Sn Regions Research Articles

Various herbal remedies for the management of Parkinson’s disease: A Review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a condition of neurodegeneration characterised by the decreased levels of dopaminergic neurons. Some of the physical issues with PD include resting tremors, stiffness, bradykinesia or akinesia, instability, and freezing. Damage to the brain's SN and other regions is present in PD. Reactive oxygen species are important and oxidative stress may be related to the disorder (ROS). There are active components in many herbal treatments that have been found to have antioxidant benefits. Therefore, the importance of herbal remedies in the management of PD cannot be undermind. The major goal of the current review is to examining the Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis (PD) and describes function of several potential herbal extracts on its pathogenesis, which may serve as the foundation for treatment. We also go into the chemical components that are present in each herb and useful in treating Parkinson's disease. These herbs are Mucuna pruriens (MP, kapikacchu), Centella asiatica (CA, Mandookaparni), Bacopa monnieri (BM, Brahmi), Cinnamomum verum (CV, cinnamon), Sida cordifolia (SC, bala), Juglandis semen (JS, walnut), Camellia sinens (CS, green tea), Curcuma longa (CL, turmeric), Withania somnifera (PL, kudzu). Future drug development for the successful treatment of PD may benefit from the findings of the current review.

Anomalous field-temperature phase diagram of superconductivity in Sn–Pb solder

Sn–Pb solders are superconducting materials whose Sn and Pb are perfectly phase-separated. Recently, anomalous magnetic-flux trapping in a Sn45–Pb55 solder has been revealed, where the magnetic fluxes are selectively trapped in the Sn regions due to the supercurrents in the surrounding Pb regions. Here, we report on the observation of the anomalous critical field (Hc)-temperature (T) phase diagram of superconductivity in the Sn45–Pb55 solder. Although the Hc(T) for the Pb regions decreases with increasing field as in normal type-I superconductors and is consistent with the conventional trend with Hc(0) ∼ 800 Oe, the Hc(T) for the Sn regions exhibits anomalous behaviors. The most noticeable trend was observed in the field-cooled (under 1500 Oe) solder. The Hc-T phase diagram for the Sn regions largely varies when the applied external field is reversed, and Tc increases with increasing field amplitude when H < 0 Oe is applied. On the basis of the flux trapping and the observed anomalous Hc-T phase diagrams, we propose that the field-robust superconductivity in the Sn regions is related to the ferromagnetically aligned magnetic fluxes (or formation of vortices) in the Sn regions of the Sn45–Pb55 solder.

X-Ray CT Measurement and Performance Evaluation of All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery with Sn Anode

Stannum (Sn) is investigated as a high-capacity anode for all-solid-state Lithium-Ion batteries. It is focused much attention because of its high theoretical capacity (990 mAh/g), which is much higher lithium storage capacity than that of graphite (372 mAh/g). However, poor cycling stability and coulombic efficiency hinder their practical use in Li-ion batteries. These drawbacks mainly result from the huge volume change of Sn (255% when 4.25 Li is inserted per a Sn), leading to a loss of electric contact, pulverization, and cracking. Therefore, it can be considered that there is a deep relationship between electrode structure and performance.In this study, to elucidate the relationship between electrode structure and performance of all-solid-state battery using Sn as the anode active material we compare the Sn anode with Sn weight ratio of 50wt% and 70wt%. The Sn anode structure is measured with in-situ X-ray CT measurement and the three-dimensional structure is compared to the electrode performance.To prepare the composite electrode, 5:5 and 7:3 (Sn : SE) weight ratio of Sn powder (38 um) and Li6PS5Cl were mixed by agate mortar and pestle. Anode half cells were then assembled and within 1 mm diameter polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cell dies at 400 MPa, and cells were cycled at a constant stress of 100 MPa In-situ X-ray CT with Molybdenum (Mo) target X-ray（nano3DX, Rigaku）was used to determine the structure of the composite electrode at a voxel size of 1.24 µm. And electrode performances were evaluated by potentiogalvanostat in the current of 0.05C.Figure 1 shows the X-ray CT images of the Sn anode with different Sn weight ratio ((a) 50 wt%, (b) 70 wt%). Sn regions are shown by blue and solid electrolyte (SE) regions are shown by yellow. Table.1 shows the electrode structure parameters calculated from the X-ray CT images shown in fig.1. The discharge capacity of Sn anode is dramatically increased by increasing in the Sn weight ratio (95 to 403 mAh/g). The tortuosity of SE network is increased with the increase in Sn weight ratio (1.43 to 2.15), which has a negative influence on the lithium-ion transportation in anode. It is considered that resistance of the SE network is increased with the increase of Sn weight ratio. Moreover, the contact specific surface area between SE and Sn is increased with the increase of Sn weight ratio (94.9×103 to 117×103 m2/m3). This increase of specific surface area of contact is corresponding to the decrease of interface resistance between SE and Sn in anode. The growth of discharge capacity can be derived from the decrease of interface resistance with the increase in specific surface area of contact between SE and Sn. Moreover, we also measured the expansion and contraction of the active material during charging and discharging, but the structural changes were not enough to explain the above performance differences.From the mentioned above, it can be said that as the Sn weight ratio increases, the resistance of the SE network is increased with the increase of tortuosity, but the interface resistance decreases due to the increase in the specific surface area of contact between SE and Sn, which leads to increase of electrode performance.This work is supported by JKA foundation (2020-1155). Figure 1

