Social And Emotional Loneliness Scale For Adults Research Articles

Adaptation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults to Turkish Culture

This study addresses the pervasive human experience of loneliness, shifting from a traditional unidimensional perspective to a more nuanced, multidimensional understanding. The Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) was developed based on this conceptual shift, and this study focuses on adapting the scale to Turkish culture. Data from 197 Turkish adults (Mean age = 23 years, SD = 5.12) were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, revealing a three-factor structure consistent with the original scale. The factors, namely social loneliness, romantic loneliness, and family loneliness, explained 23.7%, 17.5%, and 10.4% of the variance, respectively. One item was excluded from the scale due to the lack of contribution to any factor. Clear factor analysis results and high Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients (0.92, 0.93, and 0.90 for social, romantic, and family loneliness, respectively, and 0.90 for the total scale) indicate strong internal consistency. The findings not only affirm the applicability of SELSA in the Turkish context but also contribute to a nuanced understanding of loneliness. The multidimensional approach, supported by robust psychometric properties, offers a valuable tool for comprehensively assessing and addressing diverse facets of loneliness in Turkish young adults.

Features of the experience of loneliness among adults due to their personal characteristics

The presented article is devoted to the study of the associations between the parameters of loneliness and the personal characteristics of adults. The main parameters of loneliness are: the general experience of loneliness, dependence on communication, as well as acceptance of loneliness and a positive attitude towards it. Among the personal characteristics, we considered the personality factors included in the Big Five model and sociotropy, which is a cognitive strategy reflecting a person’s focus on creating positive relationships with others and a general focus on society. The purpose of the study was to identify the presence and nature of the relationship between loneliness, the Big Five personality factors and sociotropy. It has been hypothesized that orientation to society and a high level of neuroticism are positively associated with the experience of loneliness, its rejection. Self-sufficiency, openness to experience and conscientiousness are associated with a positive attitude to loneliness, its resourcefulness. The study involved 131 people aged 18 to 55 years (M=31 years; SD=9.85), 26 men and 105 women. The following methods were used: the Differential Questionnaire for the Experience of Loneliness (K.N.Osin, D.A.Leontiev), the Sociotropy — Self-Sufficiency Questionnaire (O.Yu. Strizhitskaya et al.), Bulgarian version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S), Five-Factor Personality Trait Inventory NEO FFI P.T.Costa, R.R.McCrae, adapted by V.E.Orel, A.A.Rukavishnikov. Mathematical processing was performed on the basis of IBM SPSS 23.0 software. The results obtained confirmed the existence of associations between the parameters of loneliness and personal characteristics. Social uncertainty and neuroticism contributed to increased feelings of lack of emotional closeness or connection with people, as well as feelings of loneliness and isolation. In turn, an increase in the indicator of attachment, on the contrary, helped to reduce the overall experience of loneliness. Attachment and dependence on the opinions of others could increase the aversion to loneliness and the tendency to seek companionship at any cost. Self-sufficiency and openness to experience contribute to the acceptance of loneliness and a more positive attitude towards this phenomenon. In addition, openness to experience, active imagination, preference for variety, mental flexibility, independence in judgment and evaluation, as well as sociability, activity, energy and optimism helped reduce the experience of emotional and social loneliness.

Evaluating measures to assess loneliness in autistic adults.

There has been increasing interest in research on loneliness in autistic adults. Much of this research has involved giving autistic adults widely-used questionnaires that are thought to measure how lonely people are. However, these questionnaires have been developed for the general public. We do not know whether these questionnaires accurately measure how lonely autistic adults are. We asked 203 autistic adults to complete an online survey that included two widely-used loneliness questionnaires: (1) the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale Version 3 and (2) the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). We also asked participants to rate how lonely they were from 1 (often/always) to 5 (never). Participants were then asked to give their views on the questionnaires (e.g. what they thought was good, and what they thought was not so good about them). We found that the scores on the UCLA scale and the SELSA aligned with participants' ratings of how lonely they were, which suggests that these two questionnaires accurately measure loneliness in autistic people. However, our participants also identified several ways to improve the questionnaires. This included (1) better distinguishing the characteristics/experiences of loneliness from those of being autistic; (2) better reflecting how loneliness may change at different times and in different contexts and (3) making the phrasing of the questions clearer. Overall, our autistic participants tended to prefer the UCLA scale to the SELSA. Therefore, we present some recommendations about how the UCLA scale could be changed to be more suitable for autistic people.

