest and Religious Attendance

AbstractThe U.S. simultaneously faces declining rates of and barriers to engagement, despite the importance to society and benefits to the participant. Research largely focuses on individual demographics, social, and economic characteristics, but what role do sociocultural factors play in civic engagement? This study examines the influence of political interest and religious attendance on five measures of civic engagement—formal volunteering, informal volunteering, public meeting attendance, voting, and blood donation. Religious attendance plays a greater role in volunteering while political interest plays a greater role in political participation. This work illustrates how different factors relate to different types of engagement. Findings demonstrate the need to move beyond socioeconomic factors to examine sociocultural factors that may influence civic engagement and the need for multiple measures of engagement.

Zdravstvena pismenost u Republici Hrvatskoj

Research shows that low levels of health literacy have negative consequences for the health of the individual and the community. The aim of the research is to establish the average level of health literacy in Croatia on a nationally representative sample and to identify characteristics that can be linked to particularly low levels of health literacy. The results show that the level of health literacy in Croatia, on average, is at the very border between problematic and adequate. Within the population, however, there are significant differences in the level of health literacy associated with the class, economic and social characteristics of individuals. Lower health literacy reflects in an individual‘s reluctance to respond to preventive screenings, keep weight below obesity levels, or exercise regularly. Our results suggest that raising the level of health literacy in Croatia should not rely primarily on media campaigns, because health information from the media is difficult for citizens to understand and use for the purpose of protection against diseases. Key words: health literacy, HLS-EU-16, public health.

Identifying the factors affecting individuals’ trust to use social media for e-government services: a conceptual model

Trust is an important determinant towards individuals’ acceptance to use social media for e-government services. However, despite of its growing importance there is a dearth of prior research to investigate the antecedents that can develop individuals’ trust for the usage of social media as a technology platform for e-government services. To address this gap, this paper aims to identify those factors that can affect individuals trust in using social media for e-government services. This paper proposes a new model that identifies trust enabling factors to use government social media services from multiple perspectives which are: individual characteristics, government factors, risk factors and social media characteristics. The findings of this paper can be useful for government organizations in assisting them to develop appropriate strategies for enhancing citizens trust towards such services.

The Role of Nonverbal Communication in A.P. Chekhov's Story "The Chameleon"

A writer who creates a work of fiction, using non-verbal means, helps the reader to imagine his characters in the process of communication: to show their emotional state, character traits, attitude to other characters, etc. The article examines the role of nonverbal communication in a work of fiction using the example of A.P. Chekhov's story "Chameleon". Attention is paid to the analysis of those nonverbal means by which A.P. Chekhov implements the individual psychological and social characteristics of the character, reveals his attitude to other heroes. The object of the study is lexical units reflecting the components of nonverbal communication and their functioning in a literary text. The subject of the study was the linguistic means of describing various ways of displaying nonverbal behavior. The paper studies such nonverbal means as visual, tactile-kinesthetic and acoustic, examines how A.P. Chekhov, conveying the appearance of the hero, his gestures, facial expressions, body movements, sounds and intonation of the voice, reflected the inner world of the hero, his social role and attitude to other characters. The following research methods were used: the method of continuous sampling of nonverbal means from A.P. Chekhov's story "Chameleon", the method of analyzing dictionary definitions. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that it presents a functional analysis of nonverbal means of communication encountered in A.P. Chekhov's story "Chameleon", a study of how psychological and social characteristics of the hero are carried out with the help of nonverbal means, his attitude to other characters is revealed. Each of the functions of nonverbal means is accompanied by an example.

A Comprehensive Review on Social Inequalities and Pregnancy Outcome-Identification of Relevant Pathways and Mechanisms.

