Social Cataclysms Research Articles

SCARCITY OF WATER RESOURCES IN CENTRAL ASIA AS A FACTOR OF ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION

In the article, issues and the specificity of the deficit in the Central Asian region are considered as a factor of environmental migration. The climate on a global scale is affected by environmental disasters and crises in many countries of the world. The results of research show that the lack of fresh water in the near future represents a serious decline for people, which will lead to serious consequences: the meeting of the post and consideration of the questions will be held at the highest level and there is a need to control the migration of the population from the place, where there is no waste of water, the emergence of various social cataclysms and conflict situations. Central Asia is considered one of these treacherous regions, where the lack of water flows. The lack of water resources can not only attract millions of people, but also to combat conflicts and destabilize the political situation in the region, which has geostrategic knowledge. Therefore, the current political analysis of such problems is carried out, the identification of candidates, the search for solutions and the prognosis of the future. The author notes that in the long term in the Central Asian region, the problem of water scarcity will be aggravated due to high rates of population growth, in connection with which Interstate contradictions in the water and energy sector will deepen, and environmental migration will intensify. Water scarcity in Central Asia will be analyzed as a natural factor causing spontaneous migration, its consequences will be predicted, and proposals will be made that will contribute to the implementation of environmental, migration and water policies at the regional level.

Разработка и анализ психометрических свойств новой русскоязычной версии Международного опросника неблагоприятного детского опыта (ACE-IQ)

<p style="text-align: justify;">Background. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) is one of the most important risk factors for mental and somatic disorders and needs to be considered and evaluated in clinical and research practice. The aim of this study was to develop, adapt and validate the new Russian version of ACE-IQ. Methods. A total of 123 people (88 women, Me = 25 years) were included, of which about a half (n = 68) of the sample were patients with depression, the rest of the participants had no psychiatric diagnoses based on the results of the diagnostic interview. Results. ACE-IQ showed good reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.801). A six–factor structure of the questionnaire was identified («Sexual abuse», «Family violence», «Violence outside the family», «Mental disorders and substance abuse in the family», «Dysfunctional family factors», «Social Cataclysms»). Conclusions. We developed, adapted and validated the new Russian–language version of the ACE-IQ, retaining the structure and semantic equivalence of the original version of the questionnaire. Although confirmation of factor structure in other samples is needed, our data allows to recommend the new Russian version of the ACE-IQ for use in clinical and research practice.</p>

Трансформация отношений собственности в России на рубеже 1980–1990-х гг.: предпосылки, содержание, последствия

The transformation of property relations became one of the most significant components of radical changes in Russia at the end of the twentieth century. Its main form was the privatization of state property, which has no analogues in terms of historical scale and content. In this article, the transformation of property relations in Russia at the turn of the 1980s–1990s is reviewed within the problem of “socialist public property” and its evolution in the late Soviet period. Necessity to update the historical approach to the study of the transformation of property relations in Russia is associated with the need for acquiring a deeper understanding of this process’ historical background. The article also provides the solution for the problem of characterizing the content of denationalization and privatization processes at the turn of the 1980s–1990s and its consequences in terms of an individual’s changing place in the system of property relations. We draw the conclusion that problems of the Soviet society, such as: a) contradiction between “government” and “public” property categories; b) inequality in terms of the disposal and usage of property objects between members of the partyeconomic nomenclature and most population, as well as between different groups of the nomenclature; c) exclusion of the majority of citizens from, formally, “national” but, in practice, state property, subsequently had a significant impact on processes of changing property relations. It predetermined an active struggle between different administration levels and so-called “spontaneous” privatization already in the late 1980s. Mass privatization of the 1990s itself was, in general, a natural result of the process of public property “governmentalization”, and it was aimed at consolidating the party-economic elite’s de facto control over production and subsequent redistribution of power in society. Large groups of working people, who lost their formal status of “quasi-owners” in relation to former objects of socialist property, continued to remain only hired workers. This, in particular, caused the absence of serious social cataclysms during rapid privatization processes of the early 1990s. As the information basis, a wide range of regulatory and legal acts of authorities and administrations of various levels, state statistics data, archival documents, periodical materials, results of public opinion polls, and data from literary sources were used.

