Snacking Patterns Research Articles

Association of Dietary Patterns, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Obesity Among Children Aged 9–17 Years in Guangzhou, China: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study

Background: Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge in the 21st century, and diet is one of the key modifiable factors in its prevention. This study examined the link between dietary patterns of children and general and central obesity, including the role of C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods: This study enrolled 2413 children aged 9–17. Anthropometric measurements, CRP levels, and dietary data were collected. Factor analysis identified dietary patterns, and logistic regression examined the association between CRP levels and childhood obesity. Multiple linear regression determined the correlation between dietary patterns and CRP. Mediation analysis assessed the role of CRP in the link between dietary patterns and childhood obesity. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified. The rice and meat pattern was significantly correlated to the risk of childhood obesity (OR = 1.166, 95%CI: 1.000, 1.359 for general obesity; OR = 1.215, 95%CI: 1.071, 1.377 for central obesity). CRP was positively correlated with childhood obesity risk (OR = 2.301, 95%CI: 1.776, 2.982 for general obesity; OR = 2.165, 95%CI: 1.738, 2.697 for central obesity). The fruit and vegetable pattern was inversely related to CRP (β= −0.059, 95%CI: −0.081, −0.036), while the snack pattern was positively correlated (β= 0.043, 95%CI: 0.020, 0.065). CRP had a suppressive effect on the association between the fruit and vegetable pattern and snack pattern with childhood obesity. Conclusions: This study revealed the rice and meat pattern as a risk factor for childhood obesity, and cross-sectional evidence linked the fruit and vegetable pattern and snack pattern to childhood obesity risk, mediated by CRP.

Association between sleep timing and meal and snack patterns in schoolchildren in southern Brazil.

This study aimed to identify meal and snack patterns and assess their association with sleep timing in schoolchildren. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2018/2019 with 1333 schoolchildren aged 7-14 years from public and private schools in Florianópolis, Brazil. Previous-day dietary intake data for breakfast, mid-morning snack, lunch, mid-afternoon snack, dinner, and evening snack were collected using a validated online questionnaire. Sleep timing was measured by the midpoint of sleep and classified as quartiles (very early, early, late and very late). Latent Class Analysis was performed to identify meal and snack patterns, and multinomial logistic regression was used to assess associations. Students with very late sleep timing were less likely to consume the "Coffee with milk, bread and cheese" breakfast pattern compared with very early group (35.4%, 95%CI 27.2-43.6 vs. 56.0%, 95%CI 48.5-63.4). Also, the former were more likely to consume the "Mixed" breakfast pattern (healthy and unhealthy foods) compared with very early students (40.0%, 95%CI 32.4- 46.7 vs. 28.0%, 95%CI 23.8- 32.0). The latter were more likely to eat the "Brazilian traditional, processed meat, egg and fish" lunch pattern to the late students (35.4%, 95%CI 30.3- 40.5 vs. 21.5%, 95%CI 15.2- 27.8) and less likely to consume the "Pasta and cheese" lunch pattern compared to the students with later sleep timing (10.1%, 95%CI 8.4- 11.9 vs. 17.1%, 95%CI 13.0- 21.1). Students with later sleep timing were more likely to eat ultra-processed food at mid-afternoon snacks compared with early group (56.3%, 95%CI 52.4- 60.2 vs. 47.2%, 95%CI 43.5- 50.8). The study findings suggest that morning preference appears to promote healthier breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack patterns, whereas later sleep timing may pose challenges in maintaining healthy patterns at these meals/snacks.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Arab Version of the Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire (AFPQ) in Kut City, Iraq.

