SnO2 Nanocrystals Research Articles

Intense violet electroluminescence of thin SiO2 layers with SnO2 nanocrystals

It has been shown that Sn implantation with subsequent annealing in air leads to an increase in the electroluminescence (EL) intensity of SiO2/Si structure by two orders of magnitude. Intense violet EL with a maximum at 3.21 eV was observed at room temperature by the naked eye at forward bias. The observed emission was attributed to radiative recombination in SnO2 nanocrystals synthesized in SiO2 layers. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) increased with decreasing Sn concentration The maximum external quantum efficiency was found to be 0.7 % for the silica film Sn-implanted at the lowest fluence of 2.5 × 1016cm−2. The non-radiative charge transport (shunt current) through the sample and mechanism of EL excitation are discussed. It has been concluded that the Poole–Frenkel mechanism, or tunneling between traps are the most likely mechanisms of charge transport to light-emitting centers.

Preparation of the scattering layer based on SnO2 nanocrystals for dye sensitized solar cell application

Abstract In this work, SnO2 paste was prepared based on (0.1 and 0.12 g) of SnO2 nanoparticles. The SnO2 film was deposited using Screen printing and doctor blade techniques, which it employed as scattering layer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). The crystal structure, morphology, and thermal stability of the paste were investigated using XRD, FE-SEM, and TGA techniques. The DSSC parameters were achieved to examining the effect of scattering layer on performance of DSSC. The results showed a crystalline structure predominantly composed of rutile SnO2 crystals arranged in a tetragonal pattern, with individual crystallites measuring approximately 100 nanometers in size. SEM images depicted the surface of SnO2 resembling a sponge with fine pores facilitating dye adsorption and electron mobility. Moreover, a decrease in average particle size was observed with increasing dye concentration, with the average grain size of SnO2 particles being below 100 nanometers at lower dye concentrations. TGA measurements indicated a phase transition occurring around 400 °C.

Dual carbon confining SnO2 nanocrystals as high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries

The increasing global demand for sustainable energy sources has driven research into sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) for large-scale energy storage. However, their electrochemical performance is hindered by poor reaction kinetics and significant volume expansion in electrode materials. In this work, we developed a dual-carbon-confined SnO2 nanocrystal anode (CNTs@SnO2@NC) designed for high-performance SIBs. This innovative structure uses carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) coating to stabilize SnO2, ensuring structural integrity during charge/discharge cycles. The CNTs network in CNTs@SnO2@NC can alleviate the agglomeration of SnO2 nanocrystals to a certain extent; With its superior electronic conductivity, CNTs can enhance the anode's conductivity and function as an electronic highway; The sodiophilic properties and good electrical conductivity of CNTs enable sodium ions to migrate rapidly on the surface of the nanotubes. Moreover, numerous external defects and active sites generated by nitrogen doping enhance the sodium ion absorption capabilities; The existence of nitrogen-doped carbon coating can effectively accommodate the volume changes of SnO2 and enhance the structural stability of CNTs@SnO2@NC composites during the repeated charge and discharge cycles. As a result, the CNTs@SnO2@NC composite demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance, achieving capacity of 235 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 over 100 cycles and 102 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 over 300 cycles. In a full-cell configuration with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, it delivers 38 mAh g−1 at 100th cycle at 0.1 A g−1. This study underscores the substantial improvements achieved by dual-carbon confinement for high-performance SIB anodes, offering a promising direction for future anode material design.

Green Synthesis of SnO2 Nanocrystals Using Garcinia Mangostana L Fruit Peels Extract as Natural Capping Agent

The hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2 nanocrystals at a relatively low-temperature range of 95-100 °C was successfully conducted utilising Garcinia Mangostana L fruit peel extract as a natural capping agent. Characterisation of the synthesised SnO2 nanocrystals was performed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) for phase analysis and determination of crystallite size and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for morphology analysis. XRD analysis revealed the formation of phase-pure SnO2 nanocrystals, with distinct peaks at angles (2θ) of 26.01°, 33.89°, and 51.70° corresponding to miller indices (110), (101), and (211) as per JSPDS standard data. The absence of impurity peaks in the XRD pattern indicated the high purity of the synthesised SnO2 nanocrystals. SEM images exhibited differences in the size and morphology of the synthesised SnO2 nanocrystals with and without the extract. Specifically, the presence of the fruit peel extract led to a reduction in aggregate formation and inhibited crystal growth, resulting in smaller aggregates. These findings highlight the significant impact of Garcinia Mangostana L fruit peel extract on the hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2 nanocrystals with varied sizes and morphologies.