The image of the national landscape in the short novel “Pilgrimage” by Ivan Shmelev

The purpose of the study is to examine the peculiarities of the artistic embodiment of the national landscape image in the short novel "Pilgrimage" by Ivan Sergeevich Shmelev, a writer of the first half of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is determined by the apparently growing interest of modern literary and scientific circles in the rich creative heritage of the writer, the desire to reveal the originality, uniqueness and singularity of his talent, the versatility of the artistic world. The research methods used were descriptive, interpretative and biographical. The results of the literary analysis show that the image of the national landscape presented in the "Pilgrimage" by I. S. Shmelev has a two-dimensional structure, combining realistic and ideal levels. This is explained by the peculiarity of children's view of the world, as the image of nature is given through the prism of the child protagonist’s point of view. The treatment of the theme of the native landscape is based on the motif of beauty, updated in the setting of the young hero's admiration for the uniqueness, charm and elegance of the surrounding world. The author's discourse, included in the text, brings to the narrative features of idealisation, associated with the motif of memories of a bygone childhood and a homeland lost in social cataclysms. The image of Russian nature in "Pilgrimage" develops the motifs of silence, peace, joy, joyful admiration of nature, wonder, fairy tale and spirituality. The leitmotifs in the poetics of the work are the landscape images of sun, light, dazzling brilliance, which converge with the motif of joy and the image of "golden" childhood. In "Pilgrimage", the dominant colour is the rose-gold, white and blue scale, which shades the idea of the sacredness of God's world and echoes nostalgic motifs. The symbolic images of Easter and the motif of Easter joy introduce the theme of eternal life, salvation and resurrection into the text.

О МЕХАНИЗМЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЭТНИЧНОСТИ И ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ СРЕДСТВАМИ ПЕСЕННОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ (В ДИАЛОГЕ С ПОВЕСТЬЮ «СЛЕПОЙ МУЗЫКАНТ» В. Г. КОРОЛЕНКО)

The article analyzes the role of song culture in the mechanism of formation of ethnicity and ethnic identity using the example of three peoples – Besermyans, Latvians and Estonians. In the culture of the Besermyans, one of the key roles in the expression of ethnicity is played by krez’. They are presented by the bearers of this culture as original, exclusively Besermyan songs and melodies, distinguishing the Besermyans from the Udmurts. Among Latvians and Estonians, this position is occupied by Singing Festivals, or Song and Dance Festivals, which became a symbol of the national movement and a means of strengthening national identity from the second half of the XIX century. It is concluded that a song can indeed be a symbol of national identity and a clear expression of ethnicity. In this process, firstly, the genesis of a song, musical genre or event does not play any fundamental role. Secondly, it is important what social function songs and music festivals perform in the minds of the people: if they are a truly effective symbol and means of unity, then they become a stronghold of ethnic unity. These aspirations are especially intensified in years of social cataclysms. Thirdly, the role of song is especially great in expressing the national identity of small peoples who have the desire to survive surrounded by the ethnic majority.

