Gastric cancer (GC) originating from the lining of the stomach is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans. The most efficient method giving hope of full recovery from GC is gastric resection combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, over 50% of patients after treatment suffer from recurrence and peritoneal metastasis. The bacteria Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is nowadays considered as the major pathogen capable of colonizing gastric mucosa. This bug causes deregulation of multiple signaling pathways including the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB) and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) responsible for inflammation and development of carcinogenic cascade. The pathomechanism of these changes remains little understood, but the Hp virulence factors affecting mainly gastric epithelium have been postulated. Nevertheless, the changes associated with inflammation progressing to cancer are not only limited to epithelial cells. The cells surrounding the tumor, mainly activated fibroblasts (CAFs - cancer-associated fibroblasts) create molecular microenvironment promoting tumorigenesis and cancer invasion. The downstream targets of STAT3, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs) are expressed in activated fibroblasts providing them with additional properties. Thus, our aim was to determine if the Hp strain expressing CagA and VacA cytotoxins may result in the activation/differentiation of rat gastric fibroblasts resulting in NFκB and STAT3 signaling, which could lead to EMT-TFs expression and secretome responsible for inflammatory and EMT inducing microenvironment. In this study, gastric samples were harvested from 8-week-old Spraque-Dowley rats and the primary and secondary fibroblast cultures were established. The 70% confluent secondary fibroblast cultures were infected with 1 x 109 of live Hp expressing cytotoxins CagA VacA per dish and incubated in humidified atmosphere for 3, 24, 48 and 72 hours, before the conditioned media or the cells were used for endpoint experiments. As the control, fibroblast culture in DMEM with 10% FBS and antibiotics, free from Hp infection was used. The expression of mRNA for 18S (control), toll-like receptors: TLR2 and TLR4, STAT3, NFκB p65/Rel A, inhibitor of NF-κB (Iκβ), Snail and Twist was determined by RT-PCR. The protein expression of Snail and Twist was assessed by Western blot technique. The fibroblast supernatant was collected at 72 hours from non-infected and Hp (cagA+ vacA+)-infected culture and the concentrations of interleukin 8 (IL-8), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) were measured by ELISA. In fibroblasts infected with Hp (cagA+ vacA+), the significant increase of mRNA expression for both, TLR2 and TLR4, as well as STAT3, NFκB/RelA subunit was observed already after 3 hours of fibroblasts infection with Hp strain compared with control non-infected fibroblasts. Simultaneously, the significant decrease of Iκβ mRNA has been noticed starting from 48 hours after the Hp infection of fibroblasts was carried out. The strong increase in the expression of Snail1 and Twist mRNA was recorded already at 3 hours in Hp-infected fibroblasts comparing to control non-infected fibroblasts and this increase persisted at 24 and 48 hours being the most pronounced at 72 hours post incubation with Hp. The expression of Snail1 protein was observed after 3 hours post Hp infection and this increase persisted throughout entire time periods upon Hp infection. In contrast, no detectable level of Twist protein expression was observed up to 72 hours post-infection neither in control conditions nor in fibroblasts co-infected with Hp. These changes in fibroblasts were accompanied by a significant increase in the release of HGF, SDF-1 and IL-8 determined in cell supernatants collected from Hp-infected fibroblasts. These data indicate that the activation/differentiation of rat gastric fibroblasts can occur directly by Hp releasing CagA and indirectly through TLR2 and TLR4 and these effects can be mediated by transcription factors NFκB and STAT3 signaling leading to rapid Snail1 protein expression. We conclude that NFκB and STAT3 signaling together with Snail1 protein expression may activate the secretome responsible for fibroblasts inflammatory and EMT-inducing microenvironment likely serving as prerequisite for GC development.
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Open Access
Jan 7, 2020
V A Bychkov + 5
