Snake Graphs Research Articles

THE REFLEXIVE EDGE STRENGTH OF THE PENTAGONAL SNAKE GRAPH AND CORONA OF THE OPEN TRIANGULAR LADDER AND NULL GRAPH

Assume that be an undirected simple graph with vertex set and edge set . The edge irregular reflexive -labeling of graph is a labeling selects positive integers from 1 to as edge labels and non negative even numbers from 0 to as vertex labels, and the weights assigned to each edge are distinct, where . On graph with labeling, the weight of edge is represented by which is defined as the sum of edge label and all vertex labels incident to that edge. Reflexive edge strength of graph is the minimum of the highest label, denoted by . In this research, reflexive edge strength for pentagonal snake graph and corona of open triangular ladder and null graph will be determined. The method of this research is literature study, the lower bound of determined by Ryan’s lemma and the upper bound by labeling. The reflexive edge strength of pentagonal snake graph with is for and for The reflexive edge strength of corona of open triangular ladder and null graph with n ≥ 3 and m ≥ 1 is and .

An Application on Harmonic Mean Labeling of Variations in Triangular Snake Graphs

A graph G with p vertices and q edges is called a harmonic mean(HM) labeling if it is possible to label the vertices x∈v with distinct labels ρ(x) from {1,2,⋯,q+1} in such a way that each edge e=ab is labeled with ρ(ab)=⌈(2ρ(a)ρ(b))/(ρ(a)+ρ(b))⌉ or ⌊(2ρ(a)ρ(b))/(ρ(a)+ρ(b))⌋ then the edge labels are distinct.In this case ρ is called Harmonic mean(HM) labeling of G. In this paper we introduce new graphs obtained from triangular snake graph TS_n such as TS_n∘K_1, and prove that they are Harmonic Mean labeling graphs.

Further results on random walk labelings

In a previous work, we defined and studied random walk labelings of graphs. These are graph labelings that are obtainable by performing a random walk on the graph, such that each vertex is labeled upon its first visit. In this work, we calculate the number of random walk labelings of several natural graph families: The wheel, fan, barbell, lollipop, tadpole, friendship, and snake graphs. Additionally, we prove several combinatorial identities that emerged during the calculations.

Some New Results on Domination and Independent Dominating Set of Some Graphs

One area of graph theory that has been studied in great detail is dominance in graphs. Applications for dominating sets are numerous. In wireless networking, dominant sets are used to find effective paths inside ad hoc mobile networks. They have also been used in the creation of document summaries and safe electrical grid systems. A set <I>S</I>⊆<I>V</I> is said to be dominating set of <I>G</I> if for every <i>v </i>є <I>V</I>-<I>S</I> there exists a vertex <i>u</i> є <I>S</I> such that <i>uv</i> є <I>E</I>. The dominance number of <I>G</I>, represented by <i>γ</i>(<I>G</I>), is the lowest cardinality of vertices among the dominating set of <I>G</I>. A classic NP-complete decision problem in computational complexity theory determines whether, given a graph <I>G</I> and input <I>K</I>, <i>γ</i>(<I>G</I>) ≤ <I>K</I>. This is known as the dominating set issue. Consequently, it is thought that calculating <i>γ</i>(<I>G</I>) for each given graph <I>G</I> may not be possible to do with a feasible algorithm. In addition to efficient approximation tactics, there exist efficient exact techniques for various graph classes. If there are no neighboring vertices in a subset <I>S</I>, then <I>S</I>⊆<I>V</I> is an independent set. Additionally, the empty set and the subset with just one vertex are independent. An independent dominating set of <I>G</I> is a set <I>S</I> of vertices in a graph <I>G</I> that is both an independent and a dominating set of <I>G</I>. This paper's primary goal is to investigate the dominance and independent dominating set of many graphs, including the line graph, the alternate triangular belt graph, the bistar graph, the triangular snake graph, and others.

