So-called Equalization Research Articles

MEN IN LANGUAGE TEACHING TO CHILDREN

This study was born from the need to address a subject that has gained more and more space in the school environment, however, little has actually been discussed about it. It is understood that the presence of male teachers working in language teaching and in the initial grades is still something new for most of society, which is why this discussion is so necessary. In this way, we seek to take a small step towards the so-called equality that is preached and not lived. So, the general objective of this study is to verify how the choice to work in basic education can generate problems for the man who starts his career in teaching. How far can social prejudice harm those who decide to pursue a career in teaching. The methodology chosen to carry out this study is bibliographical research, in which the bases to guide this work were sought in the existing literature. It is concluded that much still needs to be done so that men can actually gain recognition and space within the school environment for their performance as professionals and not just for their gender.

The Soninke Civilization: The Social Mutations of the Contemporary <i>Soninkara</i>

In this paper, the author aims to study the causes of the social mutations of the Soninke society form the colonial epoch to the present day. In fact, we have noticed that the western colonization which symbolizes a huge cultural aggression against the African societies in general, has brought about big transformations in Africa in general and in Soninkara particularly. Since this historical event, the society of the Soninke people has been undergoing a huge cultural influence of the whites through the capitalist system, the French school and the modernism. The traditions and the way of life of the Soninke people keep changing under a bad contamination of the modern Western civilization characterized especially by liberty (freedom of speech and opinion) and a so-called equality between the individuals. And things have started falling apart in Soninkara hence the social conflicts and the loss of good values.

Islamic Macroeconomics-A New Paradigm

This research discusses a new paradigm in Islamic macroeconomics, where conventional macroeconomic instruments, namely interest, have not been able to carry out or reduce the number of national crises that often occur in Indonesia. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with a Literature review approach. The results of the research obtained, that Islamic macroeconomics have instruments that can flatten the economy, where the instrument in question is the instrument of the profit sharing system. In the profit-sharing system, there is no imbalance on the road, everything must be transparent and must work together, so that the results obtained are maximum. Likewise with losses, if losses are presented, it is not only borne by one party, but both parties must also bear. This is the so-called equality in the economy which is a new paradigm in the Macro-Islamic system.

Gender equality, paid and unpaid care and domestic work: Disadvantages of state-supported marketization of care and domestic work

Gender inequality, caused by the unequal distribution of unpaid care and domestic work between genders, has been a major feminist issue for a long time. This article demonstrates that so-called gender equality policies, which aim to reduce the burden of women’s unpaid care and domestic work through the state-supported marketization of these services, create a vulnerable group of under-paid care and domestic workers. Such policies widen income gap between women who can purchase these services and those who cannot. I will propose feminist initiatives for gender equality that address these problems

From authoritarianism to emancipation. About the dangerous areas of relationship between the probation officer and the ward

In the article I discuss the problem of the specificity of the relationship between the probation officer and the ward. I analyze different pedagogical approaches and discuss their positive and negative aspects. I put forward a thesis that the most developmental relationships are those based on a critical and emancipatory approach. They are demanding for both parties to interaction and force them to engage. The main danger of relationships based on this approach is the risk of falling into the so-called equality traps due to the existence of a situation of equality between entities whose legally defined relationship is hierarchical.

Ten Harms of the “Equality” Act

On May 17, 2019, the United States House of Representatives passed the Equality Act by a vote of 236 to 173. This bill is touted by supporters as a necessary measure to protect individuals from unjust discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. Yet, when one reads the bill it very quickly becomes evident that it goes far beyond this stated claim. There are many harms that arise from the so-called Equality Act.

Intra-Provincial Fiscal Disparities and the Role of the Provincial Fiscal Transfer System in China: A Case Study of Henan Province

This study seeks to explore intra-provincial fiscal disparities at the county level in Henan province and the extent to which the undesirable fiscal inequalities can be traced to the provincial fiscal transfer system. By employing the extended two-step Gini coefficient decomposition techniques, this study finds that only general-purpose transfers have an equalization effect, while both tax rebates and specific-purpose transfers have anti-equalization effects. in addition, the size of the general-purpose transfers ‘ equalization effect is too limited to mitigate the overall anti-equalization effect of total transfers. It also finds that so-called equalization transfers have not shown stronger equalization effects than other general-purpose transfers; tax rebates’ anti-equalization effect is limited, but specific-purpose transfers’ anti-equalization effect is significant due to its rapid growth during the study period of 2001–2011. the findings imply the important role of provincial policies in intra-provincial fiscal equalization in China.

Kinetic models of collective decision-making in the presence of equality bias

We introduce and discuss kinetic models describing the influence of the competence in the evolution of decisions in a multi-agent system. The original exchange mechanism, which is based on the human tendency to compromise and change opinion through self-thinking, is here modified to include the role of the agents' competence. In particular, we take into account the agents' tendency to behave in the same way as if they were as good, or as bad, as their partner: the so-called equality bias. This occurred in a situation where a wide gap separated the competence of group members. We discuss the main properties of the kinetic models and numerically investigate some examples of collective decision under the influence of the equality bias. The results confirm that the equality bias leads the group to suboptimal decisions.

