So-called Type Research Articles

Eneolithic grave with vessels of the so-called milk jug type from Zakrzowiec, site 7, Wieliczka district, Lesser Poland

In 2005, during rescue archaeological excavations preceding the building of the A-4 motorway, at site no. 7 in Zakrzowiec, Wieliczka district, an object interpreted as a grave of the Wyciąże-Złotniki group of the Lengyel-Polgár complex was discovered. A human skeleton has not been preserved. The grave furnishings consisted of two amphorae of the “milk jug” type (German term: milchtopf, Hungarian term: tejesköcsög). Vessels of this type belong to the basic taxonomic distinction of the Wyciąże-Złotniki group and are known from both graves and settlement sites. One of the vessels from the grave in Zakrzowiec has a unique decoration in the form of Scheibenhenkel type handles and a circumferential zigzag pattern formed of short engraved lines. This is the first such decoration on “milk jug” type amphorae known from the Lesser Poland region.

Blue supergiants as a progenitor of intermediate-luminosity red transients

Abstract The current perspective about the explosions of massive hydrogen-rich blue supergiants is that they resemble SN 1987A. These so-called peculiar Type II supernovae, however, are one of the rarest types of supernovae and may not hence be the fate of all blue supergiants. In this work, we explore other explosion scenarios for blue supergiants. We create synthetic light curves from the explosions of blue supergiant models born from binary mergers, over a range of explosion energies and $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ masses. We find that blue supergiant explosions may also lead to intermediate-luminosity red transients. We thus identify two categories of supernovae possible from blue supergiant explosions: those with high $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ masses ($\gtrsim$0.01 ${M}_\odot$) result in slow-rising, dome-shaped light curves like SN 1987A. Lower $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ masses result in low-luminosity, short-plateau light curves resembling some intermediate-luminosity red transients and Type II supernovae like SN 2008bp, which are possible from the explosions of compact blue supergiants and not from the far more extended red supergiants. Our results indicate that blue supergiant explosions are more diverse than SN 1987A-like events and may be hidden among different kinds of transients, explaining the possible discrepancies between the expected fraction of blue supergiants born from binary mergers and the observed fraction of SN 1987A-like supernovae.

Modelling non-radially propagating coronal mass ejections and forecasting the time of their arrival at Earth

We present the study of two solar eruptive events observed on December 7 2020 and October 28 2021. Both events were associated with full halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flares. These events were chosen because they show a strong non-radial direction of propagation in the low corona and their main propagation direction observed in the inner heliosphere is not fully aligned with the Sun-Earth line. This characteristic makes them suitable for our study, which aims to inspect how the non-radial direction of propagation in the low corona affects the time of CMEs’ arrival at Earth. We reconstructed the CMEs using SOHO/LASCO and STEREO/COR observations and modelled them with the 3D MHD model EUHFORIA and the cone model for CMEs. In order to compare the accuracy of forecasting the CME and the CME-driven shock arrival time at Earth obtained from different methods, we also used so-called type II bursts, radio signatures of associated shocks, to find the velocities of the CME-driven shocks and forecast the time of their arrival at Earth. Additionally, we estimated the CME arrival time using the 2D CME velocity obtained from the white light images. Our results show that the lowest accuracy of estimated CME Earth arrival times is found when the 2D CME velocity is used (time difference between observed and modelled arrival time, Δt ≈ −29 h and −39 h, for the two studied events, respectively). The velocity of the type II radio bursts provides somewhat better – but still not very accurate – results (Δt ≈ +21 h and −29 h, for the two studied events, respectively). Employing, as an input to EUHFORIA, the CME parameters obtained from the graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) fittings at consequently increasing heights, results in a strongly improved accuracy of the modelled CME and shock arrival time; Δt changes from 20 h to 10 min in the case of the first event, and from 12 h to 30 min in the case of the second one. This improvement shows that when we increased the heights of the GCS reconstruction we accounted for the change in the propagation direction of the studied CMEs, which allowed us to accurately model the CME flank encounter at Earth. Our results show the great importance of the change in the direction of propagation of the CME in the low corona when modelling CMEs and estimating the time of their arrival at Earth.