Efficient and stable perovskite solar cells via oxalic acid doped SnO2 nanocrystals with surface-defect passivation

The electron extraction and transfer play a crucial role in high performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Tin dioxide (SnO2), with the high electrical conductivity and low photocatalytic activity, has been reported to be one of the most advantageous electron-transporting layers (ETL) in PSCs. However, a large number of non-radiative recombination defects have been reported in SnO2, which are attributed to the low tunability and lower dispersibility. Here, we propose a ligand-assisted tuning strategy based on the oxalic acid (OA) modification to control the SnO2 film and interfacial structure. This strategy can effectively inhibit the particle aggregation of SnO2 film. In addition, the bonding interaction between CO in the ligand and Sn in SnO2 and Pb atoms in the perovskite reduces the interfacial contact impedance and enhances the electron extraction. As a result, an impressive PCE of 22.68 %, a fill factor exceeding 0.82 and a Voc of 1.15 V were successfully obtained. In addition, the unencapsulated PSCs can maintain an initial efficiency of 93 % upon exposure to ambient air for 500 h.

Composites electron transport layer of PVA-regulated SnO2 for high-efficiency stable perovskite solar cells

As a new and efficient solar cell, perovskite solar cell has attracted wide attention due to its excellent performance. The electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells has a significant impact on device performance. SnO2 films that can be prepared by solution method have become the first choice for electron transport layer due to their simple process and excellent performance. However, the defects in SnO2 thin films and non-radiative recombination sites at the SnO2/Perovskite interface will lead to potential losses in the performance of photovoltaic devices. Therefore, in order to improve the interface loss and interface characteristics and prepare more efficient perovskite solar cells. In this work, a functional polymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), is introduced to regulate the arrangement of SnO2 nanocrystals. The SnO2-PVA composite electron transport layer not only improves carrier transport, but also further affects the growth of perovskite films. PVA inhibits the agglomeration of tin dioxide particles by adding it to the aqueous solution of tin dioxide. Meanwhile, the oxygen vacancy defects in the SnO2 layer have also improved. Correspondingly, SnO2-PVA-based PSCs can be obtained a maximum efficiency of 23.73 %. Attributed to the strengthened interface binding and the improved perovskite crystallization process, the devices obtain good long-term stability, retaining 90 % of their initial performance after 1000 h operation at their maximum power point under 1 sun illumination.

Temperature promotes selectivity during electrochemical CO2 reduction on NiO:SnO2 nanofibers.

Electrolyzers operate over a range of temperatures; hence, it is crucial to design electrocatalysts that do not compromise the product distribution unless temperature can promote selectivity. This work reports a synthetic approach based on electrospinning to produce NiO:SnO2 nanofibers (NFs) for selectively reducing CO2 to formate above room temperature. The NFs comprise compact but disjoined NiO and SnO2 nanocrystals identified with STEM. The results are attributed to the segregation of NiO and SnO2 confirmed with XRD. The NFs are evaluated for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) over various temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C). The highest faradaic efficiencies to formate (FEHCOO- ) are reached by NiO:SnO2 NFs containing 50% of NiO and 50% SnO2 (NiOSnO50NF), and 25% of NiO and 75% SnO2 (NiOSnO75NF), at an electroreduction temperature of 40 °C. At 40 °C, product distribution is assessed with in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS), recognizing methane and other species, like formate, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, identified in an electrochemical flow cell. XPS and EELS unveiled the FEHCOO- variations due to a synergistic effect between Ni and Sn. DFT-based calculations reveal the superior thermodynamic stability of Ni-containing SnO2 systems towards CO2RR over the pure oxide systems. Furthermore, computational surface Pourbaix diagrams showed that the presence of Ni as a surface dopant increases the reduction of the SnO2 surface and enables the production of formate. Our results highlight the synergy between NiO and SnO2, which can promote the electroreduction of CO2 at temperatures above room temperature.