The Case of the “White Guard Spy” Lidofiria Aspirinskaya: Based on the Materials of the Vyatka GubChK

Based on unpublished sources from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Kirov region, the article analyzes the judicial and investigative cases of 1919 against L. P. Aspirinskaya on charges of espionage, T. V. Kobelev, I. A. Chernyshev, accused of crimes of office and counterrevolution. In 1919, a number of persons were arrested in Vyatka on charges of espionage, these cases are still classified. The case of L. P. Aspirinskaya, which is in archival access, is especially valuable: upon arriving at the evacuation in Vyatka, she was arrested. Her arrest led to a number of investigative measures against other persons. These cases were initiated by the Vyatka GubChK at a time when A. V. Kolchak’s spring offensive was expected on the Eastern Front of the Civil War. The purpose of the work is to use the example of judicial and investigative cases against L. P. Aspirinskaya, T. V. Kobelev and others to indicate the factors that influenced the lives of individual “random” people in the era of social cataclysms. The theoretical basis of the study was the anthropological approach. L. P. Aspirinskaya tried to survive in the conditions of the Civil War without her father and husband, looking for new survival strategies for herself. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that the study of such topics makes it possible to get to the problems of gender history, as well as to reconstruct the image of the Soviet man. This publication may be of interest to researchers studying early Soviet society, the Civil War in Russia, the history of Soviet regional government bodies, as well as Soviet special services.

Празднование годовщины установления антибольшевистской власти в Сибири 7 июня 1919 г. По документам Омской городской думы

The paper analyzes the story of the history of Omsk city self-government, associated with the attempt to approve a new public holiday in anti-Bolshevik Siberia - the anniversary of the entry of White-Czech troops into Omsk. The connection of the investigated issue with the historiography of the problem is given, on this basis the relevance of the work is connected with the introduction into the scientific turnover of unpublished sources from the funds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk region. These documents allow us to detail the emergence, discussion and coordination of the initiative, the course and results of the official celebrations in Kolchak's Omsk on June 7, 1919, positioned as the day of "liberation of Siberia" and "revival of Russian statehood". The importance of those events is connected with the fact that Omsk then had the official status of the capital of anti-Bolshevik Russia. The aim of the paper is to analyze the preparation and results of the celebration on the basis of new sources - minutes of the Omsk City Duma meeting within the period - the end of May and the beginning of June 1919. The theoretical basis of the research is a combination of approaches (institutional, systemic, anthropological) and methods (problem-chronological, comparative-historical) traditional for historical science. This makes it possible to establish the degree of participation of the institutions of power in the attempt to establish a new public holiday of potential significance for the entire anti-Bolshevik Siberia, as well as the role of specific socio-political figures in the realization of that initiative. The nature and course of the celebration demonstrate the conservative views of the authorities in White Omsk (both at the level of the Russian government and the City Duma), as well as the special importance of the festivities of June 7, 1919 for the highest circles of the anti-Bolshevik statehood. In addition, the study of the celebrations in the Kolchak capital prompts thoughts about the significant influence of the religious factor in the Civil War in eastern Russia. The study is an example of when a casual episode of local history acquired all-Russian significance. The work also emphasizes the inviolable postulate of historical research that for a full-fledged assessment of events it is essential to take into account the widest possible range of sources. The publication may be of interest to academic specialists studying the Civil War and anti-Bolshevik movement in the East of Russia, the history of public holidays, as well as socio-political and everyday life in the era of social cataclysms.

Социальное здоровье: сущность, дефиниция и детерминация (литературный обзор)

The social health of the individual in psychological science today is one of the most relevant issues. The increased level of social tension in the last five years due to social cataclysms (coronavirus infection, local wars) has led to a new round of research in personal social health. Considering social health this way is difficult as this process is dynamic and constantly changing. We point out the presence in the scientific literature of several approaches to the interpretation of the phenomenon under study, including pathocentric, normocentric, and sociological. There are two traditional directions in psychological science in considering issues related to the social health of the individual: representatives of the first direction focus on society and the possibilities of its development on the part of a person, the second direction representatives study the impact of social factors on personality and their contribution to its development. The difficulty in studying the social health of an individual also lies in its determination. We consider social support, social regulation, and stability of social life to be objective factors. Subjective factors include mental health, psychological well-being, age and gender characteristics, physical health, environmental friendliness of relations with society, and the atmosphere of family life.