ЗАКОН ОБ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ ОБЪЕДИНЕННОГО ТИПА: ВЗГЛЯД ПАРЛАМЕНТАРИЯ

Federal Law No. 126-FZ of May 29, 2024 “On Amendments to Article 6 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Institutions and Bodies of the Penal Enforcement System of the Russian Federation”” provides for the creation of institutions of a combined, so-called hybrid type. It is planned to concentrate correctional institutions and pre-trial detention facilities in a single center, modernize and unify existing technologies in the field of regime maintenance and development of the production sector, as well as provide a reasonable approach to creating conditions for the detention of convicts, suspects and accused. Correctional institutions of the combined type are beneficial to the state, since the organizational and financial costs of moving convicts and escorting them are reduced; the efficiency of logistical support of the institution is increased; forces and means for the protection of convicts are being saved; it is possible to create modern production facilities that could employ all categories of convicts, while solving the problem of eliminating dilapidated facilities in order to improve the conditions of detention of convicts, suspects and accused. The article discusses some problematic issues that will have to be taken into account when implementing the reform. The main thing is the additional allocation of material and financial resources for the construction of centers or the reconstruction of old institutions; the creation of a modern socio-economic environment for employees working in the institution and their family members; a new type of head will be required, the expansion of staff with high qualifications, knowledge, skills and relevant experience; it is necessary to ensure the isolation of various categories of convicts, security and maintenance of the regime. The ambiguous attitude of local residents towards such construction should also be taken into account. The opinion that educational colonies, medical correctional institutions and detention houses could also be located in joint- type institutions was not supported by deputies of the State Duma. Nevertheless, this issue is not completely closed. It is subject to broader discussion with the participation of specialists, including on the pages of this journal, which may allow the relevant draft law to be submitted to the State Duma.

Operando study of the dynamic evolution of multiple Fe-rich intermetallics of an Al recycled alloy in solidification by synchrotron X-ray and machine learning

Using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, tomography and machine-learning enabled phase segmentation strategy, we have studied under operando conditions the nucleation, co-growth and dynamic interplays among the dendritic and multiple intermetallic phases of a typical recycled Al alloy (Al5Cu1.5Fe1Si, wt.%) in solidification with and without ultrasound. The research has revealed and elucidated the underlying mechanisms that drive the formation of the very complex and convoluted Fe-rich phases with rhombic dodecahedron and 3D skeleton networks (the so-called Chinese-script type morphology). Through statistical microstructural analyses and numerical modelling of the ultrasound melt processing, the research has demonstrated that a short period of ultrasound processing of just 7 s in the liquid state is able to reduce the average size of the α-Al dendrites and the Fe-containing intermetallic phases by ∼5 times compared to the cases without ultrasound. For the first time, this work has revealed fully the nucleation and growth dynamics of the convoluted morphology of the Fe-containing intermetallic phases in 4D domain. The research has also demonstrated clearly the beneficial effects of applying ultrasound to control the Fe phases' morphology in recycled Al alloys and it is one of the most effective and green processing strategies.

Analysis of Tapered Fibre Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Bio-Sensor Chip With Highly Perturbed Taper Profiles.

A numerical model based on the Transfer matrix method (TMM) is proposed for the first time to study the gold coated tapered fibre optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with eight different types of taper profiles namely linear, exponential-linear, Gaussian, quadratic, sinusoidal, error function type and highly perturbed taper profile so-called chirp type of profile. The performance in terms of sensitivity, full width at half maximum (FWHM), detection accuracy (D.A.), amplitude dip, and half power points are estimated with respect to tapering ratio and choices of taper profile. It is found that sensitivity increased almost linearly with the taper ratio of each taper choice for the account of the reduction of detection accuracy. It has been found that sensitivity is highest for the case of chirp taper profile and lowest for the case of quadratic taper profile at low taper ratio. In this study, the aqueous solution is considered for sensor development which is adulterated by biomolecules species like DNA, blood samples, etc.