Background Food parenting behaviors have been increasingly critical to adolescent nutritional health. These behaviors play a decisive role in shaping food intake and weight status in adolescents through autonomy support, coercive control, modeling habits, healthy structure, and determining snacking patterns. To our knowledge, there is no available food parenting questionnaire in the Arabic version; therefore, a reliable and validated Arabic version of the questionnaire to assess food parenting behavior among Iraqi adolescents is required. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Adolescent Food Parenting Questionnaire (AFPQ) into Arabic (AFPQ-A) for adolescents aged 16 to 18 in Kut City, Iraq. Methodology The original version of AFPQ was translated according to a 10-step protocol after being authorized by the developer. The modified kappa statistic (κm), the sum content validity index/universal agreement (S-CVI/UA) method, the scale-level content validity index average (S-CVI/Ave), and the item-level content validity index (I-CVI) were used by four independent experts to assess the content validity of the AFPQ for adolescents and parenting. Face validity was assessed among the adolescents (n = 30) and their respective parents. Results The translation process into the Arabic version produced minor modifications to the original questionnaire. The S-CVI/Ave score for the parent version was 0.95, while the I-CVI/UA score was 0.81 for the adolescent version. The κm values of 1.00 were found in the majority of the items. These scores indicated that the AFPQ items possessed good content validity. Both the parent and adolescent versions demonstrated excellent face validity, with the sum of face validity index/average (S-FVI) scores of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. Conclusion The AFPQ-A has been demonstrated to be a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of food parenting behaviors in Iraqi adolescents.

Evaluating Weight Status, Snacking Patterns, and Physical Activity Levels Among Primary Schoolchildren in Relizane, Algeria: A Comprehensive Analysis.

This study aimed to comprehensively assess the weight status, snack consumption, and physical activity levels among primary schoolchildren, with a focus on both rural and urban areas. This cross-sectional study surveyed 557 primary schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years, covering general identification (age, gender), anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, waist, and hip circumference), food patterns (frequency of food consumption), and sports activities. Using CDC body mass index thresholds, we identified a 25% prevalence of obesity and over 17% for overweight, revealing a significant urban-rural disparity. In urban areas, boys had a higher obesity rate (32.58%), while girls had a higher overweight rate (15%). Conversely, in rural regions, girls had a higher obesity rate (24.82%), and boys had a higher overweight rate (22.3%). Dietary analysis showed that over 86% consumed three daily meals, but distinctions in snack choices, such as chips, wafers, and biscuits, were noted between urban and rural areas. Additionally, urban schoolchildren were more likely to participate in sports activities compared to their rural counterparts, with rates of 70.22% versus 55.08%, respectively. Findings provide valuable insights into the health and food behaviors of primary schoolchildren and can inform interventions and strategies to promote healthier lifestyles.

Gaga for Golgappa

The article documents and discusses the special bond between women and one particular street food item: golgappa (also known as pani puri). The study relies on two sets of data collected in Purnea, a small city of North India. First, a survey (n = 530) provides evidence that snacking patterns are highly gendered, as women display a disproportionate penchant for golgappa, while men have more diverse eating preferences. Second, quantified ethnographic observations (n = 120 food stands) confirm that golgappa stalls represent key spaces of socialization for female urban dwellers. The article proposes several hypotheses to explain the popularity of golgappa among women. Moving beyond patriarchally engineered biological explanations, it focuses on issues of access to the public space. In a context of restricted mobility, golgappa serves as a convenient pretext for women to venture onto the streets. Designed for rapid consumption, golgappa allows women to conform to societal norms by minimizing the time spent in public, thereby reducing the disruption of gendered expectations. Additionally, the (imagined) association of golgappa with femininity—particularly in pop culture—increases its social legitimacy for women. The concluding section offers a reflection on the nature and texture of socialization practices among men and women in small Indian cities. Overall, the article contends that eating out represents a critical feminist issue.

