Sobel Method Research Articles

Explanation of the Model of Marital Commitment Based on Object Relations with the Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation

Objective: Marriage is the largest and most important event in an individual's life, and a healthy marriage necessitates several elements including intimacy, commitment, and satisfaction. The present study aims to explain the model of predicting marital commitment based on object relations with the mediating role of emotion regulation. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study included all married couples residing in the city of Qom in 2023, totaling 7,634 individuals. From this population, 148 women and 110 men were selected through purposive sampling. This research utilized a descriptive-correlational and structural equation modeling design. Participants completed the Marital Commitment Inventory (DCI) by Adams and Jones (1997), the Emotion Regulation Scale (ACS) by Williams et al. (1997), and the Object Relations Scale by Bell et al. (1995). Data analysis was conducted descriptively and inferentially using SPSS-28 and AMOS-24 software. The relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis, and the mediating role was tested using the Sobel method. Findings: The findings of this study indicated that the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between object relations and marital commitment was confirmed (p < .05). The indirect effect of object relations on marital commitment was -0.319. Conclusion: The results showed that considering the complex reciprocal influence of topics emerging in couples' interactions and experiences, as well as the role of emotion regulation, can provide valuable insights into the factors that contribute to the success and longevity of relationships.

Explaining the Model of Marital Commitment Based on Object Relations with the Mediating Role of Ego Strength

Marriage is the greatest and most significant event in an individual's life, and a healthy marriage requires several elements, including intimacy, commitment, and satisfaction. This study aimed to explain a model predicting marital commitment based on object relations with the mediating role of ego strength. The statistical population of the present study included all married couples residing in the city of Qom in 2023, totaling 7,634 individuals. Of these, 258 individuals (148 women and 110 men) were selected through purposive sampling. This study used a descriptive-correlational research design and structural equation modeling. Participants completed the Marital Commitment Inventory (DCI) by Adams and Jones (1997), the Object Relations Inventory by Bell et al. (1995), and the Ego Strength Inventory by Markstrom et al. (1997). Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS-28 and AMOS-24 software. The relationships among variables were examined using Pearson correlation and path analysis, and the mediating role was tested using the Sobel method. The findings of this study confirmed the mediating role of ego strength in the relationship between object relations and marital commitment (p < .05). The indirect effect of object relations on marital commitment was -0.062. The results indicate that considering the complex interplay of issues that arise in couples' interactions and experiences, as well as the role of ego strength, can provide valuable insights into the factors that contribute to the success and longevity of relationships.

Deteksi Tepi untuk Mengidentifikasi Kanker Ginjal Menggunakan Metode Sobel, Roberts dan Canny

Kidneys are organs that function to filter metabolic waste in the blood and dispose of them in the form of urine. One of kidney disease is kidney cancer. Kidney cancer occurs due to gene mutations in kidney cells that cause kidney cells to grow abnormally and uncontrollably. To take an image of kidney cancer using a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) tool. The purpose of this research is to identify and recognize the pattern object of kidney cancer in the MRI image. To identify kidney cancer images, it begins with collecting image data, image processing, image edge detection, image thinning, and identification processes. Edge detection is used to detect the boundaries of objects in the image. The method used in this research is the Canny and Sobel method. The number of images taken were 23 images of kidney cancer samples. The results of this research show that the Canny method gives better image results than the Sobel image results

Generalized fractal dimensionsbased comparison analysis of edge detection methods in CT images for estimating the infection of COVID-19 disease.

The coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, has become highly contagious and has been associated with one of the world’s deadliest diseases. It also has direct effects on human lungs, causing significant damage. CT-scans are commonly employed in such circumstances to promptly evaluate, detect, and treat COVID-19 patients. Without any filtering, CT-scan images are more difficult to identify the damaged parts of the lungs and determine the severity of various diseases. In this paper, we use the multifractal theory to evaluate COVID-19 patient’s CT-scan images to analyze the complexity of the various patient’s original, filtered, and edge detected CT-scan images. To precisely characterize the severity of the disease, the original, noisy and denoised images are compared. Furthermore, the edge detection and filtered methods called Robert, Prewitt, and Sobel are applied to analyze the various patient’s COVID-19 CT-scan images and examined by the multifractal measure in the proposed technique. All of the images are converted, filtered and edge detected using Robert, Prewitt, and Sobel edge detection algorithms, and compared by the Generalized Fractal Dimensions are compared. For the CT-scan images of COVID-19 patients, the various Qualitative Measures are also computed exactly for the filtered and edge detected images by Robert, Prewitt, and Sobel schemes. It is observed that Sobel method is performed well for classifying the COIVD-19 patients’ CT-scans used in this research study, when compared to other algorithms. Since the image complexity of the Sobel method is very high for all the images and then more complexity of the images contains more clarity to confirm the COVID-19 images. Finally, the proposed method is supported by ANOVA test and box plots, and the same type of classification in experimental images is explored statistically.

Hearing loss, depression and social participation of older adults: Evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

Hearing loss and depression in older adults are associated with a lower social participation rate. However, few studies have thoroughly analyzed the relationship between them. The data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study carried out in 2011, 2013 and 2015, and data from 24 306 participants ranging in age from 50 to 80 years were used in this study. Hearing loss, depression and social participation were assessed by self-reported hearing status, the 10-item Center for the Epidemiological Studies of Depression Short Form, and self-reported social participation activity types and frequency. The fixed effects logistic regression and random effects logistic regression were used to examine the relationship between hearing loss and social participation. The Sobel method was used to explore the relationship between hearing loss, depression and social participation. Compared with older adults without hearing loss, persons with hearing loss engaged in significantly fewer types of activities (β=-0.070, 95% CI -0.109, -0.031, P < 0.001) and at a lower frequency (β=-0.176, 95% CI -0.260, -0.093, P < 0.001). Depression significantly existed in the relationship between hearing loss and social participation as a mediating variable, and the percentage of indirect effects in this relationship were 16.5% and 20.8%. The findings of this study suggest that when facing an aging society, improving the hearing status of older adults should be considered by policymakers. More efforts should be made to help older adults cope with depression. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 529-535.

High-dimensional causal mediation analysis based on partial linear structural equation models

Causal mediation analysis has become popular in recent years. The goal of mediation analyses is to learn the direct effects of exposure on outcome as well as mediated effects on the pathway from exposure to outcome. A set of generalized structural equations to estimate the direct and indirect effects for mediation analysis is proposed when the number of mediators is of high-dimensionality. Specifically, a two-step procedure is considered where the penalization framework can be adopted to perform variable selection. A partial linear model is used to account for a nonlinear relationship among pre-treatment confounders and the response variable in each model. Procedures for estimating the coefficients for the treatment and the mediators in the structural models are developed. The obtained estimators can be interpreted as causal effects without imposing a linear assumption on the model structure. The performance of Sobel's method in obtaining the standard error and confidence interval for the estimated joint indirect effect is also evaluated in simulation studies. Simulation results show a superior performance of the proposed method. It is applied to an epidemiologic study in which the goal is to understand how DNA methylation mediates the effect of childhood trauma on regulation of human stress reactivity.

The effect of insurance premiums, claims, underwriting results, on profitability with a risk-based minimum capital ratio (RBMC) as an intervening variable in general insurance companies

This study aims to analyze factors that effect profitability (ROA) with insurance premium, claim and underwriting result as independent variabel and risk based capital ratio (MMBR) as an intervening variable on insurance companieswich operate in Indonesia from year 2011-2015. The sample selection was done by using purposive sampling method and based on predetermined criteria, then got sample which amounted to 72 companies. The data in this study was secondary data. Data processing is done by statistical analysis technique that is multiple linear regression analysis and sobel method for intervening test.The results of this study indicate that (1) Insurance premium has no effect on MMBR ratio, (2) claim insurance has a negative effect on MMBR ratio, (3) Underwriting result has positive effect on MMBR ratio, (4) Insurance premium has positive effect on profitability, (5) claim insurance has a negative effect on profitability, (6) underwriting result has positive effect on profitability, (7) MMBR ratio has positive effect on profitability, (8) premium insurance, has no indirect effect on profitability through MMBR ratio. (9) claim insurance has no indirect effect on profitability through MMBR ratio, (10) underwriting result has no indirect effect on profitability through MMBR ratio.