Complex rehabilitation program for children, suffering for hypertensive vegetative-vascular dystonia and its efficiency estimation

The prevalence of vegetative-vascular (neuro-circulatory) dystonia of the hypertensive type in children has recently been observed. The so-called constitutional type of VVD can occur under hormonal changes; it also could be caused by central nervous system serious disorders, due to post-infectious diseases as well as addiction to alcohol and tonic drinks. The signs of VVD in adults and children are practically the same. The predominant symptom is vasoconstriction, whereby the body reacts with an increase in blood pressure. The aim of the study is to develop a set of rehabilitation methods using health aerobics classes for children aged 14–16 with hypertensive vegetative-vascular dystonia and to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive physical rehabilitation program. The study involved 21 adolescent children. In the course of study there were applied empirical, sociological, clinical, instrumental and mathematical statistics research methods, that contributed to solving the problem through the development of an integrated program of physical rehabilitation for children aged 14–16 with hypertensive vegetative-vascular dystonia using recreational aerobics. There was also studied the effect of this program on the cardiorespiratory system and physical performance on the basis of the results obtained. Outcomes. The results of the study made it possible to ascertain that children who underwent a rehabilitation course in accordance with the program developed, recorded significant positive changes in the cardiorespiratory system, which was determined in terms of heart rate and blood pressure measurement, and the general adaptive capacity of the body, which was estimated using the Rufier functional test and step test.

Seromucinous borderline tumor-associated high-grade ovarian cancers

We present 6 high grade ovarian carcinomas that were associated with seromucinous borderline tumors. Patients ranged in age from 26 to 66 years. All cancers appeared as solid regions within otherwise paucicystic tumors that measured from 4.2 cm to 14.0 cm in greatest dimension. Five of the 6 tumors were bilateral, and endometriosis was seen in 4 of the tumors. Clinical data, with follow up periods ranging from 0 to 40 months, was available for all patients. Four patients died of their disease and two had recurrent disease at the time of this review. All tumors exhibited a low-grade carcinoma component, which is consistent with ovarian cancers developing in a progressive adenoma to carcinoma sequence (so-called type I ovarian cancers). Two of the associated low-grade/borderline tumors had focal serous characteristics with WT1+ epithelial cell clustering. High-grade tumors exhibited an array of cell types expressing endometrioid, undifferentiated, serous, clear cell, and mucinous features that were at times mixed within the same tumor. Five cancers were focally WT1+; two showed admixed lowgrade serous features and one showed a high-grade serous adenocarcinoma with transitional features. Two cancers had mucinous features (one with focal CK20 and CDX2 immunohistochemical staining and one only with focal CDX2 immunohistochemical staining). All the high-grade tumors showed a mutated-pattern of p53 nuclear staining with >75% 2-3+ staining. We conclude that seromucinous borderline tumors need to be extensively sampled. Cyst wall membrane rolls are important to evaluate since they may reveal persisting endometriosis and solid regions most likely harbor a high-grade tumor. Identifying high-grade cancer within a seromucinous borderline tumor is important because, although seromucinous borderline tumors and their oftassociated low-grade endometrioid cancers have favorable outcomes, tumors harboring a high-grade component are aggressive and may eventuate in patient death.

Surface acoustic waves in laterally periodic superlattices

The existence of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) is studied in laterally periodic superlattices, modelled as an anisotropic elastic half-space with an arbitrary periodic variation of its material properties along the stratification direction (call it X) parallel to the surface. Unlike a homogeneous half-space, such a structure allows for more than one (dispersive) SAW. Specifically, it is shown that any superlattice with a generic shape of periodicity profile admits at most three SAW dispersion branches ω(Kx), i.e., at most three different SAW frequencies at any fixed Bloch wavenumber Kx. Moreover, the total number of SAWs at fixed Kx in a pair of superlattices with periodicity profiles obtained from one another by the inversion of the axis X cannot exceed three either. At least one SAW branch must exist in one of these two superlattices unless the bulk-wave threshold is the so-called exceptional (i.e., admits surface skimming wave). The SAW branch is unique in the particular case of a superlattice invariant to the inversion X→−X. The above general results are illustrated by the perturbation theory derivations for the weakly modulated superlattices. Explicit leading-order formulas are obtained for the quasi-Rayleigh wave branch evolving from the Rayleigh wave in each of the mutually ”inverse” superlattices and for the quasibulk wave branch evolving from the exceptional bulk-wave threshold in one of the superlattices.