ÇEVRİMİÇİ KUMAR BAĞIMLILIĞI İLE YALNIZLIK İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE'DEN BİR ÜNİVERSİTE ÖRNEĞİ

Objective
 The aim of this study was to determine the relationship
 and mutual effects between online gambling addiction
 and loneliness in young adults studying at a public
 university in Türkiye.
 Material and Method
 This study was designed in a cross-sectional style and
 prepared with the information collected by the survey
 application method. The study population was made
 up of young adults studying at a public university in
 Türkiye. The data were obtained in December 2021
 using an in-person data collection method with two
 questionnaire forms containing demographic data,
 Online Gambling Addiction Scale (OGAS) and Social
 and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S).
 Results
 There were a total of 449 university students
 participated in the study. Of them, 52.8% were
 females. Those who were addicted to online gambling
 constituted 35.0% of the group, and those who were
 addicted to young adults gambling had significantly
 higher loneliness than those who were not (p=0.005).
 Conclusion
 In young adults, loneliness has been shown to have a
 predictive effect on online gambling addiction.

Sex-related differences in the associations between diurnal cortisol pattern and social and emotional loneliness in older adults.

Loneliness is a distressful feeling that can affect mental and physical health, particularly among older adults. Cortisol, the primary hormone of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA-axis), may act as a biological transducer through which loneliness affects health. While most previous studies have evaluated the association between loneliness, as a unidimensional construct, and diurnal cortisol pattern, no research has examined this relationship discriminating between social and emotional loneliness in older adults. As sex differences in the negative mental health outcomes of loneliness have been reported, we also investigated whether diurnal cortisol indices and loneliness associations occur in a sex-specific manner. We analyzed the diurnal cortisol- pattern in 142 community-dwelling, non-depressed, Caucasian older adults (55,6% female) aged 60-90. Social and emotional (family and romantic) loneliness scores were assessed using the Spanish version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Five salivary cortisol samples were used to capture key features of the diurnal cortisol pattern, including: awakening and bedtime cortisol levels, awakening response (CAR), post-awakening cortisol output (post-awakening cortisol [i.e., the area under the curve with reference to the ground: AUCG]), total diurnal cortisol release (AUCG), and diurnal cortisol slope (DCS). After controlling for sociodemographic variables, the hierarchical linear multiple regression analyses revealed that in male older adults, higher scores on social and family loneliness were associated with elevated awakening cortisol levels, total diurnal cortisol output, and a steeper diurnal cortisol slope (DCS). However, these associations were not observed in female older adults. In addition, feelings of romantic loneliness were positively associated with bedtime cortisol levels and AUCG in older males. Multilevel growth curve modeling showed that experiencing more social and emotional loneliness predicted higher diurnal cortisol output throughout the day in older male adults. The presence of sex differences in the relationship between cortisol indices and loneliness among older adults holds particular significance for diagnostic and screening procedures. Combining loneliness scales as screening tools with diurnal cortisol measures has the potential to be an effective and cost-efficient approach in identifying higher-risk individuals at early stages.

Loneliness and Death Anxiety: Differences Between Active and Bedridden Older Men.