Dividend Taxes and Decisions of MNEs: Evidence from a Finnish Tax Reform

In this study, we explore how a firm-level dividend tax on redistributed foreign profits affects the financial decisions of a multinational enterprise (MNE). We examine this by using evidence from a recent tax reform in Finland. The so-called equalization tax (EQT) used to be a regular element of European imputation systems, designed to ensure that dividends were not paid out of untaxed profits. Theoretical analyses have suggested that EQT may distort several financial decisions of MNEs. We find a 23% increase in dividend payments and a similar increase in repatriated foreign profits after the repeal of EQT among Finnish MNEs. We also find evidence that the reported profits increased among foreign subsidiaries of Finnish MNEs, which indicates an effect on profit-shifting. No change in investment was detected.

Dividend Taxes and Decisions of MNEs: Evidence from a Finnish Tax Reform

In this study we explore how a firm-level dividend tax on redistributed foreign profits affects the financial decisions of a multinational enterprise (MNE). We examine this by using evidence from a recent tax reform in Finland. The so-called equalization tax (EQT) used to be a regular element of European imputation systems, designed to ensure that dividends were not paid out of untaxed profits. Theoretical analyses have suggested that EQT may distort several financial decisions of MNEs. We find a 23 percent increase in dividend payments and a similar increase in repatriated foreign profits after the repeal of EQT among Finnish MNEs. We also find evidence that the reported profits increased among foreign subsidiaries of Finnish MNEs, which indicates an effect on profit-shifting. No change in investment was detected.

Gender preference and its implications on reproductive behavior of mothers in a rural area of West Bengal

A sloka of Atharvaveda says, “The birth of a girl, grant it elsewhere. Here grant a son.” Thousands of years later, this saying stands very true in modern times as well, when, despite the so-called modernity, industrialization, literacy and equality, parents still pray thus.(1) One of the most significant features of the twentieth century has been the dramatic decline in fertility and explicit preference for smaller families in most parts of East and South Asia; this rather than reducing, has exacerbated the preference for a son, leading to an increased discrimination against daughters. The most disturbing and alarming aspect of the census report (2001) of India is the sharp fall in the sex ratio of children between the age of 0 and 6 years from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001. The adverse child sex ratio in the most prosperous states of the country is in a grim situation. The child sex ratio in states such as Punjab and Haryana, which have the highest per capita income, is as low as 793 and 820, respectively. The unfavorable ratio for the girl child (0–6 years) in the prosperous states of North India could be attributed to gender-selective abortion, thereby interrupting the natural course of reproduction. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the attitude of mothers toward their preference for the gender of children and its effect on their reproductive behavior.

Adaptive bit rate maximizing time-domain equalizer design for DMT-based systems

The classical discrete multitone receiver as used in, e.g., digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, combines a channel shortening time-domain equalizer (TEQ) with one-tap frequency-domain equalizers (FEQs). In a previous paper, the authors proposed a nonlinear bit rate maximizing (BM) TEQ design criterion and they have shown that the resulting BM-TEQ and the closely related BM per-group equalizers (PGEQs) approach the performance of the so-called per-tone equalizer (PTEQ). The PTEQ is an attractive alternative that provides a separate complex-valued equalizer for each active tone. In this paper, the authors show that the BM-TEQ and BM-PGEQ, despite their nonlinear cost criterion, can be designed adaptively, based on a recursive Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. This adaptive BM-TEQ/BM-PGEQ makes use of the same second-order statistics as the earlier presented recursive least-squares (RLS)-based adaptive PTEQ. A complete range of adaptive BM equalizers then opens up: the RLS-based adaptive PTEQ design is computationally efficient but involves a large number of equalizer taps; the adaptive BM-TEQ has a minimal number of equalizer taps at the expense of a larger design complexity; the adaptive BM-PGEQ has a similar design complexity as the BM-TEQ and an intermediate number of equalizer taps between the BM-TEQ and the PTEQ. These adaptive equalizers allow us to track variations of transmission channel and noise, which are typical of a DSL environment.

Interference of white light analyzed at the output of a birefringent crystal by a fibre-optic spectrometer

Spectral interference of white-light beams propagating through a dispersive birefringent crystal alone or in a tandem configuration with a Michelson interferometer is analyzed theoretically and experimentally, including the effect of a fibre-optic spectrometer. First, the spectral interference laws are expressed analytically under the condition of a Gaussian response function of a fibre-optic spectrometer and the effect of the limiting factors is specified. Second, the theoretical analysis is accompanied by two experiments employing a Michelson interferometer, a birefringent calcite crystal of two suitable thicknesses and a fibre-optic spectrometer. Within both experiments the interference fringes are resolved only in a narrow spectral range around the so-called equalization wavelength at which the overall group optical path difference between interfering beams is zero. Knowing dispersion and thicknesses of the calcite crystal along with the bandpass of the spectrometer, the theoretical spectral interferograms and equalization wavelengths are determined and good agreement with experiment is confirmed.