Omega Invariant of Complement Graphs and Nordhaus-Gaddum Type Results.

The study aimed to obtain relationships between the omega invariants of a graph and its complement. We used some graph parameters, including the cyclomatic numbers, number of components, maximum number of components, order, and size of both graphs G and G. Also, we used triangular numbers to obtain our results related to the cyclomatic numbers and omega invariants of G and G. Several bounds for the above graph parameters have been obtained by the direct application of the omega invariant. We used combinatorial and graph theoretical methods to study formulae, relations, and bounds on the omega invariant, the number of faces, and the number of compo-nents of all realizations of a given degree sequence. Especially so-called Nordhaus-Gaddum type resulted in our calculations. In these calculations, the triangular numbers less than a given number play an important role. Quadratic equations and inequalities are intensively used. Several relations between the size and order of the graph have been utilized in this study. In this paper, we have obtained relationships between the omega invariants of a graph and its complement in terms of several graph parameters, such as the cyclomatic numbers, number of components, maximum number of components, order, and size of G and G, and triangular numbers. Some relationships between the omega invariants of a graph and its complement have been obtained.

Analysis of MicroRNA-371-373 supports that a subset of spermatocytic tumors demonstrates biologic features similar to those of GCNIS-derived germ cell tumors

Spermatocytic tumors are rare testicular tumors occurring predominantly in older men. Most show a classical tripartite morphology (different from seminoma) and are benign. However, well-documented cases of malignant spermatocytic tumors exist. Our previous work showed that a subset of spermatocytic tumors exhibiting TP53 mutations, DNA methylation profiles closer to seminomas, and/or gains in chromosome 12p exhibited aggressive characteristics, including sarcomatoid transformation and metastatic dissemination. The microRNA-371-373 cluster is a promising biomarker which is upregulated in non-teratoma germ cell tumors with malignant behavior. In this work we analyze microRNAs-371-373 b y quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in 18 spermatocytic tumors representative of the whole clinical spectrum, including 6 with aggressive features (sarcomatoid transformation, metastases, or gains in chromosome 12p). The levels of microRNAs-371-373 were significantly higher in non-teratoma germ cell tumors compared to spermatocytic tumors, overall (p < 0.0001). Importantly, levels of microRNA-371-373 were higher in spermatocytic tumors with aggressive features compared to non-aggressive neoplasms. The highest levels were observed in one tumor showing isochromosome 12p. These results further support our previous findings that a subset of spermatocytic tumors are intermediate between so-called type II and type III germ cell tumors and that embryonic microRNAs play a role in aggressive behavior in spermatocytic tumors. Accordingly, this subset of tumors may behave aggressively and require close follow up. In the future, this opens an opportunity for microRNA testing in serum of spermatocytic tumor patients for risk stratification purposes.

Optimal path shape of friction-based Track-Nonlinear Energy Sinks to minimize lifecycle costs of buildings subjected to ground accelerations

Track Nonlinear Energy Sinks (T-NES) are Pendulum Tuned Mass Dampers (PTMDs) whose nonlinear restoring forces are obtained from curved path shapes. They combine the abilities of traditional spring-based NESs with the operational advantages of PTMDs. T-NES can resonate with broad frequency content, becoming effective even under damage to the host structure originating from strong ground motions. In the published literature, the integration of Friction Dampers (FDs) into T-NESs (so-called T-NES Type II) has only been studied on PTMDs with circular tracks, and in deterministic settings. Herein, a novel Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO) procedure is presented to find the optimal track shape of T-NES Type II in buildings subjected to earthquakes. The objective is to minimize expected life-cycle damage costs corresponding to slight damage, moderate damage, and extensive damage limit states. A set of rational functions encompassing a wide range of generic curvatures is constructed to describe the T-NES track shape. The nonlinear description is used for restoring force and also in the dissipative mechanism. The case study is a medium-rise building located in Chile. The results indicate that, for the studied building, the optimal path is multimodal, and quite different track profiles can significantly reduce oscillation of the host structure.

Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand?