The Effect of Deep Learning-Based QSM Magnetic Resonance Imaging on the Subthalamic Nucleus.

In order to study the influence of quantitative magnetic susceptibility mapping (QSM) on them. A 2.5D Attention U-Net Network based on multiple input and multiple output, a method for segmenting RN, SN, and STN regions in high-resolution QSM images is proposed, and deep learning realizes accurate segmentation of deep nuclei in brain QSM images. Experimental results show data first cuts each layer of 0 100 case data, based on the image center, from 384 × 288 to the size of 128 × 128. Image combination: each layer of the image in the layer direction combines with two adjacent images into a 2.5D image, i.e., (It − m It; It + i), where It represents the layer i image. At this time, the size of the image changes from 128 × 128 to 128 × 128 × 3, in which 3 represents three consecutive layers of images. The SNR of SWP I to STN is twice that of SWI. The small deep gray matter nuclei (RN, SN, and STN) in QSM images of the brain and the pancreas with irregular shape and large individual differences in abdominal CT images can be automatically segmented.

Monopole Effect on Isotopes in Sn and Pb Regions

Abstract. When going toward in description of neutron-rich nuclei, the monopole field plays a determining role in the properties of the quasiparticle states and their interactions. Detailed theoretical in shell model calculations of the characteristics of the neutron-rich isotopes in 132Sn and 208Pb regions are performed using the monopole hamiltonien effect. Some modification mentioned in literatures of effectives interactions are introduced for evaluated the effective single-particle energies. Their effect show a successful and consistent description of excitation energies spectra of these nuclei. Keywords: Nuclear Structure, Monopole Hamiltonian, Odd-Odd Nuclei,Three body Effects, Similarity, 21.60.Cs; 27.60. +j; 21.30.Fe

Disrupted salience network functional connectivity and white-matter microstructure in persons at risk for psychosis: findings from the LYRIKS study.

Salience network (SN) dysconnectivity has been hypothesized to contribute to schizophrenia. Nevertheless, little is known about the functional and structural dysconnectivity of SN in subjects at risk for psychosis. We hypothesized that SN functional and structural connectivity would be disrupted in subjects with At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) and would be associated with symptom severity and disease progression. We examined 87 ARMS and 37 healthy participants using both resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Group differences in SN functional and structural connectivity were examined using a seed-based approach and tract-based spatial statistics. Subject-level functional connectivity measures and diffusion indices of disrupted regions were correlated with CAARMS scores and compared between ARMS with and without transition to psychosis. ARMS subjects exhibited reduced functional connectivity between the left ventral anterior insula and other SN regions. Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity were also found along white-matter tracts in close proximity to regions of disrupted functional connectivity, including frontal-striatal-thalamic circuits and the cingulum. FA measures extracted from these disrupted white-matter regions correlated with individual symptom severity in the ARMS group. Furthermore, functional connectivity between the bilateral insula and FA at the forceps minor were further reduced in subjects who transitioned to psychosis after 2 years. Our findings support the insular dysconnectivity of the proximal SN hypothesis in the early stages of psychosis. Further developed, the combined structural and functional SN assays may inform the prognosis of persons at-risk for psychosis.

