Social Acknowledgement Research Articles

Post-Donation Evaluation: Emotional Needs for Social Connection and Social Support among Living Kidney Donors-A Systematic Review.

Evaluation of post-nephrectomy social health in living kidney donors is essential. This systematic review examines their emotional need for social relatedness post-donation. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Among the screened records, 32 quantitative and 16 qualitative papers met the inclusion criteria. Quantitative research predominantly utilized questionnaires featuring generic items on social functioning. However, a minority delved into emotional and social dimensions, aligning with qualitative studies emphasizing the importance of social connection and perceived social support post-donation. Specifically, post-donation changes in connecting with others encompass a sense of belongingness, heightened autonomy, shifts in concern for the recipient's health, and continued care by shielding the recipient from personal health issues. Social acknowledgment and social support from both close and extended networks are reported as relevant for recovery after nephrectomy. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted measures of emotional needs and social functioning to effectively assess post-donation adjustment. They also inform the identification of key health themes for kidney donor Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) questions.

The Analysis of Hedonic Lifestyle Impact on Irrational Purchasing Behavior with Social Acknowledgement as a Moderating Variable

This study aims to examine the critical role of social acknowledgment in moderating the relationship between hedonic lifestyles and irrational buying behavior, particularly in the context of luxury products among Generation X, Millennials, and Generation Z in Indonesia. The research objective is to assess how social acknowledgment influences the extent to which individuals with hedonic lifestyles engage in irrational purchasing. The method involves purposive sampling, collecting 256 valid responses. The results reveal that while a hedonic lifestyle significantly impacts irrational purchasing decisions, social acknowledgment amplifies this effect, leading individuals to engage in more impulsive and excessive buying behavior. These findings highlight the importance for marketers and corporate policymakers to consider status-oriented and socially acknowledged marketing strategies to effectively target these consumer groups. The implications suggest that social acknowledgment can be a powerful driver in luxury product consumption, emphasizing the need for marketing approaches that resonate with consumers' desires for social recognition.

“The person was like the glue in the cracked pot which was no longer there”: co-production of the web-based Families and Friends in Bereavement intervention

Background Families, friends and support networks are key to managing bereavement. COVID-19 social restrictions prevented families and friends from being with the dying and participating in usual rituals to honour the dead. This resulted in social disconnection, feelings of guilt, and difficulty in making sense of the death and reconstructing relationships. In response to this context a theoretically informed, co-produced web-resource to facilitate meaning-making, which situates bereavement in the context of family and friends, was developed. This paper describes the development of the web-based intervention. Study aims To co-produce a web-based intervention theoretically informed by the family level extension Dual Process Model and Family Sense of Coherence, and pilot the intervention gaining user feedback to inform refinements in readiness for adoption and implementation. Methods Following a scoping review, a mixed methods study was undertaken using an online survey via questionnaire and virtual co-production workshop with bereaved people and bereavement professionals. Results Survey respondents (n=32) reported the pandemic negatively affected bereavement (guilt, isolation, inability to bear witness) but also presented new opportunities to celebrate the deceased and support the bereaved (new funeral rituals, technology, remote contact, social acknowledgement of grief). Sense-making and managing bereavement were helped through information-giving, support networks, and relocating the person within the family context. A web-resource to facilitate collective grief was viewed positively and endorsed. Key content including family activities to stimulate support, information regarding the range of grief experience and dealing with the practicalities, along with other sources of support was agreed by workshop participants (n=5) to form the basis of the intervention. Conclusion The publicly accessible Families and Friends in Bereavement intervention encourages consideration of bereavement in the context of close social networks. It enables grief to be understood and managed within a shared experience by promoting communication and meaning-making.

Effects of Social Acknowledgment and Interpersonal Shame on Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms of Sexual Violence Survivors in South Korea.