Type I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance towards the corresponding allergen(s). However, conventional AIT has certain drawbacks, including long treatment durations, the risk of inducing allergic side effects, and the fact that allergens by themselves have a rather low immunogenicity. To improve AIT, adjuvants can be a powerful tool not only to increase the immunogenicity of co-applied allergens but also to induce the desired immune activation, such as promoting allergen-specific Th1- or regulatory responses. This review summarizes the knowledge on adjuvants currently approved for use in human AIT: aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and MPLA, as well as novel adjuvants that have been studied in recent years: oil-in-water emulsions, virus-like particles, viral components, carbohydrate-based adjuvants (QS-21, glucans, and mannan) and TLR-ligands (flagellin and CpG-ODN). The investigated adjuvants show distinct properties, such as prolonging allergen release at the injection site, inducing allergen-specific IgG production while also reducing IgE levels, as well as promoting differentiation and activation of different immune cells. In the future, better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of these adjuvants in clinical settings may help us to improve AIT.

New discrete trigonometric distributions: estimation with application to count data

ABSTRACT In this research, we contribute to the development of original discrete distributions for count data analysis. We elaborate four new and different discrete trigonometric distributions with two parameters based on a discretization of the so-called sin-Weibull, cos-Weibull, tan-Weibull, and type II tan-Weibull distributions. We investigate the advantages of the proposed distributions and their trigonometric nature for capturing count data. In particular, some fundamental distributional properties of the discrete sin-Weibull distribution are derived. Subsequently, we turn it into a statistical model. Parameter estimation by the maximum likelihood and proportion of zeros and ones methods are then discussed. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate some frequentist properties of the developed methodology. As the study focuses mainly on the practical aspect, the applicability of the proposed models is evaluated using real-count datasets from various fields.

Three-component contour dynamics model to simulate and analyze amoeboid cell motility in two dimensions.

Amoeboid cell motility is relevant in a wide variety of biomedical processes such as wound healing, cancer metastasis, and embryonic morphogenesis. It is characterized by pronounced changes of the cell shape associated with expansions and retractions of the cell membrane, which result in a crawling kind of locomotion. Despite existing computational models of amoeboid motion, the inference of expansion and retraction components of individual cells, the corresponding classification of cells, and the a priori specification of the parameter regime to achieve a specific motility behavior remain challenging open problems. We propose a novel model of the spatio-temporal evolution of two-dimensional cell contours comprising three biophysiologically motivated components: a stochastic term accounting for membrane protrusions and two deterministic terms accounting for membrane retractions by regularizing the shape and area of the contour. Mathematically, these correspond to the intensity of a self-exciting Poisson point process, the area-preserving curve-shortening flow, and an area adjustment flow. The model is used to generate contour data for a variety of qualitatively different, e.g., polarized and non-polarized, cell tracks that visually resemble experimental data very closely. In application to experimental cell tracks, we inferred the protrusion component and examined its correlation to common biomarkers: the F-actin density close to the membrane and its local motion. Due to the low model complexity, parameter estimation is fast, straightforward, and offers a simple way to classify contour dynamics based on two locomotion types: the amoeboid and a so-called fan-shaped type. For both types, we use cell tracks segmented from fluorescence imaging data of the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum. An implementation of the model is provided within the open-source software package AmoePy, a Python-based toolbox for analyzing and simulating amoeboid cell motility.

Self-interacting diffusions: Long-time behaviour and exit-problem in the uniformly convex case

We study a class of time-inhomogeneous diffusion: the self-interacting one. We show a convergence result with a rate of convergence that does not depend on the diffusion coefficient. Finally, we establish a so-called Kramers’ type law for the first exit-time of the process from domain of attractions when the landscapes are uniformly convex.

Analytical and numerical analyses of a viscous strain gradient problem involving type Ⅱ thermoelasticity

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper, a thermoelastic problem involving a viscous strain gradient beam is considered from the analytical and numerical points of view. The so-called type Ⅱ thermal law is used to model the heat conduction and two possible dissipation mechanisms are introduced in the mechanical part, which is considered for the first time within strain gradient theory. An existence and uniqueness result is proved by using semigroup arguments, and the exponential energy decay is obtained. The lack of differentiability for the semigroup of contractions is also shown. Then, fully discrete approximations are introduced by using the finite element method and the backward time scheme, for which a discrete stability property and a priori error estimates are proved. The linear convergence is derived under suitable additional regularity conditions. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the approximations and the behavior of the discrete energy decay.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

Stochastic motion under nonlinear friction representing shear thinning.