Antimagic Labeling for Some Snake Graphs

A graph with q edges is called antimagic if its edges can be labeled with 1, 2, 3, ..., q without repetition such that the sums of the labels of the edges incident to each vertex are distinct. In this paper we study antimagic labeling of double triangular snake, alternate triangular snake, double alternate triangular snake, quadrilateral snake, double quadrilateral snake, alternate quadrilateral snake, double alternate quadrilateral snake.

Crossing Numbers of the Cartesian Product of the Double Triangular Snake Graphs With Path Pm.

The crossing number Cr(G) of a graph G is the least number of edge crossings in all possible good drawings of G in the plane. Join and Cartesian products of graphs have many interesting graph-theoretical properties. In this paper, we evaluate the crossing number of the Cartesian product of double triangular snake graph DT2 with the path Pm. In this paper, we proved Cr(DT2 × Pm) = 6(m − 2), form ≥ 2 where Cr denotes the crossing number

Complexity of Some Types of Cyclic Snake Graphs

The number of spanning trees in graphs (networks) is a crucial invariant, and it is also an important measure of the reliability of a network. Spanning trees are special subgraphs of a graph that have several important properties. First, <I>T</I> must span <I>G</I>, which means it must contain every vertex in graph <I>G</I>, if <I>T</I> is a spanning tree of graph <I>G</I>. <I>T</I> needs to be a subgraph of <I>G</I>, second. Stated differently, any edge present in <I>T</I> needs to be present in <I>G </I>as well. Third, <I>G</I> is the same as <I>T</I> if each edge in <I>T</I> is likewise present in <I>G</I>. In path-finding algorithms like Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm and A* search algorithm, spanning trees play an essential part. In those approaches, spanning trees are computed as component components. Protocols for network routing also take advantage of it. In numerous techniques and applications, minimum spanning trees are highly beneficial. Computer networks, electrical grids, and water networks all frequently use them. They are also utilized in significant algorithms like the min-cut max-flow algorithm and in graph issues like the travelling salesperson problem. In this paper, we use matrix analysis and linear algebra techniques to obtain simple formulas for the number of spanning trees of certain kinds of cyclic snake graphs.

Total edge irregularity strength for special types of square snake graphs

One of the extremely useful branches in graph theory is the labeling of a graph. Graph labeling plays a vital role in many fields such as database management, astronomy, coding theory, X-ray crystallography, communication network addressing and radar. A labeling of a connected simple graph GV,E\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$G\\left( {V,E} \\right)$$\\end{document} is a map that assign each element in G\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$G$$\\end{document} with a positive integer number. An edge irregular total λ-\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda^{\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!-}$$\\end{document}-labeling is a map β:VG∪EG→1,2,3,…,λ-\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\beta :V\\left( G \\right) \\cup E\\left( G \\right) \ o \\left\\{ 1,2,3, \\ldots ,\\lambda^{\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!-} \\right\\}$$\\end{document} such that Wβh≠Wβz\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$W_\\beta \\left( h \\right) \ e W_\\beta \\left( z \\right)$$\\end{document} where Wβh\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$W_\\beta \\left( h \\right)$$\\end{document} and Wβz\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$W_\\beta \\left( z \\right)$$\\end{document} are weights for any two distinct edges. In this case, G\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$G$$\\end{document} has total edge irregularity strength (TEIS) if λ-\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda^{\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!-}$$\\end{document} is minimum. In this paper, a new family of graphs called square snake graphs is defined and denoted by C4,n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$C_{4,n}$$\\end{document}. Moreover, we define some related graphs of square snake graphs named double square snake graph DC4,n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$D\\left( {C_{4,n} } \\right)$$\\end{document}, triple square snake graph TC4,n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$T\\left( {C_{4,n} } \\right)$$\\end{document} and m\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$m$$\\end{document}-multiple square snake graph MmC4,n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$M_m \\left( {C_{4,n} } \\right)$$\\end{document}. Finally, we determine TEIS for square snake graphs, double square snake graph, triple square snake graph and m\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$m$$\\end{document}-multiple square snake graph, which have many applications in coding theory and physics.