Sexual violence (SV) survivors face negative social reactions, which can affect their recovery. Based on the socio-interpersonal model of trauma, understanding how societal circumstances impact SV survivors' mental health is important. This study examined conditional indirect effects of interpersonal shame and social acknowledgment on the relationship between perceived SV event severity and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) symptoms. Cross-sectional data from 157 community-based adults who had previously experienced SV were collected from an online panel. Exploratory factor analysis of the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire was conducted, followed by conditional indirect analyses using Models 1, 4, and 7 of PROCESS macro. First, results showed that a two-factor model of social acknowledgment consisting of "social disapproval" and "social recognition" was more suitable for this study than a three-factor model predominantly used by Western societies. Second, interpersonal shame partially mediated the relationship between perceived SV event severity and CPTSD symptoms. Third, the conditional indirect effect of social disapproval on the mediating effect of interpersonal shame was significant when the social disapproval level was high. This indicates that the indirect effect of interpersonal shame on CPTSD increases when the social disapproval level is high. This study supported the socio-interpersonal perspective of trauma and suggested that increasing social acknowledgment beyond personal-level intervention would be a critical step for recovery of SV survivors to decrease their interpersonal shame and CPTSD.

Experiences and challenges of emergency medical services in Incheon, South Korea: Implications for disaster risk reduction

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in South Korea were formally established in 1982 meaning that they are relatively young in comparison to western counterparts. The handling of the 1988 Seoul Olympics earned widespread global support. Recent disasters have, however, brought the nation's preparedness into question. EMS provides life-critical pre-hospital emergency care. In South Korea, services are free at point-of-use, and, like several other countries, they are experiencing ever higher levels of stress. Budget cuts, personnel shortages, and increasing operational tempo are known stressors that cause individual and organizational harm which compromises disaster preparedness. Interestingly, EMS in South Korea suffer from poor social acknowledgement within a rank-based society that venerates firefighting and specialist rescue units. EMS are deemed less prestigious; this constrains their organizational voice, minimizes leadership representation, and reduces morale. Recent visceral disaster experience and the limited research focused expressly on the socio-cultural context of EMS provision in South Korea constitute a pertinent research gap. Accordingly, this study critically evaluated perceptions of the experiences and challenges faced by EMS crews in Incheon, South Korea.Constructivist grounded theory, semi-structured interviewing, and induction underpin 24 interviews that address the experiences and challenges faced by EMS. The resultant 24 codes, eight categories, and three themes drawn from 253 quotations are presented within a comprehensive network diagram that provides the building blocks of a new tentative theory. The posited EMS organizational efficiency model is, therefore, grounded within empirical data and is designed to mitigate chronic stressors and enhance disaster preparedness.

Development And Deconstruction: Self-Identity Of Characters In Richard Wright's The Outsider (1953)

Modern concerns for personality support mental self-view as an interchange between the longing for independence and the certainty of arrangement. Self-character looms not just as a philosophical as well as political case to self-acknowledgment, yet in addition as the freedom of Descartes' cogito. The ramifications are various: abolishment of the Nietzchean resolution, post-structuralist legitimation of the decentred subject, borderland personalities, systematization of social relations, and self-contestation. The point of this paper is to investigate the manners by which Richard Wright builds and dismantles way of life as a socio-political and social explanation. The focal person of The Outsider, Cross Damon, endeavors to destroy the self from the trap of self-recognizable proof and social acknowledgment to accomplish a recently manufactured character. Originating from a natural yearning to sidestep over a wide span of time Afro-American subject-jobs, Damon's idealistic endeavor to a future character closes in a legendary like loss against the colossal powers of social limitation and observation, as encapsulated in the hunchbacked Lead prosecutor, Ely Houston. The twofold connection, exemplified in Cross Damon and Ely Houston's conflict, presents Richard Wright's existential journey for importance and a scrutinize of society. Richard Wright's predominant inquiry to broaden the socio-political union and additionally guarantee to self-personality rules over the unique capability of self-development/adequacy.

Child maltreatment in Swiss welfare care until 1981: former caregivers’ perspectives on the welfare context

ABSTRACT Caregivers can provide insight into the welfare aspects of institutional child maltreatment not apparent to children in care. This qualitative study investigated how socio-ecological and contextual aspects of the welfare system were linked to (quality of) care provision and the well-being of minors in care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Swiss former caregivers. Welfare aspects included a shortage of resources, poor working conditions, and lack of oversight by the authorities. Social norms also contributed to stigmatization, discrimination, and the normalization of adverse care practices. Potential protective factors included external support and resource provision, caregiver resistance, and (later) social acknowledgment.