Scientific literature tends to support the idea that the pregnancy and health status of fetuses and newborns can be affected by maternal, parental, and contextual characteristics. In addition, a growing body of evidence reports that social determinants, measured at individual and/or aggregated level(s), play a crucial role in fetal and newborn health. Numerous studies have found social factors (including maternal age and education, marital status, pregnancy intention, and socioeconomic status) to be linked to poor birth outcomes. Several have also suggested that beyond individual and contextual social characteristics, living environment and conditions (or "neighborhood") emerge as important determinants in health inequalities, particularly for pregnant women. Using a comprehensive review, we present a conceptual framework based on the work of both the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO), aimed at describing the various pathways through which social characteristics can affect both pregnancy and fetal health, with a focus on the structural social determinants (such as socioeconomic and political context) that influence social position, as well as on intermediary determinants. We also suggest that social position may influence more specific intermediary health determinants; individuals may, on the basis of their social position, experience differences in environmental exposure and vulnerability to health-compromising living conditions. Our model highlights the fact that adverse birth outcomes, which inevitably lead to health inequity, may, in turn, affect the individual social position. In order to address both the inequalities that begin in utero and the disparities observed at birth, it is important for interventions to target various unhealthy behaviors and psychosocial conditions in early pregnancy. Health policy must, then, support: (i) midwifery availability and accessibility and (ii) enhanced multidisciplinary support for deprived pregnant women.

A study on the impact and buffer path of the internet use gap on population health: Latent category analysis and mediating effect analysis.

The development of Internet information technology will generate an Internet use gap, which will have certain adverse effects on health, but internet information dependence can alleviate these negative effects. This article is to demonstrate the negative impact of the internet use gap on population health in developing countries and to propose improvement paths. This article used the 2018 China Family Tracking Survey database (N = 11086). The research first used Latent class analysis (LCA) to identify potential categories of users with different Internet usage situations, then used the Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (BCH) method to perform latent class modeling with a continuous distal outcome, and finally built an intermediary model about Internet information dependence based on the model constraint function in Mplus software. (1) The Internet users can be divided into light-life users (C1: N = 1,061, 9.57%), all-around users (N = 1,980, 17.86%(C2: N = 1,980, 17.86%), functional users (C3: N = 1,239, 11.18%), and pure-life users (C4: N = 6,806, 61.39%). (2) We examined individual characteristics, social characteristics and different living habits, and health differences between the latent classes. For example, there are certain structural differences on the effect of different categories of Internet use on health (C1: M = 3.089, SE = 0.040; C2: M = 3.151, SE = 0.037; C3: M = 3.070, SE = 0.035; C4: M = 2.948, SE = 0.016; P < 0.001). (3) The Internet use gap can affect health through the indirect path of Internet information dependence, and some of the mediation effects are significant. When the functional user group (C3) was taken as the reference group, the mediating effect values of light-life users (C1) and all-around users (C4) on health were -0.050 (SE = 0.18, Est./SE = -3.264, P = 0.001) and -0.080 (SE = 0.010, Est./SE = -8.412, P = 0.000) through Internet information dependence, respectively. However, the effect of categories on health was not significant after adding indirect paths. The Internet use gap has a significant effect on health, and Internet information dependence plays an intermediary role in this effect path. The study proposes that attention should be paid to the diversified development of Internet use, the positive guiding function of Internet information channels should be made good use of, and the countermeasures and suggestions of marginalized groups in the digital age should also be paid attention to and protected.

Impfbereitschaft von Krankenhauspersonal in Deutschland: Welche Rolle spielen Verschwörungsannahmen zu COVID-19?

