SnO2 Electron Transport Layer Research Articles

Polysaccharide‐Modified SnO2 for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Tin oxide (SnO2) has been demonstrated as a promising electron transport material for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its low‐temperature process and high charge extraction ability. However, the key to improving the internal performance of PSCs toward unity lies in the ability of enhancing bulk SnO2 quality and reducing the energy level mismatch between SnO2 and perovskite layer. Herein, a facile and effective strategy to simultaneously functionalize SnO2 structure by sodium alginate (SA) polysaccharide compound is reported. The investigations reveal that SA leads to the formation of nanosynapse structure of SnO2 films, which allows the aligned energy levels and suppressed charge recombination, significantly enhancing carrier extraction and transport. Consequently, CsMAFAPb(IxBr1−x)3 and CsPbI2Br solar cells achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 24.11% and 16.90%, respectively, based on SnO2‐SA electron transport layers (ETLs). This work offers a facile and effective way to fabricate high‐performance SnO2 ETL in PSCs.

Improving Thermal Stability of High-Efficiency Methylammonium-Free Perovskite Solar Cells via Chloride Additive Engineering.

Tin dioxide (SnO2), in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), stands out as the material most suited to the electron transport layer (ETL), yielding advantages with regard to ease of preparation, high mobility, and favorable energy level alignment. Nonetheless, there is a chance that energy losses from defects in the SnO2 and interface will result in a reduction in the Voc. Consequently, optimizing the interfaces within solar cell devices is a key to augmenting both the efficiency and the stability of PSCs. Herein this present study, we introduced butylammonium chloride (BACl) into the SnO2 ETL. The resulting optimized SnO2 film mitigated interface defect density, thereby improving charge extraction. The robust bonding capability of negatively charged Cl- ions facilitated their binding with noncoordinated Sn4+ ions, effectively passivating defects associated with oxygen vacancies and enhancing charge transport within the SnO2 ETL. Concurrently, doped BA+ and Cl- diffused into the perovskite lattice, fostering perovskite grain growth and reducing the defects in perovskite. In comparison to the control device, the Voc saw a 70 mV increase, achieving a champion efficiency of 22.86%. Additionally, following 1000 h of ambient storage, the unencapsulated device based on SnO2 preburied with BACl retained around 90% of its initial photovoltaic conversion efficiency.

Tailoring the alkalinity of SnO2 colloidal suspension for high‐performance and stable perovskite solar cells

The commercial tin oxide (SnO2) colloidal suspension is widely utilized as an electron transport layer (ETL) in high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its favorable material properties and potential for large‐scale production. However, despite significant efforts have been proposed to address bulk transport and interface recombination issues through the introduction of additives or modifiers, the efficiency of PSCs based on commercial SnO2 nanoparticles remains limited to around 25%. In this study, we highlight the crucial role of the physicochemical characteristics of the SnO2 colloidal suspension in shaping the morphology, electrical properties and optical properties of the SnO2 ETL. By controlling the pH value of the SnO2 solution with weak acids such as carbonic acid, we successfully induced the reassembly of metal oxide nanoparticles into smaller sizes with more homogeneous dispersion and dense interconnections. Consequently, the resulting SnO2 ETL exhibited enhanced crystallinity, high conductivity, low surface defects, and high optical transmittance. As a result, we achieved a significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency of the target PSCs, increasing it from 23.10% to 24.70%. This improvement was attributed to higher voltage, photocurrent, and fill factor compared to the relevant control samples. We observed a similar device improvement using phosphoric acid, indicating that our approach represents a universal technique to further enhance the quality of SnO2 ETL for large‐area, high‐efficiency, and stable PSCs.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Simultaneous Li-Doping and Formation of SnO2-Based Composites with TiO2: Applications for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Tin oxide (SnO2) has been recognized as one of the beneficial components in the electron transport layer (ETL) of lead-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its high electron mobility. The SnO2-based thin film serves for electron extraction and transport in the device, induced by light absorption at the perovskite layer. The focus of this paper is on the heat treatment of a nanoaggregate layer of single-nanometer-scale SnO2 particles in combination with another metal-dopant precursor to develop a new process for ETL in PSCs. The combined precursor solution of Li chloride and titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) was deposited onto the SnO2 layer. We varied the heat treatment conditions of the spin-coated films comprising double layers, i.e., an Li/TTIP precursor layer and SnO2 nanoparticle layer, to understand the effects of nanoparticle interconnection via sintering and the mixing ratio of the Li-dopant on the photovoltaic performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) measurements of the sintered nanoparticles suggested that an Li-doped solid solution of SnO2 with a small amount of TiO2 nanoparticles formed via heating. Interestingly, the bandgap of the Li-doped ETL samples was estimated to be 3.45 eV, indicating a narrower bandgap as compared to that of pure SnO2. This observation also supported the formation of an SnO2/TiO2 solid solution in the ETL. The utilization of such a nanoparticulate SnO2 film in combination with an Li/TTIP precursor could offer a new approach as an alternative to conventional SnO2 electron transport layers for optimizing the performance of lead-halide perovskite solar cells.