Association of ultraprocessed food consumption with risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe poor nutritional characteristics and potentially harmful molecules in ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) are risk factors for diabetic microvascular complications. However, the evidence regarding UPFs and diabetic microvascular complications remains limited. ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the associations between UPF consumption and risk of diabetic microvascular complications, to examine the underlying biological pathways (e.g., inflammation and lipid profile), and to identify whether the associations differ by type of UPF dietary patterns. MethodsWe included a prospective cohort of UK Biobank participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) having at least one 24-h dietary recall (N = 5685). UPFs were defined using the Nova classification. Principal component analysis was used to derive UPF consumption patterns. Associations of UPFs and their consumption patterns with microvascular complications were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Mediation analyses were used to estimate the mediating effects of 22 biomarkers. ResultsDuring a median of 12.7 y of follow-up, 1243 composite microvascular complications events occurred (599 diabetic retinopathy, 237 diabetic neuropathy, and 662 diabetic kidney disease events). Five consumption patterns were identified (spread and bread, cereal prepared with liquids, dairy-based products, sugary beverage and snack, and mixed beverage and savory snack patterns). A 10% increment in the proportion of UPF was associated with higher hazards of the composite microvascular complications (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03, 1.13) and diabetic kidney disease (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.20). Triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and body mass index collectively explained 22.0% (9.6%–43.0%) of the association between UPF intake and composite microvascular complications. Pattern high in mixed beverage and savory snack was associated with a higher risk of composite microvascular complications. ConclusionsHigher UPF consumption was associated with higher risks of diabetic microvascular complications, and the association was partly mediated through multiple potential ways.

Temporal snacking patterns among Canadian children and adolescents.

Snacking is nearly universal among children but there is growing concern around snacking patterns and energy contribution. This study aimed to characterize temporal snacking patterns among Canadian children and adolescents. A cross-sectional analysis drew on data from 5209 respondents aged 4-18 years from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey Nutrition, using one 24 h dietary recall. Descriptive statistics estimated proportions of morning, afternoon, and evening snackers, the mean caloric contribution of each snacking period to total daily energy intake, and the top food categories consumed as snacks (kcal per capita). Snacking was nearly universal and accounted for one of every four calories consumed. Morning snacks were more popular among children vs. adolescents and contributed significantly less energy than afternoon or evening snacking periods for both age groups (P<0.001). The top food groups consumed as snacks were the same for children and adolescents, although the ranking order varied. Fruits were the leading food group in terms of per capita energy for children and second for adolescents. Aside from fruits and milks, all other top per capita energy contributors were generally more energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods such as cookies, biscuits and cereal bars, and other breads. Among children, morning snacks were higher in desirable nutrients compared with afternoon snacks. Not all snacking periods are equal in terms of energy and nutrients. A better understanding of how time of day may influence the quality of snack foods can inform meal-based guidance and help children achieve the recommended daily amounts of foods and nutrients.

Magnitudes of overweight and obesity among adult and associated factors in jigjiga town, Somali region, Ethiopia

Overweight and obesity are major worldwide health concerns, with serious consequences for mortality and morbidity. Overweight and obesity rates are frighteningly high in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria and Ethiopia, due to a variety of causes such as urbanization, greater affluence, and bad food habits. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among people in Jigjiga Town, Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia, as well as to investigate related factors in order to inform treatments and policy. A cross-sectional survey was done among persons aged 20 to 64 working in the government, non-governmental, and commercial sectors. Socio-demographic information, food habits, physical activity, and anthropometric measures were all recorded. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was shown to be 42.4 %, with significant correlations identified with profession and TV viewing habits. Employed people were less likely to be overweight or obese than those in commerce/trade, and those who watched TV for 2–3 h had a reduced risk than those who watched less than 2 h. The study found that khat chewing is significantly associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity, with chewers being 1.56 times more likely to be overweight or obese compared to non-chewers. Additionally, there is an inverse relationship between snacking frequency and overweight/obesity risk; participants who snacked once a day were 2.5 times more likely to be overweight or obese than those who snacked three or more times a day. These findings highlight that khat chewing and snacking patterns are important modifiable risk factors for overweight and obesity in the studied population. These findings highlight the need of focused treatments targeting food choices, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in combating overweight and obesity in Eastern Ethiopia. Collaboration among academics, policymakers, healthcare professionals, and community stakeholders is critical for developing successful methods for promoting healthy lifestyles and lowering the region's overweight and obesity burden.