Artistic Understanding of the Category of Conciliarity in the Prose of Russian Abroad About the Age of Social Cataclysms in the Beginning of the 20th Century (I. S. Shmelyov, I. A. Bunin, B. K. Zaitsev, L. F. Zurov, V. A. Nikiforov-Volgin)

Artistic Understanding of the Category of Conciliarity in the Prose of Russian Abroad About the Age of Social Cataclysms in the Beginning of the 20th Century (I. S. Shmelyov, I. A. Bunin, B. K. Zaitsev, L. F. Zurov, V. A. Nikiforov-Volgin)

Artistic specificity of the image of a woman in the novel K. Tuchkova «Vyhnání Gerty Schnirch»

In the article examines the artistic features of «women's literature» in modern Czech literature. In recent decades, in the literature of various countries, we have observed an increase in the activities of female writers. Feminism and gender studies, which arose earlier, contributed to the formation of the image of a new woman in an artistic work, to the interpretation of events from the point of view of gender. Bozhena Nemtsova and Karolina Svetla, representatives of the last wave of the Czech national movement, started the tradition of «women's literature» in Czech literature. In modern Czech literature, the work of K. Tuchkova occupies an important place. The object of our research is the novel by the modern Czech writer K. Tuchkova «Vyhnání Gerty Schnirch», which is considered from the standpoint of feminist criticism The literary activity of K. Tuchkova is the subject of a complex analysis by Czech literary critics, however, her works have not yet received proper research in Ukraine, and our article is thought of as one of the first steps in this direction. In her novel «Vyhnání Gerty Schnirch» attention is focused on the depiction of acute social cataclysms from a woman's point of view. The novel has a clearly structured composition: it consists of a prologue and five chronologically consecutive chapters. «Vyhnání Gerty Schnirch» is considered in the context of the pan-European artistic trend, taking into account modern feminist studies. K. Tuchkova's prose continues the literary tradition of women's writing that has developed in Czech literature. The central role of female characters, close attention to the role of a woman as a mother, depiction of large-scale historical events from a female perspective, socio-didactic orientation — all this testifies to the high skill of the writer and assigns her a proper place in the modern literary process.

Complicated caries of permanent teeth in children: status of the problem and modern solution ways

The issue of improving dental care protocols for children with multiple (decompensated) and complicated caries of permanent teeth, their full rehabilitation is particularly relevant, especially in periods of social cataclysms (the COVID-19 pandemic, martial law, etc.). The purpose of this study was an assessment of the dental caries experience, analysis of modern approaches to diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of complicated caries of permanent teeth among children in Kyiv. The material of the study was data from medical histories of 236 children aged 7-18 years. During the analysis of the obtained data, the dental caries experience, % of cases of toothache complaints and part of the need for replacement or correction of restorations after the treatment of complicated caries were calculated. The prevalence of caries of permanent teeth among 7-18-year-old children (n=236) in the period 2020-2023 was 42-95%, the dental caries experience – 1.73-6.4, the frequency of diagnosis of complicated caries – 4.8-37,1%, the prevalence of toothache – 31%, the part of the need for replacement of restorations after treatment of complicated caries – 62%. The obtained indicators confirm the absence of a downward trend compared to similar data for more than 15 years of observation. Diagnosis, treatment and full rehabilitation of complicated caries of permanent teeth in children is complex, multi-stage and requires the practical experience and patience of a dentist and the usage of the most modern materials and technologies. To date, there are no clear scientifically based protocols for the restoration of permanent teeth, in particular with incomplete root formation, after endodontic treatment. The usage of modern technologies of orthopedic dentistry and materials science (3D scanner, 3D printer, T-scan, polymers) will allow to significantly improve the quality of comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation of children with complications of caries of permanent teeth.