Physical activity might be impact on death anxiety and loneliness in adult people. Accordingly, the present study examined loneliness and death anxiety in two groups of active and bedridden older men living in nursing homes in Yazd. This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on older men living in nursing homes in Yazd, Iran. The participants were 148 older men who were randomly selected. The instruments used to collect the data were the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S) and the Death Anxiety Scale One-way ANOVA was also used. The findings indicated the active older men scored lower in loneliness and death compared to the bedridden older men. Loneliness and death anxiety are important psychological components that are more common in inactive older than their active counterparts. Therefore, physical activity in old age can improve older adults' quality of life.

A Multimodal Messaging App (MAAN) for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Mixed Methods Evaluation Study.

BackgroundIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit difficulties in social and communication skills. For more than 30 years, specialists, parents, and caregivers have used techniques, such as applied behavioral analysis, augmentative and alternative communication, and the picture exchange communication system to support the social and communication skills of people with ASD. Even though there are many techniques devised to enhance communication, these techniques are not considered in existing social media apps for people with ASD.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of adding accessibility features, such as text-to-speech (TTS), speech-to-text (STT), and communication symbols (CS), to a messaging app (MAAN). We hypothesized that these accessibility features can enhance the social and communication skills of adults with ASD. We also hypothesized that usage of this app can reduce social loneliness in adults with ASD.MethodsSemistructured interviews were conducted with 5 experts working in fields related to ASD to help design the app. Seven adults with ASD participated in the study for a period of 10 to 16 weeks. Data logs of participants’ interactions with the app were collected. Additionally, 6 participants’ parents and 1 caregiver were asked to complete a short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S) questionnaire to compare pre-post study results. The Mobile Application Rating Scale: user version questionnaire was also used to evaluate the app’s usability. Following the study, interviews were conducted with participants to discuss their experiences with the app.ResultsThe SELSA-S questionnaire results showed no change in the family subscale; however, the social loneliness subscale showed a difference between prestudy and poststudy. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that poststudy SELSA-S results were statistically significantly higher than prestudy results (z=−2.047; P=.04). Point-biserial correlation indicated that the SELSA-S rate of change was strongly related to usage of the TTS feature (r=0.708; P=.04) and CS feature (r=−0.917; P=.002), and moderately related to usage of the STT feature (r=0.428; P=.17). Lastly, we adopted grounded theory to analyze the interview data, and the following 5 categories emerged: app support, feature relevance, user interface design, overall feedback, and recommendations.ConclusionsThis study discusses the potential for improving the communication skills of adults with ASD through special features in mobile messaging apps. The developed app aims to support the inclusion and independent life of adults with ASD. The study results showed the importance of using TTS, STT, and CS features to enhance social and communication skills, as well as reduce social loneliness in adults with ASD.

Do we all experience loneliness the same way? Lessons from a pilot study measuring loneliness among people with lived experience of homelessness.

Loneliness research has tended to focus on mainstream and older populations despite evidence that non-mainstream groups, like those experiencing homelessness, may experience loneliness differently. Limited existing research indicates that (a) people who have been homeless experience loneliness as multidimensional (as a pluralistic, non-unidimensional emotion, experienced specific to lacked relationships) and (b) mainstream loneliness scales may be inappropriate for this group. The current study piloted and appraised the feasibility the short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S) among 129 Australian adults with a lived experience of homelessness. Exploratory Factor Analysis and an observational questionnaire appraisal were used to assess factorial and content validity and showed the measure did not fit this sample as well as in mainstream samples. Removal of items that participants found difficult to comprehend/answer improved the factorial fit of the scale. In conclusion, the SELSA-S may be inappropriate for measuring loneliness among people who have experienced homelessness. Further research needs to explore the potentially different structure of loneliness among marginalised groups so that a better understanding of loneliness can be reached.