ZusammenfassungHintergrundZur Erreichung einer flächendeckenden Immunität gegen COVID-19 in der Bevölkerung ist entscheidend, wie sich die Impfbereitschaft bislang Ungeimpfter entwickelt. Schlüsselrolle dabei spielt das medizinische Personal, welches die Gesundheitsversorgung während der Pandemie gewährleistet und vielen Menschen als Informationsquelle zu Impfungen dient. Die allgemeine Impfbereitschaft wird u. a. negativ beeinflusst durch Verschwörungsannahmen und die Verbreitung von Desinformationen.ZieleEs wurden Impfbereitschaft und verschiedene Einflussgrößen bei Klinikpersonal in Deutschland untersucht, um Hinweise auf eine mögliche Steigerung der Impfbereitschaft zu erlangen.MethodenIm Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten egePan-Verbundprojekts des nationalen Netzwerkes Universitätsmedizin wurden zwischen Januar und Juni 2021 in einer freiwilligen, anonymen Onlinebefragung die Impfbereitschaft, individuelle Sozialmerkmale, Zustimmung zu Verschwörungsannahmen und Fragen zur Kommunikation in deutschen Kliniken erhoben.ErgebnisseInsbesondere Ärzt*innen und wissenschaftliches Personal gaben eine erhöhte Impfbereitschaft im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung an. Verschwörungsannahmen waren kaum verbreitet, am häufigsten jedoch unter dem Verwaltungs- und Pflegepersonal. Verschwörungsannahmen waren negativ assoziiert mit der Impfbereitschaft. Prädiktoren für eine höhere Impfbereitschaft waren die empfundene Sicherheit und Effektivität von Impfungen sowie ein höheres Alter.DiskussionDa sich empfundene Sicherheit und Effektivität von Impfungen positiv auf die Impfbereitschaft auswirkten, könnten eine dahingehende Aufklärungsarbeit und transparente Informationsvermittlung der Verbreitung von Verschwörungsannahmen entgegenwirken und die Impfraten unter Krankenhauspersonal erhöhen.

Exposure to Sexually Explicit Materials and Feelings after Exposure among Adolescents in Nine European Countries: The Role of Individual Factors and Social Characteristics

Research on adolescents’ sexual exposure has mostly focused on negcative outcomes using a risk-based lens, and there is little work on the factors that may predict exposure, as well as youths’ emotional responses to sexual content. Using a cross-national sample, the present study examined the associations of individual (sensation seeking and emotional problems) and social characteristics (the quality of family environment, including active and restrictive parental mediation) with adolescents’ exposure to sexually explicit materials and their feelings after exposure. The survey included 8,820 11- to 16-year-olds (Mage = 13.36 years, SD = 1.62, 48.0% male) from nine European countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland). The results revealed that although there were differences in the prevalence of youths’ sexual exposure by country, there were also similarities in the characteristics underlying exposure and subsequent feelings across different country contexts. No significant relationship was found between active parental mediation and exposure in most countries, and the findings regarding restrictive parental mediation were mixed. Although the majority of the participants reported neutral feelings, there were gender differences in feeling happy and upset after exposure. Overall, the results suggest that exposure may not be as distressing to youth as prevalent risk-focused narratives have suggested.

HOW DOES FINE PARTICULATE MATTER IMPACT PUBLIC TRANSIT RIDERSHIP?

We explore how a rapid rise in air pollutants impacts the ridership of public transportation. Based on the individual purchase history, our comprehensive analyses document evidence that an elevated level of concentrations of fine particulate matter caused a substantial change in individual decisions on public transit ridership in relation to individual social and economic characteristics. The estimated effect primarily arose from the fear of exposure to pollutants and, consequently, is substantially different from other macroeconomic influences. Our empirical results contribute important inferences about commuters’ choices of transit modes during the period of ambient air pollution and offer significant guidance for policymakers and practitioners.

Interacting brains revisited: A cross-brain network neuroscience perspective.

Elucidating the neural basis of social behavior is a long‐standing challenge in neuroscience. Such endeavors are driven by attempts to extend the isolated perspective on the human brain by considering interacting persons' brain activities, but a theoretical and computational framework for this purpose is still in its infancy. Here, we posit a comprehensive framework based on bipartite graphs for interbrain networks and address whether they provide meaningful insights into the neural underpinnings of social interactions. First, we show that the nodal density of such graphs exhibits nonrandom properties. While the current hyperscanning analyses mostly rely on global metrics, we encode the regions' roles via matrix decomposition to obtain an interpretable network representation yielding both global and local insights. With Bayesian modeling, we reveal how synchrony patterns seeded in specific brain regions contribute to global effects. Beyond inferential inquiries, we demonstrate that graph representations can be used to predict individual social characteristics, outperforming functional connectivity estimators for this purpose. In the future, this may provide a means of characterizing individual variations in social behavior or identifying biomarkers for social interaction and disorders.