Virtual choir: between technical and aesthetical

The relevance of the article. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the extraordinary popularity of the remote form of joint choral performance in contemporary musical culture. The virtual choir is a fairly new, but already very widespread form of music-making, which is gradually acquiring new characteristics and functions compared to those that were inherent in its early days.
 The main factors of the development of the virtual choir phenomenon can be divided into “evolutionary” (the digitalization of art; the interest of performers in new forms of music making; active development of art therapy and inclusive art practices) and “revolutionary” (the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian-Ukrainian war, which, although more localized than the pandemic, involves a very large number of choirs that have been unable to work as usual).
 The latter two factors have led to a quantitative explosion of virtual projects, as well as significant changes in their focus, structure, functions, and composition of performers, etc. that require appropriate scientific understanding.
 The purpose of the research is to analyze and systematize existing studies of the virtual choir and to make up a strategy for its comprehensive research.
 The methodology. The study of the available scientific literature on the phenomenon of the virtual choir was carried out using the tools of systematic, textual comparative and comprehensive analysis.
 The results. The main scientific works on the virtual choir are systematized in four main areas: socio-psychological, technical, didactic and historical. It was found that musicology, choral studies and interpretation aspects have been studied very briefly. Most of the works reveal certain inaccuracies in the presentation of the history of virtual choral performance (except for Сayari), as well as some contradictions in the results of previous studies. In addition, the article raises the question of the conformity of the studied phenomenon with the concept of “virtual choir”.
 The scientific novelty. For the first time, the research provides a systematic review of scientific papers about the virtual choir, revealing the current trend towards the study of non-musical aspects.
 The practical significance. The materials of the article can be used in practical activities of conductors and choristers, as well as in the educational process of training conductors, choirmasters and vocalists in conditions of remote work.
 Conclusions. Scientific comprehension of the phenomenon of the virtual choir is active, but rather limited. Most often, it acts as a certain aesthetic phenomenon that should replace (mostly temporarily) the work of “live” choirs during social cataclysms that limit the possibility of creative communication between people. That is why the most relevant areas of research are socio-psychological and technical. At the same time, many works raise the question of the legality of using the term “virtual choir” for this multimedia activity, which, according to experts, has little in common with both the choir and virtuality. As a matter of fact, the lack of musicological, choral, interpretological investigations, typical for traditional choral activity, revealed within the scope of this study indirectly confirms this idea. The first step on the way to further scientific development of this topic should be a multi-faceted analysis of the current activity of virtual choirs.

J.BAUDRILLARD ABOUT THE PHENOMENON OF CHAOS: TO THE QUESTION OF THE SPECIFICS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORK

The modern realities of life in Ukraine, plunged into war by the Russian Federation, as well as those countries that are in a state of ontological threat, with new force actualize the problem unfolding in the social plane (we are talking about the antinomy of “chaos – stability”). In other words, modern social cataclysms – COVID-19 and war – have disrupted the stability of everyday life. The presence of the threat of nuclear escalation of the international conflict expands the metaphysical horizons of thanatological and suicidal problems, the aggravation of which can destroy the established order of the civilized world, which has found itself in a borderline situation. In view of the above, the purpose of this study is to clarify the essence of the phenomenon of chaos and social processes derived from it – the end, catastrophe, according to the philosophical views of the French thinker J.Baudrillard. Achieving the specified goal will contribute to the development of modern methods and technologies of social work in the community to minimize/overcome difficult life circumstances determined by the war situation. J.Baudrillard was deeply convinced that chaos is not completely opposed to rationality. The thinker believed that the dominance of rationality over reality is limited, because in reality it is not the subject who dominates the objective world, but the competition between the subject and the object. This study is focused on the actual existential problem of a person being in a borderline situation of chaos, determined by the reality of a thanatological situation, which enables the perspective of an ontological threat of a planetary scale, the origins of which are contained in the obsessive idea of total control, the realization of which leads to the disappearance of the social and the replacement of reality with an illusion, including even the illusion of security as a fundamental basis of the rescue economy, which is clearly observed in the ideology of the russian federation, which is based on the consumption of disaster in everyday life. The social work specialist’s awareness that chaos is not the end of everything (it is better to define this phenomenon as the end of the old order transformed into disorder, an example of which can be anomie), but the beginning of a new order, will directly contribute to the achievement of effective results in his professional activities in the community, in particular, in the direction of minimizing/overcoming the consequences of anomie as a type of chaos.