Sustainable effect of g-C3N4@ SnO2 nanocrystal by using broccoli waste extract for strong – Boosting photocatalytic remediation of primary micro-pollutants

Through an effortless two steps attempt and covalent conjugate ultrasonically bio coupled 2D/3D nanocrystal employing urea as a g-C3N4 precursor, cost-effective and accessible g-C3N4@SnO2 photo catalysts have been constructed. For its developed photo catalysts that act as the influence of g-C3N4@SnO2 was examined into the inspection of Adsorbents was done by using XRD, SEM/EDS, TEM, HR-TEM, and BET isotherm testing techniques, which additionally demonstrated that SnO2 and g-C3N4 are strongly bonded. methyl orange colorants for textiles are present in the synthetic effluent being treated. Thus, the photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4@SnO2 composite was improved compared to SnO2 and g-C3N4 by promoting the separation of photogenic electrons from holes and facilitating the generation of ·O2− and h+. The g-C3N4@SnO2 catalysts had the highest speed consistency 1.524min−1 for the breakdown of MO, which was substantially 32 times faster. In five reprocessing attempts, photo catalysts also had shown remarkable robustness and endurance. Furthermore, a mechanism for the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants on g-C3N4@SnO2 was additionally described.

Bottom-up construction of reduced-graphene-oxide anchored perovskite FeTiO3 and SnO2 and their synergy in photocatalytic activity under visible light

Perovskite FeTiO3 and SnO2 nanocrystals were synthesized adopting hydrothermal way, and were placed together in junction, the heterojunction FeTiO3-SnO2 was employed as substrate for the deposit of various reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO) mass ratios (x = 10, 15 and 20 %). XRD analysis illustrated that FeTiO3 has a perovskite crystal structure and SnO2 has a tetragonal one, after the rGO's deposit, the crystalline phases were conserved with an affecting of the crystal parameters, the structural quality of joined rGO to SnO2-FeTiO3 was studied by Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, SEM images demonstrated the heterojunctions' formation and the effective mixing of rGO with FeTiO3-SnO2. The electronic properties were studied by the photoluminescence spectroscopy; all analysis revealed that the structural and electronic properties are influenced by rGO's deposit. Furthermore, the heterojunctions were studied for their enhanced adsorptive and photocatalytic activities under visible light irradiation, finding an improvement after rGO deposit, which x = 15 % shows the highest combined adsorptive/photocatalysis performance.

Highly dispersed spherical phosphors obtained by encapsulating silica hollow spheres with SnO2: Eu3+ layers for enhancing red light emission

Orange light (593 nm, 5D0→7F1) and red light (613 nm, 5D0→7F2) are the two most important emission lines belonging to Eu3+ ions in high and low symmetries, respectively, making them important indicators for judging the nanoenvironment around Eu3+ ions. Therefore, obtaining significant red light emission in Eu3+ doped SnO2 nanocrystals requires anchoring Eu3+ ions onto lattice sites with low symmetries, which can be achieved through maximizing surface doping. To achieve this goal, we coated very thin Eu3+ doped SnO2 nanocrystal (10–20 nm) coatings on extremely dispersed SiO2 hollow spheres (500 nm in diameter) to investigate doping dependent luminescent properties. A significant increase in red emission was observed in such a system, accompanied by a significant attenuation of orange light, and the intensity of red emission increases with increasing Eu3+ concentration. When the concentration of Eu3+ exceeds 3 at%, the intensity of red light emission sharply decreases due to the quenching effect. For the optimal doped hollow sphere sample (3 at%), the asymmetry ratio (red/orange light integration intensity ratio) under indirect excitation is 5.58, which further rises to 11.3 under direct excitation, while the asymmetry ratio of SnO2 nanopowder with the same doping concentration is less than 0.2 under both excitation modes, indicating that the current structural design plays a significant role in the modulation of Eu3+ ion luminescence. Our research not only demonstrates an effective method to enhance the red light emission of Eu3+ doped SnO2 nanocrystals, but also provides a method for manipulating the polychromatic luminescence of such systems.