Loneliness in social relationships: Mapping the nomological network of loneliness with key conceptual domains and theoretical constructs

To expand evidence for the nature and related mechanisms underlying loneliness measured by Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S), several hypotheses were developed and tested to map the nomological network of loneliness. Tests included examining the structure of the multidimensional experiences of loneliness, concurrent and prospective relations between loneliness, sociodemographic variables, worry, rumination, metacognition, symptoms of anxiety and depression. This study also sought to determine how resilience is involved in the protection against loneliness and depressive symptoms. Four hundred and eighty-two students with a mean age of 25.84 years ( SD = 5.74) participated ( N = 482; 59% females). Structural and temporal stability analyses supported the multidimensional experiences of loneliness, including family, romantic and social loneliness. Psychological network analysis identified especially strong connections (i.e., edges) between indicators belonging to loneliness in family and social relationships. At the general level, older participants and those who were single reported more loneliness. Loneliness was concurrently and prospectively associated with worry, rumination and metacognitions and predicted vulnerabilities in levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. At follow-up, the effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms was lower when scoring high on resilience. Interventions for loneliness may address improving family relationships and metacognitive processes underlying loneliness, which may in turn improve mental health. Interpersonal and intrapersonal protective factors involved in resilience may compensate for deficits in social relationships thereby buffering negative effects of loneliness on common mental health problems.

Soledad en la pareja y su relación con el apego

La soledad es un fenómeno con importantes repercusiones en la vida de quien la padece, impactando en su salud psicológica. Esta ha sido concebida como una experiencia desagradable relacionada con la necesidad de intimidad interpersonal no satisfecha, lo que implica un desequilibrio en el nivel de interacción socio-afectiva de un individuo, y ocurre cuando la red social del individuo es deficiente. Su medición se ha realizado a través de diferentes instrumentos, entre los que resalta, por sus características psicométricas, la Escala de Soledad Social y Emocional para Adultos (SELSA), que comprende la soledad en tres dominios sociales: pareja, familia y amigos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue la validación psicométrica de la Escala de Soledad Social y Emocional para Adultos (SELSA) en el contexto de la relación de pareja, así como evaluar su relación con los estilos de apego en México. Para ello, se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística accidental de 194 parejas heterosexuales. El diseño del estudio fue de tipo instrumental, debido a que se realizó la validación de una nueva medida de soledad; y correlacional, al realizarse un análisis de correlación de Pearson entre los factores obtenidos de soledad y los estilos de apego. Como resultado a la validación se obtuvieron 5 factores: acompañamiento de los amigos, acompañamiento de la pareja, acompañamiento de la familia, sentimiento de vacío y añoranza, de los cuales, los dos últimos no habían sido obtenidos en la versión original. Finalmente, al analizar las relaciones entre estilos de apego y soledad, se observaron datos interesantes que señalan la importancia del acompañamiento de la pareja cuando se tiene apego seguro, y de la familia y amigos cuando se tienen apegos ansiosos o evitantes, además de mayores índices de sentimientos de vacío y añoranza.

A Structural Model of Relationships between Stressful Life Events and Older Adults’ Loneliness: Religious Orientation as Mediator

Background: Loneliness is an issue, among many, faced by older adults through stressful life events, which may lead them to unbalanced life.Goals: This study aimed to construct a structural model of associations between stressful life events and older adults’ loneliness, with religious orientation functioning as a mediator.Methods: This correlational-descriptive survey involved participants over 60 nursing homes in Hamedan, who were selected by convenience sampling. The tools utilized in this study were the Paykel Life Events Questionnaire, the Allport-Ross Religious Orientation Scale, and the Short Version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). Data analysis was performed through statistical tests of path analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient.Results: The sample is composed of 92 participants (40 females). Results showed that stressful life events and loneliness have significantly positive and negative relationships, respectively, to religious orientation. Moreover, religious orientation played a mediating role in the association pattern between stressful life events and loneliness. Discussion: These results suggest that although stressful events perform an important role in older adults’ loneliness, religious orientation as a mediating variable have a crucial place in reducing the loneliness in the old age.

Measurement equivalence between men and women in the abbreviated Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA).