Combinatorial growth of oxide nanoscaffolds and its influence in osteoblast cell adhesion

We report a novel method for high-throughput investigations on cell-material interactions based on metal oxide nanoscaffolds. These scaffolds possess a continuous gradient of various titanium alloys allowing the compositional and morphological variation that could substantially improve the formation of an osseointegrative interface with bone. The model nanoscaffold has been fabricated on commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) substrate with a compositional gradients of tin (Sn), chromium (Cr), and niobium (Nb) deposited using a combinatorial approach followed by annealing to create native oxide surface. As an invitro test system, the human fetal osteoblastic cell line (hFOB 1.19) has been used. Cell-adhesion of hFOB 1.19 cells and the suitability of these alloys have been evaluated for cell-morphology, cell-number, and protein adsorption. Although, cell-morphology was not affected by surface composition, cell-proliferation rates varied significantly with surface metal oxide composition; with the Sn- and Nb-rich regions showing the highest proliferation rate and the Cr-rich regions presenting the lowest. The results suggest that Sn and Nb rich regions on surface seems to promote hFOB 1.19 cell proliferation and may therefore be considered as implant material candidates that deserve further analysis.

Patterns of failure following trimodality therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer (EC).

88 Background: Patterns of local-regional failure (LRF) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and surgery for locally-advanced EC are poorly defined. Methods: This study reviewed pts treated with CRT followed by surgery for M0 esophageal cancer from 1995-2009. Staging and regional nodes (supraclavicular (SCV) through celiac) were defined based on AJCC 7th edition. Patterns of first failure were analyzed. LRF included: 1) initially involved nodal failure (INF), 2) initially uninvolved (subclinical) nodal failure (SNF), and/or 3) anastomotic. Abdominal para-aortic failure (PAF) at or below the superior mesenteric artery was scored separately. Isolated SNF or PAF was defined as no other local or distant failure. Actuarial local-regional control (LRC), event-free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: 156 patients were identified with a median age of 60 years. Primary location was upper in 1%, middle 17%, lower 32% and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) 50% (Adeno: 79%; SCC: 21%). Staging included EUS (73%), CT (46%), and/or PET/CT (54%). 40% had stage II and 60% stage III disease. Concurrent CRT was primarily cisplatin/taxane and/or 5-FU-based. Primary RT fields (median dose: 45Gy) encompassed the tumor with an approximate 5 cm proximal and distal margin and included standard regional nodes. Boost fields (median total dose: 50.4Gy) encompassed gross disease with a 2 cm margin. Surgical technique was transhiatial (28%), Ivor-Lewis (47%), or tri-incisional (25%) with a median of 8 nodes dissected. Median f/u was 1.3 years. 2-yr LRC, EFS, and OS were 83%, 36%, and 49%. 2-yr SNF was 15% (n=14); anastomotic failure was 7% (n=7). SNFs were SCV (n=5), mediastinal (n=12), and/or celiac (n=3). 95% of SNFs were outside or near the margin of the primary RT fields. 2-yr isolated SNF was 3% (n=3), PAF was 11% (n=9), and isolated PAF 6% (n=5). Conclusions: SNF is the most common type of LRF after tri-modality therapy for locally-advanced EC. A limited subset of patients experience isolated SNF or PAF as first disease recurrence. The potential benefit of targeting additional SN or PA regions with RT is small and likely eclipsed by high rates of distant failure.

The locations of SNe Ib/c and their comparison to those of WR stars and GRBs

AbstractThe locations of long GRBs and stripped supernovae are compared to those of their favored progenitors, WR stars, and their sub-classes. Compared to Leloudas et al. (2010), we have doubled the number of galaxies with suitable WR data. In the combined sample, WC stars are found, on average, in brighter locations than WN stars. The WN distribution is fully consistent with the one of SNe Ib, while it is inconsistent with those of SNe II, Ic and GRBs. The WC distribution is both consistent with SNe Ib and Ic. It is inconsistent with SNe II, and marginally consistent with GRBs. Furthermore, we present a spectroscopic study of the locations of SNe Ib/c. The average metallicity in the environments of SNe Ic is found to be a little higher than for SNe Ib, but the difference is small and not significant within our sample. Under the assumption that the SN regions were formed in an instantaneous burst of star formation, we find that a fraction of them appear older than what is allowed in order to host SNe Ib/c from single massive stars. Within this framework, these SNe must come from lower mass binaries.