“The person was like the glue in the cracked pot which was no longer there”: Family-focused support for bereavement via co-production of a web-based intervention

Background: Families, friends and support networks are key to managing bereavement. COVID-19 social restrictions prevented families and friends from being with the dying and participating in usual rituals to honour the dead. This resulted in social disconnection, feelings of guilt, and difficulty in making sense of the death and reconstructing relationships. In response to this context a theoretically informed, co-produced web-resource to facilitate meaning-making, which situates bereavement in the context of family and friends, was developed. This paper describes the development of the web-based intervention. Study aims: To co-produce a web-based intervention theoretically informed by the family level extension Dual Process Model and Family Sense of Coherence, and pilot the intervention gaining user feedback to inform refinements in readiness for adoption and implementation. Methods: Following a scoping review, a mixed methods study was undertaken using an online survey via questionnaire and virtual co-production workshop with bereaved people and bereavement professionals. Results: Survey respondents reported the pandemic negatively affected bereavement (guilt, isolation, inability to bear witness) but also presented new opportunities to celebrate the deceased and support the bereaved (new funeral rituals, technology, remote contact, social acknowledgement of grief). Sense-making and managing bereavement were helped through information-giving, support networks, and relocating the person within the family context. A web-resource to facilitate collective grief was viewed positively and endorsed. Key content including family activities to stimulate support, information regarding the range of grief experience and dealing with the practicalities, along with other sources of support was agreed by workshop participants to form the basis of the intervention. Conclusion: The Families in Bereavement intervention encourages consideration of bereavement in the context of close social networks. It enables grief to be understood and managed within a shared experience by promoting communication and meaning-making.

Evaluation of Social Acknowledgment and Mental Health Among Kurdish Survivors of Genocide in 1988

This cross-sectional study assesses whether higher levels of trauma were associated with less perceived social acknowledgment and higher psychopathology among Kurdish survivors of a chemical attack that took place in 1988.

Exposure to self-reported traumatic events and probable PTSD in a national sample of Poles: Why does Poland's PTSD prevalence differ from other national estimates?

There is a lack of studies on trauma exposure and PTSD prevalence in Poland on representative samples. Available data from studies on convenient samples show very high rates of probable PTSD compared with relevant estimates in other countries. This study aimed to measure the exposure to self-report traumatic events (PTEs) and to estimate the current rate of prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in accordance with DSM-5 criteria in a population-based sample of Poles. Additionally, the link between PTSD intensity and level of life satisfaction was investigated. A representative sample of 1,598 adult Poles was recruited. Probable PTSD was assessed with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5 (PDS-5) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) was also used. The findings showed that 60.3% of Poles had experienced at least one PTE and 31.1% of those who had been exposed to trauma reported symptoms of PTSD. At the level of the entire sample, the obtained rate for probable PTSD was 18.8%. The traumatic events with the highest probabilities of PTSD symptoms were child abuse and sexual assault. Levels of life satisfaction were significantly lower in the group of participants with probable PTSD. We found that the current prevalence of probable PTSD in Poland is intriguingly high relative to rates reported in comparable representative samples from other countries across the world. Possible mechanisms are discussed, including a lack of social acknowledgement of WWII and other traumas as well as poor access to trauma-focused care. We hope that this research may inspire more studies investigating cross-national differences in PTSD and trauma exposure.

The relationship between social acknowledgment and prolonged grief symptoms: a multiple mediation effect of beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions

ABSTRACT Background: Social acknowledgment is a protective factor for survivors of trauma. However, the role of social acknowledgment in association with prolonged grief symptoms has not yet been established. Objectives: The current study aims to explore the relationship between social acknowledgment and prolonged grief via two beliefs foundational to how people think about grief-related emotions (1) goodness (i.e. whether emotions are desirable, useful, or unwanted and harmful), and (2) controllability (i.e. whether emotions are regulated according to our will or involuntary, arising of their own accord). These effects were explored in two different cultural samples of bereaved people. Methods: One hundred and fifty-four German-speaking and two hundred and sixty-two Chinese bereaved people who lost their loved ones completed questionnaires assessing social acknowledgment, beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions, and prolonged grief symptoms. Results: Correlation analyses showed that social acknowledgment was positively linked with stronger beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions and negatively related to prolonged grief symptoms. Beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions correlated negatively with prolonged grief symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses suggested that beliefs about the controllability and goodness of grief-related emotions mediated the link between social acknowledgment and prolonged grief symptoms. Cultural groups did not moderate the above model. Conclusion: Social acknowledgment may be related to bereavement adjustment consequences via the roles of beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions. These effects seem to be consistent cross-culturally.