Managing Interfacial Defects and Charge-Carriers Dynamics by a Cesium-Doped SnO2 for Air Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

A high-quality nanostructured tin oxide (SnO2) has garnered massive attention as an electron transport layer (ETL) for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). SnO2 is considered the most effective alternative to titanium oxide (TiO2) as ETL because of its low-temperature processing and promising optical and electrical characteristics. However, some essential modifications are still required to further improve the intrinsic characteristics of SnO2, such as mismatch band alignments, charge extraction, transportation, conductivity, and interfacial recombination losses. Herein, an inorganic-based cesium (Cs) dopant is used to modify the SnO2 ETL and to investigate the impact of Cs-dopant in curing interfacial defects, charge-carrier dynamics, and improving the optoelectronic characteristics of PSCs. The incorporation of Cs contents efficiently improves the perovskite film quality by enhancing the transparency, crystallinity, grain size, and light absorption and reduces the defect states and trap densities, resulting in an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ≈22.1% with Cs:SnO2 ETL, in-contrast to pristine SnO2-based PSCs (20.23%). Moreover, the Cs-modified SnO2-based PSCs exhibit remarkable environmental stability in a relatively higher relative humidity environment (>65%) and without encapsulation. Therefore, this work suggests that Cs-doped SnO2 is a highly favorable electron extraction material for preparing highly efficient and air-stable planar PSCs.

Multifunctional buried interface modification of SnO2-based planar perovskite solar cells via phosphorus hetero-phenanthrene flame retardants

Tin dioxide (SnO2) is widely utilized for the cost-effective electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the surface defect states present in SnO2 ETL prepared by conventional solution methods seriously hinder the further improvement of device photovoltaic performance. It is urgently essential to develop a facile strategy to effectively minimize the adverse effects of SnO2 ETL on PSCs. Herein, a phosphorus hetero-phenanthrene flame retardant, DOPO, is introduced as a multifunctional surface modifier to improve the interfacial properties between SnO2 ETL and perovskite. Through systematic characterization analysis, the PO group in DOPO not only passivates the defective states on the surface of SnO2 ETL, but also provides chemical chelation sites for the uncoordinated Pb2+ ions in the upper perovskite structure to improve the film crystalline quality. Eventually, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimized device is improved from an initial 19.74 %–22.57 %, along with significantly improved device stability. This work provides an important reference for the development of new multifunctional interface modification materials required for SnO2-based planar PSCs with excellent properties.

Enhancing Efficiency and Stability in Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells by Double Passivation with Ultralow-Cost Coal-Derived Graphene and Its Derivatives.