Identifikasi Citra Digital Jenis Beras Menggunakan Metode Anfis dan Sobel

Beras merupakan salah satu produk unggulan pangan nasional dan produk unggulan pertanian di Indonesia. Banyaknya jenis-jenis beras di Indonesia menyebabkan semakin sulitnya membedakan beras hanya mengandalkan mata saja. Dikarenakan setiap jenis beras memiliki ciri bentuk dan tekstur yang relatif berbeda. Oleh karena itu, citra digital dapat dijadikan langkah awal dalam mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis beras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis beras dengan menggunakan pengolahan citra. Pengambilan nilai ciri bentuk menggunakan metode morfologi dan dibandingkan dengan metode sobel. Sedangkan pengambilan nilai ciri tekstur menggunakan metode citra grayscale. Kemudian, nilai bentuk dan tekstur lakukan pengelompokan sesuai jenis beras. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 140 citra. 100 dari 140 citra tersebut dilakukan pelatihan dengan menggunakan metode ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) dengan memanfaatkan nilai bentuk dan tekstur citra. Pengujiaan dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali dengan menggunakan 140 citra tersebut. Hasil pengujian dengan metode ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) sebesar 85.2%. Sedangkan, Deteksi tepi sobel dapat mempengaruhi akurasi sebesar 3%.

Car shape clustering using sobel edge detection with divisive average linkage and single linkage algorithm (case: bus, sedan, citycar, mpv, and truck)

This study aims to make an application that able to make clustering for car type based on shape by using edge detection and clustering algorithm. The car types being used in this study are the image of the bus, sedan, city car, mpv, and truck. In this study, the method used to classify is with the divisive average linkage and single linkage method. The goal is to prove whether the divisive average linkage and single linkage can be used to classify the shape of the car image correctly. The shape obtained by using the Sobel edge detection method because the Sobel method is an edge detector that has advantages in reducing the noise before doing calculations so that the resulting edges form an image like the original.

The Longitudinal Mediating Effects of Perceived Parental Neglect on Changes in Korean Adolescents’ Life Satisfaction by Gender

The life satisfaction of Korean adolescents tends to decrease beginning in middle school, and this decrease has a negative effect on life satisfaction in adulthood. Gender and perceptions of parental neglect are important variables influencing the life satisfaction of adolescents in Korea. This study examined the longitudinal mediating effects of perceived parental neglect on the life satisfaction of male and female Korean adolescents to assess changes to the relationships between key variables over time. The present study analyzed data from 2,215 adolescents from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey's fourth-year elementary school panel spanning their first year of middle school (2013) to the first year of high school (2016). A latent growth model was applied to Korean national data. The perceived parental neglect and life satisfaction intercepts differed by gender, and the intercept of perceived parental neglect influenced the life satisfaction intercept. The slope of perceived parental neglect, but not the life satisfaction slope, differed by gender, and the slope of perceived parental neglect influenced the life satisfaction slope. The Sobel method showed that the intercept of perceived parental neglect mediated gender differences in the life satisfaction intercept, and the slope of perceived parental neglect significantly influenced the gender difference in the life satisfaction slope. Efforts to improve adolescent life satisfaction should be differentiated by gender regarding perceptions of parental neglect.