Gender peculiarities of blood pressure changes in patients with arterial hypertension and different biorhythms

Background. It is known that the risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially in conditions of increased rhythm of life, psycho-emotional stress, social cataclysms, is associated with various biorhythms, therefore, the study of the influence of various factors on the course of hypertension, taking into account the patient's chronotype, remains relevant. Aim of the study was to analyze the level of blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension with different chronotypes of the female and male genders. Materials & Methods. The study included 42 patients with diagnosed essential arterial hypertension who were receiving inpatient treatment. The inclusion criterion was patients with arterial hypertension of the 2nd degree. Measurements of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (mmHg) were performed using the Korotkoff method. To study the chronotype, we used the validated questionnaire "Composite Scale of Morningness" and scales from official available sources. Results & Conclusions. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 33.33% of patients with the evening chronotype, 7.17% with the morning chronotype, and 59.53% with the intermediate chronotype. Taking into account gender, female patients with evening and morning chronotypes and male patients with an intermediate chronotype predominated. Patients with evening chronotype compared to patients with intermediate and morning chronotypes had significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (by 62.69% and 40.33%), disease duration (by 42.68% and 6.23%) and SBP (by 8.21% and 12.21%), respectively. At the same time, BMI in patients with arterial hypertension with an evening chronotype was as close as possible to obesity. The obtained results can be used in the practical work of nurses for the prevention of arterial hypertension by adjusting the duration of sleep and wakefulness and the diet. Keywords: chronotype, gender, age, body mass index, relationships.

The state of the medical care system of the Donetsk region in the first post-war decade according (to the materials of the statistical office)

The article is devoted to highlighting the regional context of the situation in the field of medical care in the first post-war decade. The authors highlight the key problems faced by the medical system after the expulsion of the Nazi occupiers. The specificity of the medical reform of 1947 implementation at the regional level is analyzed. A complex epidemic situation against the background of post-war destruction is characterized. The urgency of the problem lies in the need to ana-lyze the response of the medical system to the challenges faced by society after the end of the war. Consideration of the subject becomes very relevant in the conditions of a large-scale war, which the Russian Federation has unleashed against our country, and which has already led to a significant degree of destruc-tion of medical and social infrastructure facilities. It is necessary to take into ac-count the experience in order to avoid the mistakes made by the Soviet authorities when restoring the medical network and overcoming epidemics accompanying such social cataclysms as war. The novelty of the study is due to the inclusion in the scientific circulation of information arrays from the documents of the regional statistical office, which reflect certain local specifics. It was established that as a result of the war, the main components of the health care system suffered signifi-cant destruction. The attempt to reform it in these difficult conditions led to am-biguous consequences. A positive aspect was the transition from the production principle of medical care to the territorial one. However, the process of combining polyclinics and outpatient clinics with hospitals took place mainly formally, without taking into account personnel and infrastructural capabilities. A characteristic fea-ture was the insufficient level of medical personnel in the region and the lack of medical and diagnostic equipment. The excessive workload of the doctor in the absence of auxiliary means significantly complicated the diagnosis and affected the quality of medical care. The overall high indices of medical care hid a decline in its quality. The practice of locating medical facilities in poorly adapted premises that did not meet the minimum sanitary and hygienic requirements was wide-spread. Difficult social living conditions in a broad context negatively affected the structure of morbidity, threatened epidemics and affected the level of medical measures efficacy

Советские врачи и борьба с эпидемиями в Синьцзяне (конец 1920-х – 1940-е гг.)