Coal-derived carbon nanomaterials possess numerous superior features compared to other classic carbon, such as readily accessible surfaces, tunable pore structure, and facile and precise surface functionalization. Therefore, the controllable preparation of coal-derived carbon nanomaterials is anticipated to be of great significance for the performance improvement and commercialization process of carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs). In this study, we successfully synthesized highly stable and commercially valuable graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) utilizing coal. Compared to traditional methods and commercial graphene, the chemical oxidation and pyrolysis process used in this study is mild and simple, offering the advantages of controlled composition and the absence of other impurities. GO or rGO was incorporated into the top of the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) of C-PSCs. Under optimized conditions and ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) irradiation, the ultimate power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from the unmodified 12.4 to 14.04% (based on rGO) and 15.18% (based on GO), representing improvements of 22 and 31%, respectively. The improved photovoltaic performance is mainly owing to enhanced charge transport capabilities, denser interfacial contacts, improved carrier separation properties, increased conductivity, and abundance of hydrophilic functional groups in GO, which can form more stable hydrogen bonds with SnO2. After being stored at room temperature and ambient humidity for 30 days, the modified, unpacked devices retained 87% of the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE). This study introduces a practical and manageable method to enhance the performance of C-PSCs by using functional carbon nanomaterials derived from coal.

Dual modification engineering enabled efficient perovskite solar cells with high open-voltage of 1.233 V

Interface engineering take as a crucial role in enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we propose a comprehensive strategy to improve the performance and stability of PSCs through dual-interface modification approach. This strategy involves simultaneously introducing lead-free Cs3MnBr5: Ce3+ nanocrystals (NCs) between SnO2 electron transport layer and the perovskite layer, as well as 1H,1H-Perfluorooctylamine iodide (PFOAI) at the interface between perovskite and Spiro-OMeTAD hole transport layer. Firstly, we successfully prepare Cs3MnBr5: Ce3+ NCs, which exhibits an extensive ultraviolet response and effective blue photoluminescence. The photoluminescence quantum yield of Cs3MnBr5: Ce3+ NCs can reach 90 %, demonstrating efficient photon down-conversion ability and efficient defect passivation. Simultaneously, the organic halide salt PFOAI with super-hydrophobic properties efficiently passivates defects on the surface of perovskite and improves moisture-resistance of perovskite films. Taking advantage of these synergistic effects, we achieve efficient PSCs based the Cs0.05(FA0.83MA0.17)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 and Cs0.05(FA0.95MA0.05)0.95Pb(I0.95Br0.05)3 with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.88 % and 24.24 %. We also achieved an ultrahigh open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.233 V, which represents one of the highest VOC values in a perovskite film with a bandgap of ∼1.60 eV. Additionally, the non-encapsulated double-interface modified PSCs exhibit long time, light and humidity stability. This study explores a novel and comprehensive strategy for manufacturing PSCs with high VOC, high PCE, and good stability.

Benzalkonium chloride modification of tin oxide to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells

For planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs), tin oxide (SnO2) is a perfect electron transport material. However, owing to nanoparticle agglomeration and defects, the advantages of SnO2 cannot be effectively utilized. Herein, a cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is introduced into SnO2 precursor solution to prevent the aggregation of SnO2. Thus, a uniform and free of pinhole SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) is obtained, which supports the formation of high-quality perovskite layer (PVK). The introduction of BAC adjusts the energy level of ETL and improves the electron transport in the buried interface. Moreover, the BAC-modification reduces and passivates the defects on the surface of SnO2 and perovskite films. Consequently, BAC-modified PSCs achieves a champion efficiency of 23.49 % with an impressive fill factor of 84.50 %. The unpackaged device maintains an initial efficiency of 91.4 % after 1000 h of storage in dark at 25 ± 5 °C and 25 ± 5 % relative humidity.

Enhancing efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells through methoxyamine hydrochloride modified SnO2 electron transport layer

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hold promise for future photovoltaic applications due to their high performance, low cost, and simple fabrication. The electron transport layer (ETL) plays a crucial role in PSC performance, and tin dioxide (SnO2) has gained attention as a promising ETL candidate. In this study, we investigate the use of methoxyamine hydrochloride (MOACl) as a modifier for SnO2 ETLs in PSCs. MOACl improves the film quality of SnO2, resulting in improved electrical conductivity and electron mobility. MOACl also enhances perovskite crystallization, promoting the growth of larger grain sizes and more uniform film morphology. The enhanced hydrogen bond and migration of Cl within the perovskite layer aids in optimal crystallization and significantly boosts the overall PCE of the cells from 21.67 % to 24.34 %. Moreover, MOACl-SnO2 PSCs demonstrate excellent long-term stability, retaining over 80 % of their initial efficiency after 50 days in ambient air. This work highlights the practical and effective approach of MOACl modification for controlling SnO2 defects and improving perovskite crystallization, paving the way for the development of efficient and stable PSCs.