Health practitioners, policy-makers, and psychologists point to legitimate concerns about the negative impact of loneliness. To help resolve such negative impact, we need to better understand the psychometric structure of loneliness. Men’s and women’s differing social roles may mean that they experience different sources of loneliness. After matching via exact matching, we compared men and women’s scores (N = 273) on the abbreviated form of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) using confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance testing. We replicated the three-factor structure of the SELSA, thereby providing further evidence for differing etiologies of family, romantic, and social loneliness. We found no good evidence for gender differences in the structure of the questionnaire answers, indicating that the SELSA can be used to further illuminate the implications of loneliness for men and women.

Marital Quality, Loneliness, and Internet Infidelity.

The rapid development of information technology, such as the Internet and social networks, lead to an increasing number of online relationships in the world and caused some problems for families and society. One of these problems is extramarital relationships that occur through the Internet and social networks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between marital quality and Internet infidelity by considering the role of loneliness. Participants comprised a total of 406 (190 female and 216 male) married persons, who responded to Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S), Internet Infidelity Questionnaire (IIQ), and Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS). The structural model showed that marital quality has negative correlation with loneliness and online infidelity and loneliness has positive correlation with online infidelity. Results also showed that loneliness has a mediating role in the relationship between marital quality and online infidelity.

Difference Between Loneliness in Late Adolescence and Adulthood: Focus on Validation of Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S)

본 연구는 성인기 사람들의 고독을 다차원의 구성개념으로 측정하기 위하여 SELSA-S 척도에 대한 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증한 후 청년후기, 성인초기, 성인중기 사람들의 성과 연령에 따른 고독에서의 차이에 대하여 탐색하였다. 먼저 청년후기, 성인초기 그리고 성인중기의 남자와 여자 451명을 대상으로 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 사회적 고독, 가족 고독, 그리고 낭만적 고독의 3요인을 확인하였으며 관련변인들과의 상관관계들을 이용하여 타당도 증거를 확인하였다. 다음으로 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 그 결과 전반적으로 적합도 수준이 매우 양호하였으며, 요인부하 값도 모두 적절하였다. 마지막으로 신뢰도와 타당도가 검증된 척도를 사용하여 성과 연령집단에 따른 고독에서의 차이를 탐색한 결과 사회적 고독과 낭만적 고독에서 성과 연령집단에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났으며, 이들의 결과에 대한 의의, 제한점, 향후 연구 방향에 대하여 논의를 하였다.

Emotional and social loneliness in individuals with and without substance dependence disorder.

Background:Loneliness is one of the psychological variables related to high risk behaviors that should be investigated more.Objectives:The current study aimed to assess emotional, social, romantic, and familial dimensions of loneliness in drug abuser and nondrug abuser individuals.Patients and Methods:Two hundred and twenty eight individuals were enrolled in this cross sectional study. Hundred and eighteen drug abusers were recruited through random sampling among the clients referred to Baharan Psychiatric Hospital, and 110 non-substance dependent individuals were selected from their companions, students, and staffs. In addition to clinical interview, the Iranian short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA-S) was used to evaluate the participants.Results:There were statistically significant difference between the scores of all four emotional, social, familial, and romantic dimensions of loneliness in substance dependent individuals. Although there was no difference between the scores of men and women, the mean scores of romantic and emotional dimensions were higher in non-substance dependent women.Conclusions:The feeling of loneliness is stronger in drug abusers rather than non-drug abusers that could develop the sense of being different from community and increase the probability of taking high risk behaviors and abusing drugs. Thus, it is suggested to consider the feeling of loneliness in all programs designed to prevent or treat addiction.

Social-Emotional Loneliness and Life Satisfaction

The intent of this study was to examine the effects of social and emotional loneliness on life satisfaction. Gender differences in loneliness is examined, too. A sample of 396 (172 male, 224 female) university students were selected from Shiraz University. The short version of Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults(SELSA-S); the Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS); and Demographic Information Form. Results of the independent t-test revealed that gender has an effect on loneliness levels of the students and male students reported significantly greater emotional loneliness than female students. In addition, the results of stepwise regression, indicated that social and emotional loneliness were significant negative predictors of the life satisfaction, however emotional loneliness was stronger predictor, rather than social loneliness.