Existential isolation and prolonged grief in bereaved people: The moderating role of culture.

Existential isolation refers to an individual's awareness of the unbridgeable gulf between oneself, other people and the world. This kind of isolation has been found to be higher in individuals with nonnormative experiences, such as racial or sexual minorities. Bereaved individuals may experience a stronger sense of existential isolation and feel that no one shares their feelings or perceptions. However, research on bereaved people's experiences of existential isolation and its effects on post-loss adaptation is scarce. This study aims to validate the German and Chinese versions of the Existential Isolation Scale, investigate cultural and gender differences in existential isolation and explore the associations between existential isolation and prolonged grief symptoms in German-speaking and Chinese bereaved individuals. A cross-sectional study with 267 Chinese and 158 German-speaking bereaved participants was conducted. The participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing existential isolation, prolonged grief symptoms, social networks, loneliness and social acknowledgement. The results indicated that the German and Chinese versions of the Existential Isolation Scale demonstrated adequate validity and reliability. No cultural or gender differences (or their interaction) were found for existential isolation. Higher existential isolation was associated with elevated prolonged grief symptoms, which was further moderated by the cultural group. The relationship between existential isolation and prolonged grief symptoms was significant for the German-speaking bereaved people but not significant for those from China. The findings highlight the role of existential isolation in the adaptation to bereavement and how different cultural backgrounds moderate the effect of existential isolation on post-loss reactions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Auditors’ search for meaningfulness in sustainability assurance work

PurposeThis study aims to examine auditors’ search for meaningfulness in sustainability assurance (SA) work.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected ethnographic data over a nine-month period from two small firms offering SA services in France between 2018 and 2019.FindingsAuditors’ experiences of meaningfulness are facilitated by shared sustainability values among colleagues, social acknowledgement of like-minded profiles and the feeling that working in a “small firm” provides a more fulfilling and committed-to-sustainability environment than conventional assurance work in large accounting firms. The search for meaningfulness collapses when auditors realize not only the limits of their agentic and transformative capacities but also their unintended complicity in certifying the reports of companies with poor sustainability performance. Because they struggle to reconcile the assessment of their professional practice with their value system, the participants are tempted to disengage from their work by giving up a sustainability career and/or by reframing SA work as an advisory rather than a control function.Originality/valueThe authors approach SA not as an organizational project of professional expansion, through which accounting firms attempt to expand their scope of practice, but as an individual and reflexive search of aligning assurance work to their value system. Auditors’ search for meaningfulness is a strong counterpoint to the financial auditing literature, which portrays auditors as professionals with a low sense of purpose at work, but also to the literature criticizing accounting firms’ discursive processes of “depoliticization” (Malsch, 2013) and “de-emotionalization” (Rodrigue et al., 2022) of socio-environmental issues.

Social Class in the Czech Physicians’ Quest for Professional Authority and Social Acknowledgement, 1830s–1930s

In the mid-nineteenth century, physicians in the Czech lands could claim neither elite status as a professional group nor unquestioned authority in the medical field. Despite the legal protection granted by the Habsburg Monarchy, they did not have an efficient monopoly on medical authority and practice and had to face fierce competition from lay healers, male and female, and other medical professionals. This article examines how Czech-speaking physicians navigated social dynamics in nineteenth-century society in urban and rural areas and how they strove to strengthen their authority in the medical field both through appeals to their professional credentials and through class and gender discourses. We identify individual strategies of social ascension and collective efforts to boost the standing and authority of the whole professional group. Practices such as socializing in patriotic circles and authoring medical guidebooks for laymen proved as important as publications in the professional press and the work of professional associations in this complex effort, which was eventually crowned with success in interwar Czechoslovakia.