EDGE IRREGULAR REFLEXIVE LABELING ON MONGOLIAN TENT GRAPH (M_(m,3)) AND DOUBLE QUADRILATERAL SNAKE GRAPH

Let G be an undirected, connected, and simple graph with edges set E(G)and vertex set V(G). An edge irregular reflexive k-labeling f is one in which the label for each edge is an integer number {1,2,…, k_e} and the label for each vertex is an even integer number {0,2,4,…,2k_v}, k = max{ k_e,2k_v}. This type of labeling results in distinct weights for each edge. The weight of an edge xy in a graph G with labeling f, indicated by wt (xy), is the total of the labels on the vertex that are incident to the edge as well as the edge label. The minimum value k of the largest label in the graph G is referred to as res (G), which stands for the reflexive edge strength of the graph G. The topic of edge irregular reflexive k-labeling for mongolian tent graph (M_(m,n)) and double quadrilateral snake graph (D(Q_n )) will be discussed in this paper. The res (M_(m,n)),m≥2,n=3 has been obtained that is ⌈(5m-1)/3⌉ for 5m-1≢2,3 (mod 6) and ⌈(5m-1)/3⌉+1 for 5m-1≡2,3 (mod 6). Also the res (D(Q_n )),n≥2 has been obtained that is ⌈(7n-7)/3⌉ for 7n-7≢2,3 (mod 6) and ⌈(5m-1)/3⌉+1 for 7n-7≡2,3 (mod 6).

On edge irregularity strength of different families of graphs

Edge irregular mapping or vertex mapping h : V (G) −→ {1, 2, 3, ..., s} is a mapping of vertices in such a way that all edges have distinct weights. We evaluate weight of any edge by using equation wth(cd) =h(c)+h(d), ∀c, d ∈ V (G) and ∀cd ∈ E(G). Edge irregularity strength denoted by es(G) is a minimum positive integer used to label vertices to form edge irregular labeling. In this paper, we find exact value of edge irregularity strength of linear phenylene graph P Hn, Bn graph and different families of snake graph.

A Study on Sum Divisor Cordial Labeling Graphs

Cordial labeling refers to a graph with vertices and edges as a sum divisor if there exists a bijection function such that for each edge assign the label 1 , if and 0 otherwise, satisfying the condition is the number of edges having the label 1 , and is the number of edges having the label 0 . A graph with sum-divisor cordial labeling is called a sum-divisor cordial graph. In the paper, we establish this alternate triangular belt graph, twig graph, duplication of the top vertex Alternate triangular snake graph, duplication of top vertex Pentagon snake graph, jellyfish when and are even, Spider graph with n spokes .

Rainbow Connection Number of Double Quadrilateral Snake Graph

Let graph G = be a non trivial connected graph. A graph G with edge coloring is called a rainbow connection, if for every pair of vertices on a path has a different color. The rainbow connection number denoted by is the minimum color needed to make graph G rainbow connection. In this study, we will determine the rainbow connection number of double quadrilateral snake graph and alternate double quadrilateral snake graph. The research results show that while if and if

Some homological properties of edge rings of diamond snake graphs

Some homological properties of edge rings of diamond snake graphs

On Some Topological Indices of the Triangular Snake Graph and Alternate Triangular Snake Graph

The quantitative specifications which are used to narrate the atomic topology of graphs are usually entitled as topological indices in theoretical Chemistry. The features of physical and chemical properties like melting point, entropy, boiling point, energy generation and enthalpy of vaporization of chemical compounds can be estimated by means of these topological indices. The field of Graph theory has a remarkable application of linking certain graphs with many types of topological indices. In this paper we compute first and second Zagreb indices, Randi´c index, sum-connectivity index, harmonic index, inverse sum indeg index, modified first and second Zagreb indices and first and second hyper Zagreb indices of Triangular snake graph and alternate Triangular snake graph.