We study stochastic motion under a nonlinear frictional force that levels off with increasing velocity. Specifically, our frictional force is of the so-called Coulomb-tanh type. At small speed, it increases approximately linearly with velocity, while at large speed, it approaches a constant magnitude, similarly to solid (dry, Coulomb) friction. In one spatial dimension, a formal analogy between the associated Fokker-Planck equationand the Schrödinger equationfor a quantum mechanical oscillator in a nonharmonic Pöschl-Teller potential is revealed. Then, the stationary velocity statistics can be treated analytically. From such analytical considerations, we determine associated diffusion coefficients, which we confirm by agent-based simulations. Moreover, from such simulations and from numerically solving the associated Fokker-Planck equation, we find that the spatial distribution function, starting from an initial Gaussian shape, develops tails that appear exponential at intermediate timescales. At small magnitudes of stochastic driving, the velocity distribution resembles the case of linear friction, while at large magnitudes, it rather approaches the case of solid (dry, Coulomb) friction. The same is true for diffusion coefficients. In a certain sense thus interpolating between the two extreme cases of linear friction and solid (dry, Coulomb) friction, our approach should be useful to describe several cases of practical relevance. For instance, a reduced increase in friction with increasing relative speed is typical of shear-thinning behavior. Therefore, driven motion in shear-thinning environments is one specific example to which our description may be applied.

Ground-penetrating radar as a tool for determining the interface between temperate and cold ice, and snow depth: a case study for Hurd-Johnsons glaciers, Livingston Island, Antarctica

Abstract We analyze the internal structure of two polythermal glaciers, Hurd and Johnsons, located on Livingston Island, Antarctica, using 200 and 750 MHz GPR data collected in 2003/04, 2008/09 and 2016/17 field campaigns. Based on the different permittivities of snow and ice, we determined the thickness distribution of the end-of winter snow cover and of the cold ice layer. Their knowledge is fundamental for mass balance and glacier dynamics studies due to the different densities and rheological properties of such media. The average measured thicknesses for the snow and cold ice layers (the latter including the snow layer) were of 1.44 ± 0.09 and 29.1 ± 1.5 m, and their corresponding maxima were of 2.45 ± 0.21 and 80.8 ± 2.5 m. GPR snow profiling allowed for extension of the coverage of the snow thickness survey, but added little information to that supplied by snow pits, stake readings and manual snow probing, because of the multiplicity of reflections within the seasonal snowpack caused by internal ice layers and lenses. The polythermal structure determined for Hurd Glacier fits into the so-called Scandinavian type, seldom reported for the Antarctic region.

Tuning Interlayer Exciton Emission with TMD Alloys in van der Waals Heterobilayers of Mo0.5W0.5Se2 and Its Binary Counterparts.

Semiconductor heterostructures have been the backbone of developments in electronic and optoelectronic devices. One class of structures of interest is the so-called type II band alignment, in which optically excited electrons and holes relax into different material layers. The unique properties observed in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and the possibility to engineer van der Waals heterostructures make them candidates for future high-tech devices. In these structures, electronic, optical, and magnetic properties can be tuned through the interlayer coupling, thereby opening avenues for developing new functional materials. We report the possibility of explicitly tuning the emission of interlayer exciton energies in the binary-ternary heterobilayer of Mo0.5W0.5Se2 with MoSe2 and WSe2. The respective interlayer energies of 1.516 eV and 1.490 eV were observed from low-temperature photoluminescence measurements for the MoSe2- and WSe2- based heterostructures, respectively. These interlayer emission energies are above those reported for MoSe2/WSe2 (≃1.30-1.45 eV). Consequently, binary-ternary heterostructure systems offer an extended energy range and tailored emission energies not accessible with the binary counterparts. Moreover, even though Mo0.5W0.5Se2 and MoSe2 have almost similar optical gaps, their band offsets are different, resulting in charge transfer between the monolayers following the optical excitation. Thus, confirming TMDs alloys can be used to tune the band-offsets, which adds another design parameter for application-specific optoelectronic devices.