Enhanced Electron Transport and Mitigated Voltage Loss in Perovskite Photovoltaics Using Sb2O5@SnO2 Composite Electron Transport Layer.

The efficacy of electron transport layers (ETLs) is pivotal for optimizing the device performance of perovskite photovoltaic applications. However, colloidal dispersions of SnO2 are prone to aggregation and possess structural defects, such as terminal-hydroxyls (OHT) and oxygen vacancies (VOs), which can degrade the quality of ETLs, impede charge extraction and transport, and affect the nucleation and growth processes of the perovskite layer. In this study, the Sb(OH)4 - ions hydrolyzed from SbCl3 in colloidal dispersion can bind to defect sites and effectively stabilize the SnO2 nanocrystals are demonstrated. Upon oxidative annealing, a Sb2O5@SnO2 composite film is formed, in which the Sb2O5 not only mitigates the aforementioned defects but also broadens the energy range of unoccupied states through its dispersed conduction band. The increased electron affinity (EA) facilitates more efficient capture of photoexcited electrons from the perovskite layer, thus augmenting electron extraction and minimizing electron-hole recombination. As a result, a significant improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 22.60% to 24.54% is achieved, with an open circuit voltage (VOC) of up to 1.195V, along with excellent stability of unsealed devices under various conditions. This study provides valuable insights for the understanding and design of ETLs in perovskite photovoltaic applications.

Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency over 23.0% via Dual-Layer SnO2 on Perovskite.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great potential for reducing costs and improving power conversion efficiency (PCE). One effective method to achieve the latter is to use an all-inorganic charge transport layer (ICTL). However, traditional methods for crystallizing inorganic layers often result in the formation of a powder instead of a continuous film. To address this issue, we designed a dual-layer inorganic electron transport layer (IETL). This dual-layer structure consists of a layer of SnO2 nanocrystals (SnO2 NCs) deposited via a solution process and a dense SnO2 layer deposited through atomic layer deposition (ALD SnO2) to fill the cracks and gaps between the SnO2 NCs. PSCs having these dual-layer SnO2 ETLs achieved a high efficiency of 23.0%. This efficiency surpasses the recorded performance of ICTLs deposited on the perovskite. Furthermore, the PCE is comparable to that achieved with a C60 ETL. Moreover, the high-density structure of the ALD SnO2 layer inhibits the vertical migration of ions, resulting in improved thermal stability. After continuous heating at 85 °C in 10% humidity for 1000 h, the PCE of the dual-layer SnO2 structure decreased by 18%, whereas that of the C60/BCP structure decreased by 36%. The integration of dual-layer SnO2 into PSCs represents a significant advancement in achieving high-performance, commercially viable inverted monolithic PSCs or tandem solar cells.

One Precursor, Two Different Outcomes: SnO-Graphite Composite and Anion-Doped SnO2 with Ester Surface Functionality.

The technological importance of SnO2 and SnO has invited scientists to explore various aspects, including their synthesis in the nanosize regime, surface functionalization, and composite formation. In the present work, a binuclear Sn2-EDTA complex has been demonstrated to produce a SnO-graphite composite and C, N-codoped SnO2 nanocrystals with ester functionality in quantitative yields by thermal and solvothermal dissociation processes. The products were characterized extensively. While SnO in the SnO-graphite composite exhibited tetragonal symmetry, graphitic carbon had defects. The composite had 12 wt % of graphitic carbon. The role of the SnO-graphite composite as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been evaluated. Solvothermal dissociation of the Sn2-EDTA complex in a propylene glycol medium yielded nanocrystalline SnO2 with yellow color. Agglomerated crystallites had ester functionality on their surfaces. The surface functionality was thermally stable up to 200 °C, and its complete removal yielded tetragonal white-colored SnO2. Co-doping of carbon and nitrogen in yellow SnO2 reduced its optical band gap (2.9 eV). Despite the negative surface charge of the functionalized SnO2, its affinity to rapidly adsorb anionic azo dyes (Congo red and Eriochrome black T) from aqueous solutions has been validated. Following pseudo-second-order kinetics, adsorption data analysis revealed chemisorption as the primary driving force in this process.