PENGARUH LIKUIDITAS DAN LEVERAGE TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

The value of the company was important because of the high valuation of the community on the company's shares, which would be followed by the high level of prosperity of shareholders. This study aimed to determine the effect of proxied liquidity through Current Asset and leverage proxied through the Debt to Equity Ratio of firm value proxied through Price to Book Value with profitability proxied through Return on Asset as an intervening variable. The study population were 144 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2018 with a total of 13 companies taken. The method of data analysis used path analysis by testing mediating variables using the sobel method. The results showed 1) Liquidity had a negative and significant effect on firm value. 2) Leverage had a negative and significant effect on firm value. 3) Liquidity did not affect profitability. 4) Leverage had a negative and significant effect on profitability. 5) Profitability has a positive effect on company value. 6) Profitability did not mediate the effect of liquidity and leverage on firm value.

FPGA Based Bone Fracture Detector

Medical imaging was existed as a new domain of research for the treatment of images that can be easily improved, cut and exposed. The proposed technique aims at detecting the objects’ boundaries of noisy images by means of the information on the images of X-ray. Since medical images are made up of noise, and since the edges of the bone make it difficult to detect, edge detection technology has been a key tool in discovering and improving these edges. The edges are changes in the intensity of the lighting of the image. Among several methods for edge detection, the Sobel method is used in this research paper as it is the most famous operator used in the algorithms of detection edges. The algorithms of image processing have been confined to the implementation of slow software due to the limited speed of the processor. As such, a dedicated processor for edge detection was designed and implemented. The results were compared with those arrived at by MATLAB. They were found out to be the same as those of implementation on FPGA which showed the way that Sobel edge detection can assist in determining the location of the fractures in X-ray images. A speedup of approximately 153.8586 can be obtained by Spartan3E FPGA XC3S500E kit system over the software implementation.

Edge detection methods and key parameters study

Edge is essential for diverse vision processing tasks and it constitutes a crucial part in the image of objects. There has already been a huge amount of researches about edge detection algorithms. The Canny method and the Sobel method are the most widely used techniques because of their relative advantages. Some parameters can drastically affect the performance and results of the two methods, which will be discussed in this paper. In addition, noise is also a factor affecting the number of the extracted edges. Experiment results have demonstrated that the noise filter will achieve better edge detection performance. Further improvements with suitable parameters of different applications for the two methods are possible.

Application of Fractals to Detect Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of death among women. Small clusters of micro calcifications appearing as collection of white spots on mammograms show an early warning of breast cancer. Image segmentation is an important element of Digital Image processing that subdivides the image into discrete regions/objects, each identified by the property of homogeneity of pixels. X-ray mammography is used as diagnostic tool for diagnosis of breast cancer. Edge detection of micro calcification clusters in mammogram images is the main issue of early detection of breast cancer. Fractals are of rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is a reduced similar of the whole. Fractal dimension and Hurst exponent are used to locate the micro calcifications in the mammogram. The concept of fractal is associated with geometrical objects satisfying criteria such as self-similarity and fractal dimensionality. Present method of edge detection is superior compared to conventional Sobel method, in which detection of edges of the regions or objects in an image takes place by the Fudge factor. The paper presents the application of fractals for early detection of breast cancer.

Segmentasi Citra Medis untuk Deteksi Objek FAM pada Payudara Menggunakan Metode Sobel

Fibroa Adenoma Mammae (FAM) or called a benign tumor is the most common tumor found in the breast, often this disease is considered as breast cancer by some laymen, but this disease is different from cancer because Fibroadenoma (FAM) can grow in all parts of the breast, In identifying FAM, doctors or radiologists usually have to analyze carefully the images of Magnetic Resonance stored in the format of Digital Imaging Communication In Medicine (DICOM). This process is certainly quite time consuming. Thus the author feels the need to create a digital image processing application to help doctors or radiologists identify FAM in the breast by utilizing the segmentation process in medical images of USG results using the Sobel method. This method performs the original image segmentation process by detecting the edges of the image then the segmentation results are converted into binary images so the system can determine the FAM area. Medical image segmentation using the Sobel method is good for determining the edges of FAM objects because the edges can be clearly seen but for some image images with less resolution as previously tested, edge detection will be difficult to determine the edges of smooth objects and only form lines rough edges.