Introduction. The long-overlooked topic of Soviet–Xinjiang medical cooperation can facilitate a better understanding of why Xinjiang was that important to the USSR in the interwar period. Paradoxically, the ‘soft power’ of Soviet medicine was able to come into fruition not in the ideologically friendly Mongolian and Tuvan People’s Republics — but in the turbulent Xinjiang against the background of disastrous social cataclysms of the 1930s and 1940s. Goals. The article aims to examine Soviet medical and sanitary assistance to the region through the prism of epidemic control efforts that constituted an important aspect of interaction. Materials and methods. The study analyzes documents from collections A-482 (‘Ministry of Health of the RSFSR’) and Р-8009 (‘Ministry of Health of the USSR’) of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The geopolitical, retrospective, and comparative approaches shape a basis of the research agenda. Results. Soviet physicians were implementing the ‘soft power’ of healthcare through professionalism and selfless service to humanistic ideals under constant ethnic disturbances and strictly limited propaganda opportunities. The struggle against epidemics constituted one of the ‘pillars’ of interaction, since the medical advisers not only saved thousands of lives in Xinjiang but also instilled respect for the power of Soviet healthcare and protected the Soviet frontiers from dangerous pathogens. Conclusions. The Soviet Union invested significant human and material resources to support Xinjiang at the peril of Soviet physicians’ lives not out of mere altruism but rather following rational security concerns with a view to expand influence. The struggle against epidemics in the traditional, archaic Xinjiang society with utmost fear of plague and smallpox strengthened the authority of not only health professionals but also that of the USSR as a scientific and medical power.

FRIEDRICH HAYEK’S EPISTEMIC APPROACH TO LAW

This study aims to fill the lacuna in the legal views of a famous economist and philosopher, Economics Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek. Although Hayek’s economic and political ideas have eclipsed many other attempts to understand and overcome the social cataclysms of the 20th century, his legal views have never been explored in detail. Despite a considerable volume of secondary literature, the essence of Friedrich Hayek’s concept of law is yet to be pinned down by scholars. In order to shed light on the topic, we will resort to the reconstruction method, a classic in Hayek studies. For the main hypothesis, we assume that Hayek’s conception of law is based not on his liberal political philosophy but rather on his theory of knowledge or, in other words, his epistemology. This idea has not been tested systematically in earlier Hayek studies. The main conclusion is that the epistemological perspective on the topic allows us to observe some of the specific features of Hayek’s legal views in greater depth than the traditional “liberal” approach. Unlike these interpretations, the “epistemic concept of law” approach can help explain the radical changes in Hayek’s late works and organize his often-disparate legal ideas into a logical system. Therefore, we claim to have achieved a clearer understanding of the essence of Hayek’s legal views and further clarified his contribution to the theory of law.

Political neutrality as an indicator of professional prosecution

The relevance of the topic is determined by the importance of the principle of political neutrality as a preventive factor of the prosecutor's professional activity, which is designed to protect him/her from external influence of any political force and emergence of personal illegal interests in the context of social cataclysms). The purpose of the article is to examine the professional activity of a prosecutor through understanding of its principles as indicative characteristics of professional skill and professionalism. To confirm this, the author chose functionalism as the main methodological approach, which gave him grounds to assert that the functions of activity determine professional skill (the prosecutor's profession), and the principles determine professionalism (the level of mastering this profession). The following methods were used as auxiliary methods: formal-logical (for a reasoned presentation of the research material), formal-dogmatic (for the analysis of current regulatory documents) and comparative legal (for comparing the analyzed material). The main results of the study show that the principle of political neutrality is a requirement in the field of professional activity of civil servants not only in Ukraine, but also in the European Union, integration with which is defined as the main vector of further development of our country. A distinction should be made between political neutrality and the synonymous concepts of political impartiality and independence, apoliticality and non-partisanship. At the same time, it is shown that political neutrality is one of the most important criteria in formulating requirements for professional selection, training, advanced training and professional activities of prosecutors. The practical value of the study is to warn prosecutors against political ignorance which may arise due to a misunderstanding of political neutrality. In order to avoid or overcome this negative aspect, the author proposes a number of factors for the prosecutor's professional excellence, which is described using a peculiar formula: the prosecutor's professional excellence can be viewed as the sum of political, media and information and environmental literacy divided by political neutrality.