Measurements of birefringence dispersion and intermodal dispersion in a two-mode elliptical-core optical fibre using an interferometric method

Summary A spectral-domain white-light interferometric technique is used in measurement of the dispersion of the group modal birefringences for the LP01 and LP11 spatial modes in an elliptical-core optical fibre. The dispersion of the intermodal group optical path differences (OPDs) between the LP01 and LP11 modes of each polarization is also measured. The technique, which employs a low-resolution spectrometer at the output of a tandem configuration of a Michelson interferometer and a two-mode optical fibre, utilizes the resolving of so-called equalization wavelengths at which the OPD in the interferometer is the same as the differential or intermodal group OPD. The measured data are fitted to polynomials to obtain the dispersion of both the phase modal birefringences and the differences between propagation constants of two LP modes. The results obtained are compared with the results of an adequate theoretical analysis.

Dispersive white-light spectral two-beam interference under general measurement conditions

Summary Spectral-domain interference of two beams from a white-light source is analysed theoretically and experimentally when the effects of both dispersion in an interferometer and the response function of a spectrometer are taken into account. The spectral interference law is expressed analytically under the condition of a Gaussian response function of a spectrometer. The theoretical analysis is accompanied by experiments employing a dispersive Michelson interferometer and a low-resolution spectrometer. Two experiments with different amounts of dispersion in the Michelson interferometer are realized giving rise to the spectral interference fringes resolved only in the vicinity of the so-called equalization wavelength, at which the group optical path difference between interfering beams is zero. The recorded spectral interferograms are in good agreement with the theoretical ones, which are modelled knowing dispersion in the interferometer and the bandpass of the spectrometer.

A Super-Optimization Method for Four-Block Problems

This paper deals with a discrete time frequency domain approach to super-optimization of four-block problems via a dimension reduction and diagonalization technique based on the so-called equalizer principle, an optimality criterion associated with the polynomial approach to $\mathcal{H}^\infty $ -optimization by Kwakernaak. The reduction technique provides a hierarchical decomposition of the super-optimization problem into successive ordinary $\mathcal{H}^\infty $-optimization problems, one for each singular value to be minimized. The procedure allows computation of super-optimal solutions for a large class of four-block problems.

Equalizer principle of ℋ∞-optimal control and its application to super-optimization

Abstract A fundamental role in the equalizing approach ℋ∞ to optimal control is assumed by solutions which together with a related spectral density satisfy the so-called equalizer principle, a sufficient condition for minimality of the largest singular value. The paper gives a characterization of the equalizer principle, which in the one-block case leads to a close connection between the spectral density and the maximizing vectors of the Sarason-type operator associated with the problem. This extends via dimension reducing techniques the equalizing approach to a super-optimization procedure for the one-block problem.

Changes in Life-Course Patterns and Behavior of Three Cohorts of Italian Women

Gender was a central issue in the political and cultural debate in Italy during the 1970s. The introduction of divorce in 1970, the reform of family law and the legalization of contraception in 1975, the debate over abortion until it was partially legalized in 1978, the introduction of the so-called equality law with regard to employment opportunities in 1977, the development of child-care services for working mothers: all of these reforms resulted from the mobilization of the women's movement. They involved society at large in discussions about gender issues and gender relations. They also changed the legal and cultural framework in which successive cohorts of women came of age. Women who had grown up in a society in which contraception and abortion were illegal, divorce was not possible, and adultery by wives was severely punished had daughters and granddaughters who became adults in a period and political climate in which these rules were undergoing dramatic changes. It was a conflict-ridden process, highly charged both at the ethical-cultural and the political level, and it served as a source of

Human Rights – Universal Panacea? Some reflections on the so-called human rights of the third generation

The UNESCO Courier of November 1977 carried an article in which Karel Vasak, the Director of the Organization's Division of Human Rights and Peace, called for the recognition of a ‘third generation’ of human rights: solidarity rights. The idea of solidarity rights was not new, but Vasak was the first to attempt to provide these rights with a conceptually valid place in the whole catalogue of human rights. For this purpose, he chose an attractive and, at first sight, an appealing formula. He took as his starting point three basic concepts and three types of revolution. The first revolution was the French Revolution of 1789, with its motto, ‘Liberty, Equality, Fraternity’. In the course of this revolution it was, however, only the so-called freedom rights, the basic civil and political rights, which were actually realised. It was thanks to the Mexican and, in particular, the Russian Revolutions that a second generation of Human Rights gradually achieved universal recognition; these were the so-called equality rights: economic, social and cultural. We are currently experiencing a third revolution: the emancipation of colonized and dominated peoples, linked to total interdependence. One world or no world.

Transmission bandwidth of the two-mode fiber link

The transmission bandwidth of the two-mode fiber link is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that the experimental bandwidth as a function of wavelength is accurately predicted by using the individual fiber transfer functions and the mode conversion matrix at a splice. The bandwidth is maximized at the wavelength where the overall group delay time difference between the LP 01 and LP 11 modes becomes zero, showing the so-called modal equalization effect. It is experimentally certified that the 3 dB bandwidth over 2 GHz is obtained in the wide two-mode-propagation spectral region around 1.3 μm for 5.2 km long two-mode fiber link for the maximum output power launching condition, due to the relatively large attenuation of the LP 11 mode after long propagation.