Snacking pattern among IT professionals from Pune, India

Purpose Pune is a prominent information technology (IT) hub in India, where snacking has become a customary practice among IT professionals. This study aims to determine the pattern and factors associated with snacking among IT professionals from various multinational corporations (MNCs) in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study considered 404 IT professionals aged 21 to 50 years. A convenient sampling method was adopted to administer a validated questionnaire. Information on snacking patterns and factors associated with snacking were recorded. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data with p = 0.05. The participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was ensured. Findings The mean age of the participants was 31 ± 7.9 years. Almost half (51.5%) of the participants engaged in daily snacking. The sociodemographic factors such as younger age (0.000), marital status (p = 0.001), salary package (p = 0.006), living situation (p = 0.05), designation (p = 0.042) and work experience (p = 0.001) significantly related with the unhealthy snacking pattern scores. Daily snacking was significantly associated with hunger (p = 0.001), stress (p = 0.001), weight (p = 0.000), peer influence (p = 0.041) and taste (p = 0.001). Hunger, stress, taste, peer influence, boredom and weight were significantly (p = 0.05) associated with unhealthy snacking patterns. Research limitations/implications The mean age of the participants was 31 ± 7.9 years. Almost half (51.5%) of the participants engaged in daily snacking. The sociodemographic factors such as younger age (0.000), marital status (p = 0.001), salary package (p = 0.006), living situation (p = 0.05), designation (p = 0.042) and work experience (p = 0.001) significantly related with the unhealthy snacking pattern scores. Daily snacking was significantly associated with hunger (p = 0.001), stress (p = 0.001), weight (p = 0.000), peer influence (p = 0.041) and taste (p = 0.001). Overall, hunger, stress, taste, peer influence, boredom and weight were significantly (p = 0.05) associated with unhealthy snacking patterns such as snacking in between, prioritizing taste over nutrition, exclusion of fruits and vegetables in snacks, lack of control over snacking and snacking habit. Originality/value This study uniquely identifies the snacking pattern of IT professionals from Pune, India, which primarily includes unhealthy snacking. Various socio-demographic and other factors such as hunger, taste, stress, boredom, convenience, weight and peer influence, were associated with unhealthy snacking. Understanding the snacking pattern and its determinants can help create nutrition interventions to promote healthy snacking and decrease the risk of noncommunicable diseases in IT professionals.

Association between body mass index and tic disorders in school-age children

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI ) and the severity of tic disorders (TDs) in children 6–14 years old.MethodsA total of 86 children diagnosed with TDs in a hospital between Jan. 2023 and Sept. 2023 were collected by convenient sampling method, and the general data and TD-specific data were collected and analyzed.ResultsUnivariate analysis showed that patients with different Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) grades had statistically significant differences in age, BMI, residence, snacking pattern, weekly physical exercise frequency, weekly physical exercise time, and proportion of cesarean birth. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the YGTSS score grades were related to BMI, snacking pattern, and cesarean birth of the patients. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between BMI grades and the YGTSS score grades, with a higher BMI indicating more severe TDs. Predictive value evaluation showed that BMI, snacking pattern, and cesarean birth had predictive values for TD severity, and the highest value was found in the combined prediction.ConclusionBMI, snacking pattern, and cesarean birth are of predictive values for the severity of TDs. In addition, BMI is positively correlated with the severity of TDs, and a higher BMI suggests more severe TDs.

Systematic Literature Review: Pengaruh Pola Makan Kariogenik pada Anak Sekolah Terhadap Status Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut

The maintenance of dental health in school-aged children is crucial as their dental condition will impact their oral health in adulthood. Consumption habits of cariogenic foods such as sugar can increase the risk of dental caries. Therefore, regulating dietary patterns to avoid excessive sugar consumption is important in reducing this risk. The aim of this study is to elucidate the cariogenic dietary patterns in school children concerning the status of dental and oral health through article reviews. The research strategy employed was a literature review obtained from academic databases including Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Science Direct, focusing on publications within the last 5 years. Keywords used were "Cariogenic food," "Cariogenic," "School Children," and "Oral Hygiene," searched using Boolean method, yielding 4 articles for analysis. Two journals were found addressing oral health maintenance behaviors, one focusing on brushing time, five discussing cariogenic snacking patterns, one examining dental visits, and two exploring dental caries and brushing frequency. The majority of journals utilized a cross-sectional study design, with one employing descriptive analytics study design. The sample sizes varied from 40 to 550 respondents.From the results of this research, it is concluded that the consumption pattern of cariogenic foods, such as biscuits and donuts, has a significant impact on the incidence of dental caries among elementary school children and junior high school students in various regions.