The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is not an obligatory trigger site of Parkinson's disease: a critical analysis of α‐synuclein staging

It has been proposed that alpha-synuclein (alpha Syn) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) spreads in a predictable caudo-rostral way with the earliest changes seen in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV). However, the reliability of this stereotypical spread of alpha Syn pathology has been questioned. In addition, the comparative occurrence of alpha Syn pathology in the spinal cord and brain has not been closely studied. In order to address these issues, we have examined 71 cases of PD from the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Tissue Bank at Imperial College, London. The incidence and topographic distribution of alpha Syn pathology in several brain regions and the spinal cord were assessed. The most affected regions were the substantia nigra (SN; in 100% of cases) followed by the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (NBM) in 98.5%. Fifty-three per cent of cases showed a distribution pattern of alpha Syn compatible with a caudo-rostral spread of alpha Syn through the PD brain. However, 47% of the cases did not fit the predicted spread of alpha Syn pathology and in 7% the DMV was not affected even though alpha Syn inclusions were found in SN and cortical regions. We also observed a high incidence of alpha Syn in the spinal cord with concomitant affection of the DMV and in a few cases in the absence of DMV involvement. Our results demonstrate a predominant involvement of the SN and NBM in PD but do not support the existence of a medullary induction site of alpha Syn pathology in all PD brains.

Detailed spectroscopy of doubly-magic 132Sn and its neighbours; Perspective for further studies at PIAFE

Experimental studies at the OSIRIS fission-product mass separator have yielded a wealth of new results on the doubly-magic region near 132 Sn. In the following we focus on two aspects of the new results: on the evidence for octupole collectivity of the 3 1 − state in 132 Sn and on the similarity of the 208 Pb and 132 Sn regions as evidenced from the modelling of the low excitations in 132 Sb. The Stage-I of the PIAFE facility recently proposed at Grenoble will offer exciting possibilities for even more detailed studies of the doubly magic regions near 132 Sn and 78 Ni (the latter for the first time).

The Multigroup and Cylindrical Geometry Formulation of the Fully CoupledSn/Monte Carlo Method

A hybrid method that iteratively couples Sn and Monte Carlo regions of the same problem has been developed. The method results in a general and relatively efficient method of coupling the two regio...

Contrasting evolution of fluorine- and boron-rich tin systems

Individual Sn provinces or regions within provinces are sometimes enriched in fluorine or boron, giving rise to fluorine-rich and boron-rich environments. The structural styles of mineralisation within these environments are similar except that hydrothermal intrusive breccia pipes are more common in boron-rich environments and apogranite/massive greisen systems are more common in fluorine-rich environments. The increased solubility of H2O in B-bearing magmas compared to F-bearing magmas may play a role in the structural evolution of the mineralising systems. The greater mechanical energy produced during crystallisation of B-rich magmas provides a mechanism for breccia pipe and stockwork formation, while the more passive crystallisation of F-rich magmas often results in the formation of disseminated mineralisation. The partitioning of boron toward the aqueous fluid phase and the enhanced solubility of silica in the fluid phase frequently results in tourmalinisation and silicification of the wall-rocks in B-rich environments. In contrast, feldspathic and sericitic alterations usually predominate in F-rich environments.

Effect of strain in multifilamentary Nb<inf>3</inf>Sn conductors up to 23 T

Measurements of critical current of multifilamentary Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn conductors as a function of strain were made in flux densities up to 23 T. The advantage of using high fields is that conductors with high critical current can be investigated without thermal instabilities. The results show that the upper critical field B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c2</inf> which is about 2 T higher than the extrapolated <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B*_{c2}</tex> varies with strain in approximately the same manner as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B*_{c2}</tex> . A residual resistivity which appears in fields near B <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c2</inf> is strongly strain dependent indicating the existence of Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn regions with slightly lower critical field.

Analysis of compound nucleus contributions from (α, p) reactions in Ni and Sn regions

Compound nucleus contributions to ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, p$) reactions on nuclei in the Ni and Sn regions are obtained and compared with Hauser-Feshbach calculations. The noncompound nucleus contributions are found to change mainly the spectral magnitude of the cross section without substantially affecting the spectral shape. Both Gilbert-Cameron and back-shifted parameters deduced from level counting data give cross sections in reasonable agreement with experiment.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, An ($\ensuremath{\alpha},p$), $E=15, 18$ MeV. Measured compound nucleus contributions.