Completely annealing-free flexible Perovskite quantum dot solar cells employing UV-sintered Ga-doped SnO2 electron transport layers

The electron transport layer (ETL) is a critical component in perovskite quantum dot (PQD) solar cells, significantly impacting their photovoltaic performance and stability. Low-temperature ETL deposition methods are especially desirable for fabricating flexible solar cells on polymer substrates. Herein, we propose a room-temperature-processed tin oxide (SnO2) ETL preparation method for flexible PQD solar cells. The process involves synthesizing highly crystalline SnO2 nanocrystals stabilized with organic ligands, spin-coating their dispersion, followed by UV irradiation. The energy level of SnO2 is controlled by doping gallium ions to reduce the energy level mismatch with the PQD. The proposed ETL-based CsPbI3-PQD solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.70%, the highest PCE among reported flexible quantum dot solar cells, maintaining 94% of the initial PCE after 500 bending tests. Consequently, we demonstrate that a systemically designed ETL enhances the photovoltaic performance and mechanical stability of flexible optoelectronic devices.

Conformal 3D Li/Li13Sn5 Scaffolds Anodes for High-Areal Energy Density Flexible Lithium Metal Batteries.

Achieving a high depth of discharge (DOD) in lithium metal anodes (LMAs) is crucial for developing high areal energy density batteries suitable for wearable electronics. Yet, the persistent growth of dendrites compromises battery performance, and the significant lithium consumption during pre-lithiation obstructs their broad application. Herein, A flexible 3D Li13Sn5 scaffold is designed by allowing molten lithium to infiltrate carbon cloth adorned with SnO2 nanocrystals. This design markedly curbs the troublesome dendrite growth, thanks to the uniform electric field distribution and swift Li+ diffusion dynamics. Additionally, with a minimal SnO2 nanocrystals loading (2wt.%), only 0.6wt.% of lithium is consumed during pre-lithiation. Insights from in situ optical microscope observations and COMSOL simulations reveal that lithium remains securely anchored within the scaffold, a result of the rapid mass/charge transfer and uniform electric field distribution. Consequently, this electrode achieves a remarkable DOD of 87.1% at 10mA cm-2 for 40mAh cm-2. Notably, when coupled with a polysulfide cathode, the constructed flexible Li/Li13Sn5@CC||Li2S6/SnO2@CC pouch cell delivers a high-areal capacity of 5.04mAh cm-2 and an impressive areal-energy density of 10.6mWh cm-2. The findings pave the way toward the development of high-performance LMAs, ideal for long-lasting wearable electronics.

Hysteresis-free perovskite solar cells with over 24% efficiency enabled by ZnCl2 doped SnO2 electron transfer layer

Tin dioxide (SnO2) has been widely applied as the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. However, the SnO2 with low conduction band minimum that has mismatched energy levels between the perovskite film and severe SnO2/perovskite interfacial defects is liable to cause nonradiative recombination. In order to modify the SnO2 layer, herein, we introduced the zinc chloride (ZnCl2) hydrochloric acid solution into the SnO2 nanocrystals solution (SnO2–Zn) and proved that ZnCl2 doping in the SnO2 ETL is a simple and low-cost passivation method, which can significantly improve the efficiency and stability of devices and remove the hysteresis. Ultimately, an enhancement of open-circuit voltage from 1.13 to 1.16 V and an increased corresponding power conversion efficiency from 22.88% to 24.12% are achieved for the devices using SnO2–Zn ETL.

A novel fluorescent probe for the detection of Fe3+ ions with Eu3+/SnO2 nanocrystals Co-doped silica glasses

Detection of Fe3+ ions is of paramount importance for environmental protection and human health. Herein, we reported a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence probe for the quantification of Fe3+ ions in aqueous solution with Eu3+/SnO2 nanocrystals co-doped silica glasses as the sensing unit. Due to the high stability of silica glasses and their efficient protection for emitting centers, the probe has good recyclability and can be applied in real water environment, indicating its potential for on-site sensing. The detection limit of Fe3+ ions is 7.54 nmol/L. Experiments were carried out to verify that the probe shows excellent cross interference with other metal ions. The detecting mechanism can be ascribed to the excitation/emission absorption and energy transfer of Fe3+ ions. Our work paves a novel way of semiconductor oxide nanocrystals for applications in optoelectronics.