Evolution of adolescents' dietary patterns in Northeast Brazil from 2008 to 2018.

To evaluate the evolution of the dietary patterns of adolescents in the northeast region of Brazil. Secondary analysis of data from the Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF - Household Budget Surveys), collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in the years 2008-2009 and 2017-2018. A total of 3,095 adolescents were evaluated in 2008-2009 and 3,015 in 2017-2018. Food consumption was assessed using two dietary records in 2008-2009 and two 24-hour recalls in 2017-2018, applied on non-consecutive days. Based on these data, principal components factor analysis (PCFA) was performed, followed by orthogonal rotation of the varimax type, to derive dietary patterns, stratified by sex. The results were described as means or percentage frequencies, with their respective 95% confidence intervals. Three main dietary patterns were identified among adolescents from the northeast region of Brazil. Among boys, in 2008-2009, the patterns were called snacks, traditional Brazilian, and coffee; and in 2017-2018, traditional Brazilian, snacks, and mixed, in this order of representativeness of the group's eating habits. Among female adolescents, in 2008-2009, the patterns were snacks, traditional Brazilian, and coffee; and in 2017-2018, traditional Brazilian, snacks, and processed meats. The dietary patterns identified in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 were similar in both genders; however, the snacks pattern, which explained most of the data variability in 2008-2009, was replaced by the traditional Brazilian.

Association between body weight misperception and snacking patterns among adolescents: a population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundUnhealthy snacking behaviors and body weight misperception are both significant concerns in adolescent health. Weight misperception are common among youth and may influence their motivation to engage in health-related behaviors, however, the effect on snacking patterns choice remains unclear. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between body weight misperception and snacking pattern choice among school adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey platform. Body weight misperception was defined based on perceived body weight and true weight. Snack intake was measured using a qualitative food-frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to identify snacking patterns, and multiple linear regression was employed to examine the association between body weight misperception and snacking patterns.Results190,296 students with the average age of 13.3 ± 1.0 years was included, and 44.5% of students misperceived their weight. Overestimation was more prevalent than underestimation. Two snacking patterns, namely a high-calorie snacking pattern and a healthy snacking pattern, were identified with eigenvalues > 1. Weight underestimation was positively linked to high-calorie snacking pattern scores for both normal weight students (β: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.21) and students with overweight/obesity (β: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.52), and to healthy snacking scores for students with overweight/obesity (β: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.33), but negatively linked to healthy snacking pattern scores for normal weight students (β: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.09). Conversely, weight overestimation was negatively linked to both high-calorie and healthy snacking pattern scores for normal weight students (β: -0.07, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.04 and β: -0.13, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.10), but positively linked to healthy snacking scores for underweight students (β: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.21). Interactions were found between sex, grade, accommodation, only child, primary guardians, parental education level and weight misperception to snacking patterns.ConclusionsAdolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity who misperceived their weight exhibited less healthy snacking patterns, whereas underweight students who misperceived their weight displayed healthier snacking patterns. Comprehensive programs are crucial to educate and guide adolescents in understanding their weight status and making healthier snack choices, involving families, schools, and society.

Dietary patterns among adults in three low-income urban communities in Accra, Ghana