On Prime Labelings of Uniform Cycle Snake Graphs

A prime labeling of a graph of order n is an assignment of the integers 1, 2, ... , n to the vertices such that each pair of adjacent vertices has coprime labels. For positive integers m, k, q with k ≥ 3 and 1 ≤ q ≤ ⌊k/2⌋ , the uniform cycle snake graph Cmk,q is constructed by taking a path with m edges and replacing each edge by a k-cycle by identifying two vertices at distance q in the cycle with the vertices of the original path edge. We construct prime labelings for Cmk,q for many pairs (k,q) and, in each case, all m. These include: all cases with k ≤ 9 or k = 11; all cases with q = 2 when k ≡ 3 (mod 4); all cases with q = 3 when k has the form 2a − 1, 3a + 1 or 3b + 3 for all a and all odd b; all cases with q = 4 when k is even; and all cases with q = k/2 when q is a prime congruent to 1 (mod 3).

On Fibonacci Cordial Labeling of Some Snake Graphs

Let an injective function f from vertex set V of a graph G to the set (F0, F1, F2, ..., Fn), where Fj is jth the Fibonacci number (j=0, 1, ..., n), is said to be Fibonacci cordial labeling if the induced function f* from the edge set E of graph G to the set {0,1} defined by f* (uv) = (f(u)+f(v)) (mod2) satisfies the condition |ef(0)- ef(1) ≤ 1, where ef(0) is the number of edges with label 0 and ef(1) is the number of edges with label 1. A graph which admits Fibonacci cordial labeling is called Fibonacci cordial graph.

Solutions of the Yang–Baxter Equation and Automaticity Related to Kronecker Modules

The Kronecker algebra K is the path algebra induced by the quiver with two parallel arrows, one source and one sink (i.e., a quiver with two vertices and two arrows going in the same direction). Modules over K are said to be Kronecker modules. The classification of these modules can be obtained by solving a well-known tame matrix problem. Such a classification deals with solving systems of differential equations of the form Ax=Bx′, where A and B are m×n, F-matrices with F an algebraically closed field. On the other hand, researching the Yang–Baxter equation (YBE) is a topic of great interest in several science fields. It has allowed advances in physics, knot theory, quantum computing, cryptography, quantum groups, non-associative algebras, Hopf algebras, etc. It is worth noting that giving a complete classification of the YBE solutions is still an open problem. This paper proves that some indecomposable modules over K called pre-injective Kronecker modules give rise to some algebraic structures called skew braces which allow the solutions of the YBE. Since preprojective Kronecker modules categorize some integer sequences via some appropriated snake graphs, we prove that such modules are automatic and that they induce the automatic sequences of continued fractions.

New Results on Face Magic Mean Labeling of Graphs

In the midst of the 1960s, a theory by Kotzig-Ringel and a study by Rosa sparked curiosity in graph labeling. Our primary objective is to examine some types of graphs which admit Face Magic Mean Labeling (FMML). A bijection <img src=image/13429259_01.gif> is called a (1,0,0) F-Face magic mean labeling [FMML] of <img src=image/13429259_02.gif> if the induced face labeling <img src=image/13429259_03.gif> <img src=image/13429259_04.gif> A bijection <img src=image/13429259_05.gif> is called a (1,1,0) F-Face magic mean labeling [FMML] of <img src=image/13429259_02.gif> if the induced face labeling <img src=image/13429259_06.gif> <img src=image/13429259_07.gif> In this paper it is being investigated that the (1, 0, 0) – Face Magic Mean Labeling (F-FMML) of Ladder graphs, Tortoise graph and Middle graph of a path graph. Also (1,0,0) and (1,1,0) F-Face Magic Mean Labeling is verified for Ortho Chain Square Cactus graph, Para Chain Square Cactus graph and some snake related graphs like Triangular snake graphs and Quadrilateral snake graphs. For a wide range of applications, including the creation of good kind of codes, synch-set codes, missile guidance codes and convolutional codes with optimal auto correlation characteristics, labeled graphs serve as valuable mathematical models. They aid in the ability to develop the most efficient non-standard integer encodings; labeled graphs have also been used to identify ambiguities in the access protocol of communication networks; data base management to identify the best circuit layouts, etc.

Study of the Crossing Number Associated with Strong Product of Path with Cycle and Triangular Snake Graph

Study of the Crossing Number Associated with Strong Product of Path with Cycle and Triangular Snake Graph

Radio Labeling of Double Triangular Snake Graphs

Radio Labeling of Double Triangular Snake Graphs