Size- and temperature-dependent optical, and electron field emission characteristics on SnO2 nanocrystals

Size-dependent SnO2 nanocrystals (NCs)) were synthesized using a co-precipitation technique. The particle size was varied by annealing the as-prepared SnO2 NCs with the estimated size of 2.3 nm at different temperatures. The particle size obtained was 4.7, 9.0, 15.4, 19.6, and 48.0 nm at annealing temperatures of 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 °C, respectively. The XRD data revealed the tetragonal rutile structured for all SnO2 NCs. The temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) studies showed that the sub-bridging oxygen vacancy contributed dominantly compared to the in-plane and bridging oxygen vacancies at 5K. The function of nanocrystals’ size on field emission properties is also reported. The current density was high (1.9 μA/cm2) with modest the turn-on field (8.4 V/μm) for as-prepared SnO2 QDs with the lowest size (2.3 nm) compared to the high temperature annealed SnO2 nanocrystals.

Growth and Dispersion Control of SnO2 Nanocrystals Employing an Amino Acid Ester Hydrochloride in Solution Synthesis: Microstructures and Photovoltaic Applications.

Tin oxide (SnO2) is a technologically important semiconductor with versatile applications. In particular, attention is being paid to nanostructured SnO2 materials for use as a part of the constituents in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), an emerging renewable energy technology. This is mainly because SnO2 has high electron mobility, making it favorable for use in the electron transport layer (ETL) in these devices, in which SnO2 thin films play a role in extracting electrons from the adjacent light-absorber, i.e., lead halide perovskite compounds. Investigation of SnO2 solution synthesis under diverse reaction conditions is crucial in order to lay the foundation for the cost-effective production of PSCs. This research focuses on the facile catalyst-free synthesis of single-nanometer-scale SnO2 nanocrystals employing an aromatic organic ligand (as the structure-directing agent) and Sn(IV) salt in an aqueous solution. Most notably, the use of an aromatic amino acid ester hydrochloride salt-i.e., phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (denoted as L hereafter)-allowed us to obtain an aqueous precursor solution containing a higher concentration of ligand L, in addition to facilitating the growth of SnO2 nanoparticles as small as 3 nm with a narrow size distribution, which were analyzed by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Moreover, the nanoparticles were proved to be crystallized and uniformly dispersed in the reaction mixture. The environmentally benign, ethanol-based SnO2 nanofluids stabilized with the capping agent L for the Sn(IV) ions were also successfully obtained and spin-coated to produce a SnO2 nanoparticle film to serve as an ETL for PSCs. Several SnO2 ETLs that were created by varying the temperature of nanoparticle synthesis were examined to gain insight into the performance of PSCs. It is thought that reaction conditions that utilize high concentrations of ligand L to control the growth and dispersion of SnO2 nanoparticles could serve as useful criteria for designing SnO2 ETLs, since hydrochloride salt L can offer significant potential as a functional compound by controlling the microstructures of individual SnO2 nanoparticles and the self-assembly process to form nanostructured SnO2 thin films.

Highly Crystalized Cl-Doped SnO2 Nanocrystals for Stable Aqueous Dispersion Toward High-Performance Perovskite Photovoltaics.

Tin dioxide (SnO2 ) with high conductivity and low photocatalytic activity has been reported as one of the best candidates for highly efficient electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cell (PSC). The state-of-the-art SnO2 layer is achieved by chemical bath deposition with tunable properties, while the commercial SnO2 nanocrystals (NCs) with low tunability still face the necessity of further improvement. Here, a kind of highly crystallized Cl-doped SnO2 NCs is reported that can form very stable aqueous dispersion with shelf life up to one year without any stabilizer, which can facilitate the fabrication of PSCs with satisfactory performance. Compared to the commercial SnO2 NCs regardless of the extrinsic Cl-doping conditions, the intrinsic Cl-doped SnO2 NCs effectively suppress the energy barrier and reduces the trap state density at the buried interface between perovskite and ETL. Consequently, stable PSCs based on such Cl-doped SnO2 NCs achieve a champion efficiency up to ≈25% for small cell (0.085 cm2 ) and ≈20% for mini-module (12.125 cm2 ), indicating its potential as a promising candidate for ETL in high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.