Objective Dietary patterns describe the dietary behaviour and habits of individuals. Unhealthy dietary patterns provide individuals with limited nutrients while increasing the risk of nutrition-related diseases. Unhealthy dietary patterns are high in urban areas, especially among low-income urban residents. This study examined dietary patterns in three low-income urban communities in Accra, Ghana, between 2011 and 2013. Methods This study used Wave 2 and 3 data from the Urban Health and Poverty Survey (EDULINK 2011 and 2013). The sample size was 960 in 2011 and 782 in 2013. Dietary pattern was examined using factor analysis and the NOVA food classification system. Summary statistics were computed for sociodemographic characteristics and diet frequency and pattern. Differences in dietary behaviours between 2011 and 2013 were also estimated. Three logistic regression models were computed to determine the predictors of dietary patterns. Results The frequency of consumption of animal-source foods (ASF) and fruits was higher in 2013 compared with 2011. The intake of processed culinary ingredients (NOVA Group 2), processed foods (NOVA Group 3) and ultra-processed foods (NOVA Group 4) was higher in 2013 versus 2011. In 2013, 29% consumed ultra-processed foods compared to 21% in 2011. Three dietary patterns (rice-based, snack-based, and staple and stew/soup) were identified. About two out of every five participants consumed the food items in the rice (43%) and staple and sauce patterns (40%). The proportion of participants who consumed the food items in the snack pattern was 35% in 2011 but 41% in 2013. Respondents aged 25–34 and those with higher education often consumed the snack-based and rice-based dietary patterns. In 2013, participants in Ussher Town had a higher probability of consuming food items in the snack pattern than those living in Agbogbloshie. Conclusions This study found that between 2011 and 2013, more participants consumed ASFs, fruits, and processed foods. A complex interplay of personal and socio-cultural factors influenced dietary intake. The findings of this study mirror global changes in diet and food systems, with important implications for the primary and secondary prevention of NCDs. Health promotion programs at the community level are needed to address the increasing levels of processed food consumption.

Snacks contribute considerably to total dietary intakes among adults stratified by glycemia in the United States.

Little is known about the snacking patterns among adults with type 2 diabetes. The contribution of snacks to energy and nutrient intakes is important to further understand dietary patterns and glycemic control. The purpose of this study is to evaluate snack consumption among adults according to diabetes status in the United States. One NHANES 24-hour dietary recall for each participant collected between 2005-2016 was utilized for analysis (n = 23,708). Analysis of covariance was used to compare differences in nutrient and food groups intakes from snacks across levels of glycemic control, while controlling for age, race/ethnicity, income, marital status, and gender. Results of this analysis inform that adults with type 2 diabetes consume less energy, carbohydrates, and total sugars from snacks than adults without diabetes. Those with controlled type 2 diabetes consumed more vegetables and less fruit juice than other groups, yet adults with type 2 diabetes in general consumed more cured and luncheon meats than adults without diabetes or with prediabetes. Protein from all snacks for those without diabetes is higher than all other groups. This study elucidates common snacking patterns among US adults with diabetes and highlights the need for clinicians and policymakers to take snacking into consideration when evaluating and providing dietary recommendations.

Modified-Malay Eating Behavior and Pattern Questionnaire (Malay-EBPQ): translation and validation among Malaysian women

BackgroundEating behavior primarily depends on eating patterns which are largely influenced by interactions between physiology, environment, psychology, culture and socio-economic status. This study was designed to translate and validate the Eating Behavior Pattern Questionnaire (EBPQ) among Malaysian women.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving translation and validation of the English version of EBPQ. The original questionnaire, contained 51 items extracted into six domains was translated in Malay using forward and backward translation, pre-tested and validated among conveniently sampled female healthcare personnel. Vegetarians, pregnant ladies and women in confinement were excluded due to special daily dietary plans. Construct validity, reliability and feasibility were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).ResultsDuring translation, item modifications were made and subjected to field testing among 394 women. The original questionnaire was used as a reference to identify the positioning of items in constructs. Fifteen items were removed due to poor correlation with items within constructs. Seven factors were extracted using Varimax rotation with Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value range from 0.725–0.872 and significant Bartlett’s test of Sphericity (p < 0.001). The item-loading of the items within the constructs ranged between 0.415–0.812 (explained variation = 62.7%). Cultural and lifestyle behavior was relabeled to lifestyle and behavioral eating, and snacking on sweets was relabeled as snacking pattern. Emotional eating was divided into two sub-factors as snacking behavior and emotional influence. CFA resulted with an acceptable fit with no presence of floor and ceiling effects. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for all the constructs were reported good and excellent. The overall internal consistency was reported as good.ConclusionThe modified 36-item Malay-EBPQ had moderate internal consistency, reliable and fit with multi-dimensional measures of eating behaviors and dietary patterns among women in the multi-racial population with cultural diversity.