Tri-chalcogenides (Sb2S3/Bi2S3) solar cells with double electron transport layers: design and simulation

To make technology accessible to everyone, it is essential to focus on affordability and durability of the devices. Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) and bismuth (III) sulfide (Bi2S3) are low-cost and stable materials that are commonly used in photovoltaic devices due to their non-toxic nature and abundance. These materials are particularly promising for photovoltaic applications as they are effective light-absorbing materials. In this study, we utilized the Solar cell Capacitance Simulator- One-Dimensional (SCAPS-1D) software to investigate the parameters of a double electron transport layer (ETL) solar cell based on Sb2S3/ Bi2S3. The parameters examined included thickness of the absorber layer, overall defect density, density of acceptors, radiative recombination coefficient, series and shunt resistance, and work function of the back contact. The solar cell structure studied was FTO/SnO2/CdS/ Sb2S3 and Bi2S3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. By incorporating a SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) into the double ETL structure of Sb2S3 and Bi2S3 solar cells, we observed a significant enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Specifically, the PCE increased to 19.71% for the Sb2S3 solar cell and 24.05% for the Bi2S3 solar cell. In contrast, without SnO2, the single ETL-based CdS solar cell achieved a maximum PCE of 18.27 and 23.05% for Sb2S3 and Bi2S3, respectively.

Investigating the performance of perovskite solar cell with tin oxide as electron transport layer by SCAPS-1D device simulation

Electron transport layer (ETL) is one of the most essential layers in determining photovoltaic (PV) performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The role of the ETL is to facilitate the charge collection in the device. Studies have shown that the use of tin oxide (SnO2) as ETL could improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs while reducing their degradation. In this work, the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) is utilized to investigate the performance of PSCs with SnO2 as the ETL. The device is composed of FTO (Contact)/SnO2 (ETL)/CH3NH3PbI3 (Perovskite)/Cu2O (HTL)/Au (Contact). The effects of thickness, dopant concentration, and defect density of the SnO2 ETL on the performance of PSCs have been investigated. From the results, the optimum parameters for the SnO2 ETL have been identified at thickness of 10 nm, dopant concentration of 1 ×1017 cm−3 and defect density of 1 ×1014 cm−3. With the optimized parameters, the final performance of the PSC demonstrates power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.31%.

Compatible Soft‐Templated Deposition and Surface Molecular Bridge Construction of SnO2 Enable Air‐Fabricated Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 25.7%

AbstractMetal‐halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology. Fabricating PSCs in ambient air can accelerate their low‐cost commercialization, since it can remove the reliance on atmosphere‐controlled equipment. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of air‐fabricated PSCs still lags behind those fabricated in glovebox. Here, based on a technology to fabricate high‐quality perovskite film in ambient air, a compatible optimization is performed on electron transport layer (ETL) to further enhance the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. A soft‐templated deposition strategy is proposed that utilizes tetrasodium glutamate diacetate (GLDA) to finely regulate the chemical bath deposition process, leading to an ideal SnO2 ETL with no additive residual. Adopting this feature of no residual, a molecular bridge using β‐guanidinopropionic acid (βA) is constructed at the buried interface (SnO2/perovskite), which effectively enhances the electron extraction and decreases electron losses. The resulting PSCs (0.08 cm2) achieve an impressive PCE of 25.74% (certificated 25.43%), which is the highest among the air‐fabricated PSCs reported to date. A PCE of 24.61% in 1 cm2‐PSCs is also obtained, exhibiting the scalable potential of the technology. In addition, the excellent operational stability of these PSCs is also demonstrated.