Мария Гришина-Алмазова: биография, внутренний мир и политическая деятельность в белом Омске

The as a continuation of the research of the group of authors about the life of Maria Alexandrovna Grishina-Almazova, this article is devoted to the study of the gender aspect of the biography of this outstanding social and political activist of White Omsk. The purpose of the work is to study the strategy of adaptation of a secular woman to the processes of the era of social cataclysms using the indicated example. The relationship of the issue under study with the current state of domestic and foreign historical science on “women's history” is shown. The main source for the study was the materials of the archival criminal case from the funds of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Omsk region, which contains fragments of the unpublished diary of Maria Alexandrovna for 1914, 1916, 1918, 1919, attached by the Chekists to the investigative materials. Especially valuable for research is the fact that the diary has a bright confessional tone. An auxiliary role in the work was played by the diaries and memoirs of direct participants in the events of the Russian Revolution and the Civil War in Russia and their contemporaries who were personally acquainted with the heroine of the story. The methodological basis of the study was the anthropological approach, the theory of social adaptation, gender, biographical and comparative historical methods. This theoretical totality determined the genre and nature of the presentation, making it possible to achieve the goal outlined in the study. Summing up the results of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that the process of adaptation of M. A. Grishina-Almazova, as a woman and a politician, was determined by her gender biosocial characteristics. In extreme conditions, Maria Alexandrovna was worried about typical female “anxiety” - this is the problem of childbearing, the issue of financial stability due to lack of education, she was tormented by an «inferiority complex». For a serious relationship, Maria Alexandrovna chose bright, educated, smart, talented and adventurous men. Behind their backs, she successfully adapted to social cataclysms, satisfying her needs and ambitions. At the same time, formally remaining dependent on her chosen ones, she repeatedly demonstrated freedom and will to act. In the age of the popularity of feminist ideas, this woman, who held traditional views on family relations, without holding official positions, had a very high authority, which allowed her to exert significant influence on the political sphere of Omsk, the key administrative center of the anti-Bolshevik east of Russia.

К вопросу о реконструкции службы и быта священно-церковнослужителей Кавказской области в первой половине XIX века

The clergy of the North Caucasus were a specific and small group of the population of the region, on whose shoulders the Church and the State were entrusted with very important and significant official tasks in terms of coverage and depth of influence on the minds of people. Together with the word of God, they had to bring the light of enlightenment, change the forms of community life and transform the mores that reigned in the region, in which violence and trampling of human life was almost commonplace. At the same time, they were charged not only to free their hearts from filth and hatred, not only to instruct and guide people to the truth, but to inspire love for the imperial fatherland, as well as obedience and respect for the imperial authorities. The life and ministry of these people took place in difficult conditions of developing natural-climatic or social cataclysms that plunged the population into a state of uncertainty or fear. Many and everyday threats demanded great endurance, self-control, and sometimes heroism from the clergy in order to remain true to their chosen destiny. These people were involved in everyday events unfolding in the region, participated in interethnic communications, acted as peacekeepers, and helped the offended and suffering. At the same time, along with everyone, they were exposed to the dangers of wartime, died at the hands of villains or mountain riders, hostile to Russians, died at their post, healing and comforting the settlers in Cossack villages and villages during frequent epidemic diseases in the region in the first half of the 19th century. A lot of work was brought by the clergy to convert people of heterodox confessions and even criminals to the Christian faith, saving their souls and returning people to the world to continue their creative existence.