Group and individual social network metrics are robust to changes in resource distribution in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles.

Social interactions drive many important ecological and evolutionary processes. It is therefore essential to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that underlie social patterns. A central tenet of the field of behavioural ecology is the expectation that the distribution of resources shapes patterns of social interactions.We combined experimental manipulations with social network analyses to ask how patterns of resource distribution influence complex social interactions.We experimentally manipulated the distribution of an essential food and reproductive resource in semi‐natural populations of forked fungus beetles Bolitotherus cornutus. We aggregated resources into discrete clumps in half of the populations and evenly dispersed resources in the other half. We then observed social interactions between individually marked beetles. Half‐way through the experiment, we reversed the resource distribution in each population, allowing us to control any demographic or behavioural differences between our experimental populations. At the end of the experiment, we compared individual and group social network characteristics between the two resource distribution treatments.We found a statistically significant but quantitatively small effect of resource distribution on individual social network position and detected no effect on group social network structure. Individual connectivity (individual strength) and individual cliquishness (local clustering coefficient) increased in environments with clumped resources, but this difference explained very little of the variance in individual social network position. Individual centrality (individual betweenness) and measures of overall social structure (network density, average shortest path length and global clustering coefficient) did not differ between environments with dramatically different distributions of resources.Our results illustrate that the resource environment, despite being fundamental to our understanding of social systems, does not always play a central role in shaping social interactions. Instead, our results suggest that sex differences and temporally fluctuating environmental conditions may be more important in determining patterns of social interactions.

Research on disaster information dissemination based on social sensor networks

Sudden disaster events are usually unpredictable and uncontrollable, and how to achieve efficient and accurate disaster information dissemination is an important topic for society security. At present, social sensor networks which integrate human mobile sensors and traditional physical sensors are widely used in dealing with emergencies. Previous studies mainly focused on the impact of human mobility patterns on social sensor networks. In this article, based on the inherent autonomy property of human individuals, we propose a social sensor information dissemination model, which mainly focuses on the impact of the individual characteristics, social characteristics, and group information dissemination mode on social sensor networks. Specifically, the human sensor model is first constructed based on the inherent social and psychological attributes of human autonomy. Then, various information dissemination models such as one-to-one, one-to-many, and peer-to-peer are proposed by considering different transmission media and human interaction preferences. We simulate the environment of information dissemination in disaster events based on the NetLogo platform. Evaluation matrix is applied to test the performance of social sensor information dissemination model, such as event dissemination coverage, event delivery time, and event delivery rate. With the comparisons to epidemic model, social sensor information dissemination model shows excellent performance in improving the efficiency and accuracy of information transmission in disaster events.

Learning apart or together? The relationships of the social interdependence orientation and social competence of owner-managers with their social learning behaviour and firm performance within a Korean small-business context

ABSTRACT The present study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on HRD in small businesses by providing a detailed investigation of the role that owner-managers play in enabling social learning and performance in small firms. The investigation focusses particularly on the specific relationships of the social-interdependence orientation and social competence of owner-managers with their social learning behaviour, as well as with the performance of their small-businesses within the pig-production sector in the Republic of Korea. A survey was conducted amongst nearly 200 Korean owner-managers of pig farms. The results indicate that social interdependence orientations and social competencies have a significant relationship with social learning behaviour. Self-promotion and a cooperative orientation are especially important, with self-promotion taking precedence for social learning behaviour of a more ‘internal’ nature, and a cooperative attitude being more important social learning behaviour of a more ‘external’ nature. Social competence and social interdependence did not have a significant relationship with performance, but social learning behaviour did. The results further highlight the importance of individual social characteristics to social learning behaviour occurring outside highly structured educational settings, in addition to demonstrating that the competence and attitudes required are determined by the type of interaction partner.