Bullying and social and emotional loneliness in a sample of adult male prisoners

The present study explored social and emotional loneliness, and victimisation among a sample of adult male prisoners. 241 prisoners took part, completing a behavioural measure of behaviours indicative of bullying (DIPC-R: Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist, Ireland, J.L. 2003. The Direct and Indirect Prisoner behaviour Checklist — Revised. Psychology Department, University of Central Lancashire). and a measure of social and emotional loneliness (SELSA: Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults, DiTommaso, E. & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 127–134.). Differences between the groups involved in bullying (i.e. pure bullies, pure victims, bully/victims and those not involved) were noted, with victim groups (pure victims and bully/victims) presenting with higher levels of social loneliness than those not-involved. Emotional loneliness was not a distinguishing characteristic for membership to the pure victim or bully/victim group, and instead was found to be associated with the type and amount of victimisation reported: victims who reported multiple types of victimisation presented with higher levels of emotional (family) loneliness than victims reporting just one type of victimisation. Increased victimisation was also associated with increased levels of social and emotional loneliness, most notably with regards to indirect victimisation. The results are discussed with reference to the environment in which the victimisation is taking place, and we outline a potential application of life events and added stress models in understanding social maladjustment (loneliness) among prisoners.

Measurement and Validity Characteristics of the Short Version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults

This article presents a psychometric study of the short form of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). Data were collected via self-report measures and mail surveys from several samples including university students, spouses of military personnel, and psychiatric patients. A total of 1,526 individuals took part in this study. Results indicated that the scores from the three scales of the SELSA-S were highly internally reliable. Concurrent validity for the scales was indicated by the statistically significant relationships with other measures of loneliness. Construct (convergent and discriminant) validity was supported by strong relationships with measures of the adequacy of intimate relationships (e.g., attachment and social intimacy) and by the association of the three types of loneliness to measures of social competence, self-esteem, trust, health, and well-being. Finally, results from a factor analysis indicated that the three-factor model of the SELSA-S provided the best fit to the data.

An abbreviated form of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA)

Abstract In two independent studies of university undergraduates, the present investigation created and evaluated an abbreviated (15-item) version of the 37-item Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA), a multidimensional instrument that assesses family, romantic, and social loneliness. In Study 1 ( N =340), participants completed the SELSA; in Study 2 ( N =211), participants completed the SELSA and five other loneliness inventories. Results showed that the three abbreviated SELSA subscales each (a) demonstrated very high internal consistency, (b) correlated very highly to the full respective subscales, and (c) correlated with theoretically related loneliness scales. In addition, both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesized 3-subscale factor solution. In sum, results showed that the abbreviated SELSA subscales represent a psychometrically reliable and valid alternative to the full inventory.

Conceptualizations and measures of loneliness: a comparison of subscales

The present study evaluated and compared various self-rating loneliness instruments to determine the extent to which they measure either a single construct or many related constructs. 231 university students completed a test battery of seven popular loneliness scales: the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Differential Loneliness Scale, both the Russell and Wittenberg Social and Emotional Loneliness Scales, the Loneliness Rating Scale, the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. In a comparison of the 21 derivative subscales, a factor analysis indicated four correlated factors: social loneliness, emotional loneliness, negative affect and family loneliness. Issues of discussion included the substantial contribution of the UCLA Loneliness Scale to social loneliness, the almost exclusive composition of the negative affect factor of loneliness rating subscales and researchers choice among subscales available to assess social and emotional dimensions. Use of the SELSA was recommended based on its high internal consistency and substantial factor loadings on three of the four loneliness dimensions. Further research in subscale validation is suggested.