P14-082-23 Disordered Eating Attitudes Scale Is Associated With Snacking Patterns, BMI, and Diet Quality in Overweight and Obese College Students

P14-082-23 Disordered Eating Attitudes Scale Is Associated With Snacking Patterns, BMI, and Diet Quality in Overweight and Obese College Students

Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua Dengan Perilaku Jajan Pada Anak Usia Sekolah: Literature Review

Background: School-age children are referred to as latent periods, the more independent school-age children are, the more they have problems in the selection of snacks. The findings of the Food and Drug Administration (BPOM) found several results of food content which showed 91.26% qualified, 8.71% ineligible,285 samples contained Rhodamin B, 211 samples contained Formalin, 162 samples contained Borax and 5 food samples contained Methanyl Yellow. Parenting is a factor that influences the behavior of snack, parents are the first source of information to understand about the behavior of healthy snacks in children.Objective: The purpose of this study was to foster journals regarding the relationship between snacking patterns in school-age children.Methods: Literature review method, which includes searching for journals from Elsevier, Pudmed, Google Scholer, and Garuda which received 6 journals because they have been tested based on the Critical Appraisal Checklist (JBI) instrument for analysis of Cross Sectional Studies. Then use PRISMA to select them and use the Plagiarsm Checker X application with 17% results.Results: Literature review data conducted on 6 journals that have been obtained shows that there is a relationship between parenting patterns and snack selection behavior in school age children and 1 journal there is no relationship. 6 research journals obtained the dominant value of journal 1 Lonto et al., (2019), with respondents of democratic fostering pattern category as many as 30 people or (46.9%) and 44 respondents (68.8%) with healthy snack behaviors. The better the parenting pattern applied to the child, the lower the level of snack selection behavior in the child.Suggestion: Literature review results are expected to be an educational material, especially school-age children and parents about the importance of foster care patterns to prevent snack selection behavior in school-age children.

Snack consumption patterns and their associations with risk of incident metabolic syndrome: Tehran lipid and glucose study

AimFew studies considered the association between snack patterns and metabolic abnormalities. Here we aimed to characterize the major snack patterns among Iranian adults and determine their association with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).MethodsThis study was conducted on 1713 MetS-free adults who participated in the third phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). At baseline, dietary intake of snack was assessed using a validated 168-items food frequency questionnaire, and snack patterns were obtained by principal component analysis (PCA). Adjusted Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the association of incident MetS with the extracted snack patterns.ResultsPCA identified five major snack patterns, defined as “healthy pattern”, “low-fructose pattern”, “high-trans pattern”, “high-caffeine pattern” and “high-fructose pattern”. Participants in the highest tertile of the “high-caffeine pattern” had lower risk of MetS (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99, P for trend = 0.032). Other snack patterns have not shown any significant association with MetS incidence.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that consuming a snack pattern with high loads of caffeine, defined as “High-caffeine pattern” in the present study, could reduce the risk of MetS in healthy adults. Further prospective studies are needed to more fully determine the association between snack patterns and MetS incidence.

Applying an Exercise Snack-Based Health Promotion Strategy

Lack of time, lack of access to equipment, and environmental constraints are generally perceived as barriers to regular physical activity. Moreover, insufficient activity is known to promote sedentary behavior, which is a factor in many chronic diseases, negatively affects mental health, and reduces quality of life. Exercise snacks, defined as short and efficient bursts of exercise, are convenient and easy to implement, reduce sedentary time, increase physical activity, and promote the development of good exercise habits. Previous studies have found exercise snacks to be safe and feasible for the elderly, promoting physical function and reducing the incidence of falls and metabolic diseases. Exercise snacks have also been found to be effective in healthy adults as well as in patients with obesity and diabetes, helping decrease blood sugar and promoting cardiorespiratory fitness. Depending on the participant's age and tolerance, exercise snack patterns may be extended and distinguished into two forms: 10-minute bouts of gentle intermittent exercise twice a day and 60-second bouts of vigorous exercise 3 to 8 times a day. The main considerations for exercise snacks include: multi-joint exercise is better than single-joint exercise, lower body exercise is better than upper body exercise, and dynamic and rapid movement that pushes away from the ground promotes osteogenesis and helps prevent osteoporosis and fractures. Exercise snacks may be applied in healthcare practice and related research to promote health and improve quality of life for all.