Implementation of Sobel Method Based Edge Detection for Flower Image Segmentation

Edge detection is the first step to cover information in the image. The edges characterize the boundaries of objects and therefore edges are useful for the process of segmentation and identification in the image. The purpose of edge detection is to increase the appearance of the boundary line of the object in the image. The sobel method is a method that uses two kernels measuring 3x3 pixels for gradient calculations so that the estimate gradient is right in the middle of the window. Digital image processing aims to manipulate image data and analyze an image with the help of a computer. Matlab is made to facilitate the use of two collections of subroutines in the fortran library, linpack and eispack, in handling matrix computing, and develops into an interactive system as a programming language. Experimental results from the input image research, namely the flower image have different MSE values because each input image has a different pixel value

Comparison of Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization for Image Edge Detection of Leaves Bone Structure

Leaf bone structure has a characteristic that can be used as a reference in digital image processing. One form of digital image processing is image edge detection. Edge detection is the process of extracting edge information from an image. In this research, Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is proposed for edge image detection of leaf bone structure. The Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization method is a modification of Ant Colony Optimization, in which the initial an ant dissemination process is no longer random, but it is done by a pixel placement process that allows for an edge based on the value of the image gradient. As a comparison also performed edge detection using Robert and Sobel method. Based on the experiments performed, Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is capable of producing more detailed image edge detection and has thicker borders than others. Keywords: edge detection, ant colony optimization, robert, sobel

DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD OF INDIRECT STEGANOGRAPHIC DATA HIDING IN THE CONTAINER IMAGE CONTOUR

The article discusses issues related to the use of methods of digital steganography for information security in systems of critical appointment. The advantages of using data embedding in an image container are shown. The main disadvantages of the existing methods of embedding in the image container are given. The issues of JPEG image compression for digital steganography are described. The allocation of stable regions in the attacking effects on the basis of the moving mask is proposed. The mathematical apparatus for masking images by the Sobel method is shown. The indirect steganography method of hiding data in blocks which contain information about the circuit is developed.

Studi Perbandingan Pengenalan Karakter Aksara Lampung Dengan Metode Deteksi Tepi Roberts dan Sobel

Budaya aksara Lampung pada saat ini sudah jarang digunakan sehingga terancam punah. Untuk melestarikan budaya tersebut, maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai huruf aksara Lampung secara digital dengan metode pengolahan citra dan pengenalan pola. Pada penelitian ini, terbagi menjadi dua tahap yaitu tahap pelatihan dan tahap pengujian. Pada tahap pelatihan dilakukan pengolahan citra dan pelatihan jaringan saraf tiruan (JST) backpropagation. Salah satu tahapan dalam pengolahan citra adalah deteksi tepi. Dalam menganalisis karakter huruf aksara Lampung menggunakan metode deteksi tepi untuk melihat pola garis huruf tersebut. Metode pengolahan citra yang digunakan dalam mendeteksi tepi citra adalah metode deteksi tepi Roberts dan metode deteksi tepi Sobel. Hasil pengolahan citra akan masuk ke tahap pelatihan JST. Bobot yang didapat dari pelatihan kemudian akan digunakan pada tahap pengujian. Metode Sobel dapat mengenali karakter aksara Lampung lebih baik, dimana hasil dari pengujian karakter aksara Lampung memberikan nilai presentase error sebesar 28.5% dengan metode deteksi Roberts dan 14.5% dengan metode deteksi Sobel.

Edge Detection to Indication Brain Tumor Using Sobel and Morphological Operations Methods Based on Image Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Brain tumors are the second leading cause of death in the world in children under 20, scientists and researchers are developing applications to react brain tumors based on magnetic resonance imaging images. In this application the method used is sobel and morphological operations. Based on research conducted on brain tumor edge detection based on magnetic resonance imaging image, sobel method can reduce the noise contained in the image mri and can localize the edge of the image of Magnetic Resonance Imaging well. This research can conclude that the sobel method is suitable for edge detection but there is still some unprocessed noise, with the results of the brain imaging of 30 test images have 60% percentage, while for the use of edge detection method of 62.11%.