Breaking the cycles of violence with narrative exposure: Development and feasibility of NETfacts, a community-based intervention for populations living under continuous threat.

Interpersonal violence damages mental health and frequently leads to aggressive defence strategies. If survivors are subsequently blamed for the events, both consequences worsen. Stigma flourishes, especially when survivors are silenced so that details of the trauma remain unknown. Breaking the secrecy both at the individual and collective level is key to enable the healing and reconciliation of individuals and communities living under continuous threat. The NETfacts health system is a stepped care model with three components: (1) Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET), an evidence-based trauma therapy that includes survivor testimony (2) NET for Forensic Offender Rehabilitation (FORNET) acknowledges that perpetrators are frequently also victims and assists in reducing aggression and the attraction to violence, and (3) a community intervention disseminating and discussing Facts derived from NET treatment (NETfacts) to challenge the collective avoidance of atrocities and other traumatic material. The intervention was piloted in a community with 497 adult residents in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The willingness of clients to consent to sharing their anonymised testimonies (with a focus on sexual violence survivors and ex-combatants) was investigated, together with other components of feasibility including security and clinical safety, extent of support of respected local authorities and participation rates. As secondary outcomes, clinical and social measures were assessed before and post NETfacts among 200 village residents of whom 160 self-enrolled and 40 had not participated in any form of treatment. Implementation was feasible with 248 clients from a partner project giving consent to use their testimonies and high support of respected local authorities and participation rates (56% of residents self-enrolled in NETfacts). Immediate beneficial effects were shown for posttraumatic stress and rejection of rape myths among NETfacts participants who experienced multiple traumatic events in their own past. Attitudes towards ex-combatants improved and the perceived lack of social acknowledgement after trauma increased independent from participation. No significant change was observed for depressive symptoms. NETfacts is a feasible and promising approach to challenge the culture of secrecy surrounding trauma, suppression and social exclusion. Long term effectiveness requires further evaluation.

Are you a trend setter or a straggler? Social drivers and customer shift toward co-creating value with self-service technologies

PurposeFuture service interactions are anticipated to use humanoid robots in a society that is shifting to a digitalized era. Currently, it is evident that many businesses are replacing service interactions with self-service technologies (SSTs). This movement creates substantial societal changes that researchers have not paid sufficient attention to comprehend. In this setting, the purpose of this study is to examine the social drivers that influence customer mobility toward co-creating value via SSTs. The study also seeks to discover variations in customers' willingness and capacity to adopt SSTs.Design/methodology/approachTo fulfill the research aims, a qualitative technique was adopted, with semistructured interviews conducted with 25 SST users from varied demographic backgrounds. To recruit individuals for the study, a nonprobabilistic purposeful sampling technique was adopted, with the goal of employing information-rich instances. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis.FindingsThe study identified eight social drivers that are important in the customer transition toward co-creating value with SSTs. According to the study, SSTs are characterized as a social trend in which adoption is accepted (social norm) and modifies social connections in a new direction. Using SSTs has evolved into a socializing tool that gives people social acknowledgment. Some people see SSTs as social pressure, putting them at a disadvantage if they do not adopt. People, on the other hand, acquire sufficient social support and independence to use SSTs. Customers were categorized into four groups depending on their willingness and ability to embrace SSTs: trendsetters, dreamers, old-fashioned and stragglers.Practical implicationsIn practice, service providers can use this knowledge to successfully promote their SSTs and create enhanced client experiences through technological interfaces.Originality/valueThe study adds new knowledge by identifying social determinants in customer shifts toward SSTs, a phenomenon that has not been studied previously, and it adds to marketing theory by proposing a typology to group customers based on their ability and willingness to embrace SSTs.