Completely annealing-free flexible Perovskite quantum dot solar cells employing UV-sintered Ga-doped SnO2 electron transport layers

The electron transport layer (ETL) is a critical component in perovskite quantum dot (PQD) solar cells, significantly impacting their photovoltaic performance and stability. Low-temperature ETL deposition methods are especially desirable for fabricating flexible solar cells on polymer substrates. Herein, we propose a room-temperature-processed tin oxide (SnO2) ETL preparation method for flexible PQD solar cells. The process involves synthesizing highly crystalline SnO2 nanocrystals stabilized with organic ligands, spin-coating their dispersion, followed by UV irradiation. The energy level of SnO2 is controlled by doping gallium ions to reduce the energy level mismatch with the PQD. The proposed ETL-based CsPbI3-PQD solar cell achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.70%, the highest PCE among reported flexible quantum dot solar cells, maintaining 94% of the initial PCE after 500 bending tests. Consequently, we demonstrate that a systemically designed ETL enhances the photovoltaic performance and mechanical stability of flexible optoelectronic devices.

Ammonium iodide-incorporated SnO2 obtains perovskite solar cells with over 24% efficiency

Tin dioxide (SnO2) as the most promising electron transport layer (ETL) has been widely used in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its excellent optical/electronic properties, chemical stability, and low-temperature processing. However, the surface of SnO2 ETL contains defect sites, which result in energy losses in PSCs. In order to passivate the defects of SnO2 surface and together tune the electronic properties of SnO2 ETL for getting high-performance PSCs, we herein incorporate the low-cost material ammonium iodide (NH4I) into the SnO2. After the NH4I doping, the optimized photovoltaic power conversation efficiency is significantly enhanced (the highest efficiency can reach 24.4%), the hysteresis of device is largely suppressed to a negligible level, and the stability of device is also obviously improved. The origin of these enhancements is further disclosed by the positive effects of NH4I doping on both ETL and perovskite film: the surface morphology of ETL is effectively flatten, the energy level of ETL is suitably adjusted, the electron mobility of ETL and the perovskite grain size are clearly increased, the surface defects of ETL and the trap states in the perovskite film are greatly reduced, and the PbI2 residue in the perovskite layer is obviously diminished. The study here of incorporating cheap inorganic small molecule in the ETL provides an ingenious way to enhance the performance of the planar PSCs.

Acid molecule-assisted high-quality SnO2 transport layer for perovskite solar cells

The SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) serves a critical role in perovskite solar cells. However, the oxygen vacancy defects and excess hydroxyl (–OH) groups in SnO2 always lead to degradation of device performance. Herein, we introduce iminodiacetic acid (IDA) to modify the SnO2 ETL, yielding three key advantages: (1) IDA can neutralize excess –OH groups and passivate the defects in SnO2, diminishing the decomposition of perovskite layer; (2) the IDA-modified SnO2 exhibits superior electron conductivity and film quality, while providing improved energy level alignment with the perovskite layer; and (3) the IDA-modified SnO2 owns superior surface wetting properties that facilitates a more effective perovskite crystallization. Ultimately, the devices based on IDA-modified SnO2 obtain a champion efficiency of 24.02% and enhanced stability.

Decreased Accumulation of SnO2 Particles Results from Sodium Citrate Dispersant Assisted Chemical Bath Deposition for High Quality Perovskite Solar Cells

Electron transport layer (ETL) is a crucial part for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, leakage current and oxygen vacancies result from little pores grown from sol‐gel method would inevitably deteriorate the performance of ETL. In contrast, thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) could significantly restrain the little cracks. Here, SnO2 ETL are prepared by optimized CBD process, sodium citrate (SC) is explored as an auxiliary reagent to disperse ETL, thus enhances the smoothness and conductivity of the ETL, resulting in a pore‐free flat surface morphology and decreased oxygen vacancy, which is favorable for electron transport and deposition of perovskite (PVK). The PVK film fabricated on the oxygen vacancy free substrate demonstrates high quality and decreased defect density, thus effectively prevents the non‐radiative recombination of carriers. As a result, the short‐circuit current (JSC) and open circuit voltage (Voc) of the PSC devices have been obviously improved, leading to increased photoelectric conversion efficiency from 21.03% to 22.04%. Meanwhile, the long‐term and moisture stability have been promoted simultaneously.