Association of Condom Use Advocacy with Perceived Condom Use Among Social Network Members: The Mediating Role of Advocates' Internalized HIV Stigma and Own Condom Use.

We examined the association of HIV prevention advocacy with social network members (alters) on alter condom use behavior, and factors that may mediate and moderate this relationship, among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Uganda. Ninety PLWH completed all assessments (baseline and 5- and 8-month follow-ups). Internalized HIV stigma, HIV disclosure self-efficacy, positive living behavior (i.e., condom use), and advocacy self-efficacy were examined as mediators (at 5-month follow-up) of the association between condom use advocacy and perceived alter condom use. Individual socio-demographic and social network characteristics at baseline were examined as moderators. Among alters who received condom use advocacy in the months prior to both baseline and 5-month follow-up, 69.9% (51/73) were perceived to mostly/always use condoms at either the 5- or 8-month follow-up, which was significantly higher than the 36.4% (235/645) of alters who received none or less advocacy. Participants' internalized HIV stigma and consistent condom use mediated the association of advocacy and perceived consistent condom use among alters; the participant having any secondary education and the alter being male were associated with increased magnitude of the associations between advocacy and alter condom use. These findings highlight the importance of sustained advocacy to promote consistent condom use, and the value of anti-stigma and positive living interventions as mechanisms for enhancing effective advocacy.

Context, Proximity, and Individual Risk for Early-Pandemic Fear of Covid-19 Infection: A Multilevel Analysis of American Adults in March 2020

Background: The current study explores how characteristics of individuals, their communities, and their relative exposure to nearby Covid-19 cases are associated with specific fears or perceived threat/risk of the virus itself during the early stages of the pandemic in March 2020. Aims: Drawing from research emphasizing the intersectional relationships between individual social vulnerabilities, community characteristics, and Covid-19 outbreak locales, we test several hypotheses predicting fear. Method: Using data from a large-scale survey of 10,368 U.S. adults from March 2020, we construct a series of hierarchical linear and logistic regression models that nest individuals within their residential counties in order to account for key socio-demographic characteristics of individuals, communities, and each respondent’s geographic proximity to Covid-19 cases. Results: Results show that individual fear and perceived risk to oneself and family is predicted by individual social vulnerabilities, the type of community in which respondents live, and the relative presence of the virus in nearby places. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of understanding fear, particularly as a possible mediator for both mental and physical health outcomes. Likewise, we emphasize ongoing efforts aimed at understanding how different groups and communities respond to fear and/or concern over Covid-19 as the pandemic remains ongoing.

Социальный портрет лиц с положительным иммунным блоттингом к ВИЧ-инфекции по результатам исследования трупной крови

Aim. Determine the social profile of persons with positive immune blotting to HIV infection based on the results of cadaveric blood tests in the period from 2018 to 2020. Materials and methods. The work used retrospective, analytical, descriptive, evaluative and epidemiological research methods. The social characteristics of individuals were combined into a database based on a number of criteria. The patient’s personal data was encrypted with an alphanumeric code. The materials obtained during the research were analyzed and statistically processed in Microsoft Excel. Results. The results of the study made it possible to determine the social portrait of people with a posthumously positive HIV test result: 41.2 year-old men, unmarried, with a secondary vocational education, unemployed. Women, 43.8 years old, predominantly unmarried, secondary vocational education. Conclusion. Due to the fact that epidemiological investigations are not separately regulated when a positive immune blotting to HIV is detected based on the results of epidemiological investigations conducted by specialists in epidemiological studies. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop regulatory documents governing laboratory studies in conditions of positive immune blotting to HIV results of cadaveric blood tests.