공립유치원 교사가 인식하는 전문성 저해요인과 향상 방안

Objectives The purposes of this study was to investigate hindrance factors against professionalism and enhancement solution perceived by public kindergarten teachers. Methods In order to achieve the aim of this study, semi-structured interviews based on a priori professionalism theory were performed with eight public kindergarten teachers. The teachers had worked over 5 years in public kindergartens. Results First, in the individual domain, lack of teaching ability and lack of time and ability for handling administrative work were appeared. Second, in the interpersonal domain, vertical hierarchy and influence of children’s parents are appeared. Third, in the institutional/societal domain, low social acknowledgement and absence of agreement in defining professionalism of kindergarten teachers were appeard. Each enhancemnet solution about hindrance factors was described. Conclusions In order to remove the hindrance factors, not only each effort of individual teacher, acquaintance, institution, and society, but also cooperative effort of this network was required.

An Analysis of Factors Predicting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Grief Following Comrade Loss.

This study explored how "inhibiting factors" associated with military-bereavement impact combatants' psychological sequelae following comrade loss. One hundred six eligible Israeli combat male-soldiers completed the Texas-Revised-Inventory of Grief, the post-traumatic-stress-disorder symptoms scale (PSS), the Male Role Norms Scale, the Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire, and a scale assessing Military Encouragement to Grieve (MEG-8). Time since loss had no impact on soldiers' levels of PSS or prolonged grief. Regression analysis indicated that higher masculinity-perception and disapproval from the family predicated higher PSS, above and beyond grief. Conversely, lower disapproval from the family, and higher disapproval from the general community, predicted higher grief, above and beyond PSS. Also, military encouragement significantly mediated the positive relationship between masculinity and sense of social-recognition. The results show how inhibiting factors contribute differently to the perpetuation of PSS and grief. This interplay sheds light on soldiers' "external" and "internal" loss processes of traumatic bereavement. The practical implications to treatment are also discussed.

Semiosis, thought and codes: A theoretical framework for social knowledge

AbstractI present a theoretical social psychological framework for social knowledge based mainly on the triadic concept of sign relations and the process of semiosis. The framework is based on concepts from authors aligned with interpretative semiotic approaches, such as Peirce, Deely and Eco. After defining signs and sign relations, I propose to conceive social knowledge as sign relations happening in communication processes, and employ the notion of code to account for socially shared group conventions. I suggest that the analysis of code properties such as content, social acknowledgment and history can identify differences in social knowledge forms and the concrete contexts that sustain them. The framework is discussed in comparison with other social and cultural psychological approaches based on semiosis. Finally, methodological implications are commented.

Elements and Determinants of Professional Identity During the Pandemic: A Hermeneutic Qualitative Study

Phenomenon : The construct of professionalism in undergraduate medical education is a core outcome that is included in the wider concept of professional identity formation. The former is grounded in the more general concept of identity, intended as an internalized set of role expectations. Some have proposed frameworks based on psychological or sociological approaches, but empirical research is still scarce and often limited to the exploration of the role of specific learning activities. The pandemic imposed adaptations that produced an artificial setting for a social experiment, suitable to observe how the deprivation of the social component of a student’s life, such as in presence teaching and practical training, unveiled the elements and determinants of the developing identity of medical students. Approach : This research was the extension of a previous phenomenological study about medical students’ lived experience of distance learning during the lockdown phase in Italy. We adopted a hermeneutic approach to furtherly deepen the analysis of the phenomenon at stake, in dialogue with the relevant literature. Eight 6th year medical students underwent an in-depth interview, themes were inductively generated and used to identify elements and determinants of the developing identities. Findings : Four themes developed, synthetized in the overarching theme “From crawling to standing on your feet and walking toward an uncertain future”. The themes were: “social places and practices that make me feel like a student and a medical student”, “toward self-regulation”, “an emotional journey”, “threats to the identity”. The elements of the perceived identity as a medical student were autonomy and learning self-regulation, professional knowledge, competence, and sense of belonging to a community. The determinant factors which influenced the identity as a medical student were living environment, learning spaces and architectures, the social networks, the attendance of the healthcare facilities, the relationship with teachers, the social acknowledgement as a medical student, and as a doctor. Insights : It was possible to identify the generation of both constitutive elements of identity and determinants influencing identity development and this distinction is an added value of the research. According Gilles Deleuze’s concept of “empty square” (the sudden lack of an object one used to have at hand: sociality in this case), this research highlighted the ambivalent nature of identity. Individualization and socialization are the “uneven sides” of that same paradoxical object which is identity.