Performance simulation of the perovskite solar cells with Ti3C2 MXene in the SnO2 electron transport layer

MXenes, a class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, have a wide range of potential applications due to their unique electronic, optical, plasmonic, and other properties. SnO2–Ti3C2 MXene with different contents of Ti3C2 (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 wt‰), experimentally, has been used as electron transport layers (ETLs) in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs). The SCAPS-1D simulation software could simulate a perovskite solar cell comprised of CH3NH3PbI3 absorber and SnO2 (or SnO2–Ti3C2) ETL. The simulation results like Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE), Open circuit voltage (VOC), Short circuit current density (JSC), Fill Factor (FF), and External Quantum Efficiency (EQE) have been compared within samples with different weight percentages of Ti3C2 MXene incorporated in ETL. Reportedly, the ETL of SnO2 with Ti3C2 (1.0 wt‰) effectively increases PCE from 17.32 to 18.32%. We simulate the role of MXene in changing the ideality factor (nid), photocurrent (JPh), built-in potential (Vbi), and recombination resistance (Rrec). The study of interface recombination currents and electric field shows that cells with 1.0 wt‰ of MXene in SnO2 ETL have higher values of ideality factor, built-in potential, and recombination resistance. The correlation between these values and cell performance allows one to conclude the best cell performance for the sample with 1.0 wt‰ of MXene in SnO2 ETL. With an optimization procedure for this cell, an efficiency of 27.81% is reachable.

Passivating defects in SnO2 electron transport layer through SnF2 incorporation in perovskite solar cells

Metal halide perovskite solar cells have received a lot of attention from researchers because of their excellent performance, and their efficiency has increased rapidly over the past decade and is now comparable to that of conventional crystalline silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are currently most commonly constructed with SnO2 as an electron transport layer (ETL). Nevertheless, its existence of bulk phase defects and surface defects pose an impediment to developing a higher level as the most favorable electron transport layer. This paper suggests an efficient technique to decrease the defects of SnO2 through incorporating a metal halide SnF2 in planar (n-i-p type) perovskite solar cells. Divalent Sn in SnF2 is easily oxidized to tetravalent Sn, leading to more conversion of divalent Sn to tetravalent Sn, which inhibits the formation of oxygen vacancies from the source. F replaces defective sites, passivates oxygen vacancy defects, and reduces the content of hydroxyl oxygen on the surface. Doping SnF2 enhances the conduction band value and conductivity of SnO2, making the energy levels of the ETL and perovskite interfaces more compatible. This eliminates energy barriers in charge transport. Consequently, the fill factor of planar PSCs that were prepared through SnO2:SnF2 ETL exhibited an increase from 80.01% to 82.12%. Furthermore, the efficiency of PCE underwent an improvement from 21.43% to 22.65%.

Surface engineering for enhanced efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells through Lewis acid-base modified tin oxide electron transport layers

The effective utilization of Lewis acid-base reactions plays a pivotal role in achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in perovskite solar cells while ensuring exceptional stability. In this study, we introduce the Lewis acid-base reaction as a potent modification technique for enhancing the performance of the tin oxide (SnO2)-based electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. Devices employing this modified ETL exhibit an impressive efficiency of 22.2%, surpassing the reference devices with a single SnO2 ETL, which achieve only 19.5% efficiency. Moreover, these Lewis acid-base-modified ETLs demonstrate outstanding stability, retaining over 90% efficiency even after 1000 h of exposure under AM 1.5G lamp irradiation with negligible hysteresis effects. Further investigation reveals that the performance enhancement can be attributed to various mechanisms. The Lewis acid-base reaction not only mitigates inherent defects within the SnO2 layer but also significantly improves the deposition of subsequent perovskite layers. Our research makes a substantial contribution to the advancement of perovskite solar cell technology, providing a promising avenue for more efficient and durable energy conversion devices.