Sn OH Research Articles

Mg doping effect on the properties of SnO2 thin films synthesized by dip-coating method

Undoped and Mg doped SnO2 thin films were deposited on glass substrates using dip-coating method for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis of the films revealed a tetragonal rutile phase. A decrease in crystallite size is observed as the Mg doping increases. The transmittance spectrum exhibits a decrease in transmittance from 87% to 62% as the Mg content is increased. The optical band gap narrows from 3.97 eV to 3.93 eV with the increasing of Mg content. MEB showed an increase of grain sizes with increase in Mg concentration. The RMS roughness increases with Mg doping content. FTIR showd O–Sn–O, Sn–OH, Mg–O, and OH–Mg–OH vibration modes. PL spectra indicated that the incorporation of more Mg2+ into the lattice of SnO2 creates additional oxygen vacancies, leading to an increase in the PL emission intensity in the films. A transition from n-type to p-type conduction was observed at 9 wt% Mg doping.

In English

Molecular models for tin dioxide nanoparticles containing 1-7 metal atoms and coordinated or constitutive water have been constructed. Dependent on the composition of the models, the coordination number of the tin atom varied from 4 to 6, and that of oxygen was 2 or 3. The considered models contained both terminal (Sn–OH) and bridging (Sn–OH–Sn) hydroxyl groups, and also bridging (Sn–O–Sn) groups. Their equilibrium spatial and electronic structures were calculated using the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory method with the SBKJC valence-only basis set. To assess the gas-phase acidity of the dioxide surface, the deprotonation energy of the studied models was determined. The adsorption energy of water molecules and hydroxide ions on aprotic (incompletely coordinated) tin atoms, which act as Lewis acid centers, was calculated. In order to estimate the pKa value of the surface of tin dioxide, the Gibbs free energy was calculated for the process of formation of ion pairs due to the proton transfer from hydroxyl groups to adsorbed water molecules. Based on the analysis of the energy effects of the coordination of water molecules and of hydroxide ion, the removal of a proton and its transfer on the hydrated surface of tin dioxide, quantitative estimates have been made of the acid-base characteristics of the active sites of the SnO2 surface. The dependence of the acidity of hydroxyl groups and coordinated water molecules on the coordination number of the oxygen atom and the neighboring tin atom, as well as on the dimensions of the cluster model, was revealed. It is shown that the acidity of protonic and aprotic sites naturally decreases with an increase in the coordination number of the tin atom. The method of calculating the value of pKa used in the work for the smallest model of the SnO2×2H2O composition allows one to reproduce the experimental data for stannic acids.

Selective Separation Behavior and Study on the Interaction Mechanism of 2-Hydroxy-3-Naphthylmethyl Hydroxamic Acid and Cassiterite

In this study, the performance of 2-hydroxy-3-naphthylmethyl hydroxamic acid (NHA) in cassiterite flotation was investigated. The aim was to understand the mechanism of action of NHA for the first time. The effect of NHA as a collector in the flotation separation of cassiterite, calcite, and quartz was investigated via microbubble flotation experiments. The experimental results showed that the maximum recovery of cassiterite in the presence of NHA was 91.76%. This was attributed to the selective adsorption of NHA on the cassiterite surface. NHA showed a stronger collection performance for cassiterite than calcite and quartz. Therefore, the mechanism of NHA-cassiterite interaction was investigated using zeta potential, the logarithmic solubility plot (LSD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analyses. This study introduces a new adsorption process and mechanism for the NHA-based adsorption of cassiterite. The results show that, under neutral conditions, the solute components of cassiterite surface lattice ions mainly exist in the form of Sn–OH complexes. Chemisorption occurs between cassiterite and NHA which is adsorbed onto the cassiterite surfaces through interaction with O sites, rather than Sn sites as is traditionally expected. Further, the hydroxyl and hydroxyl groups of NHA are chemically coordinated with Sn–OH on the surface of cassiterite to form a six-membered chelate ring. This proposed mechanism can be extended to most systems in which metal ions interact with hydroxamic acids bearing hydroxyl groups. This contributes to a better understanding of the activation mechanism of hydroxamic acid collectors in cassiterite flotation.

Induced Chemical Networking of Organometallic Tin in a Cyclic Framework for Sub-10 nm Patterning and Interconnect Application

Given the need for advanced resist materials in view of fast shrinkage of semiconductor node scaling, this work demonstrates the lithography application of an organotin-based cyclotrimeric species (Sn–CT) as a molecular resist for sub-10 nm patterning using electron beam lithography (EBL) and helium ion beam lithography (HIBL) techniques. While the resist has been successfully used for patterning ∼15 nm line/space features and ∼9 nm discrete line features at a dose of 2.5 mC/cm2 using EBL, ∼15 nm line/space features were printed on silicon at a dose of 16 μC/cm2 using HIBL. Moreover, Sn–CT has also been used for patterning complex features at a single nanometer regime such as real-scale device designs at ∼7 nm structure on silicon. A mechanistic study using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the formation of Sn–O–Sn and Sn–OH networks along with the loss of carbon-based group(s) upon radiation exposure, resulting in the generation of insoluble products in the exposed region, which becomes the basis of polarity switching and hence pattern development. The resist was found to have good etch resistance with respect to silicon. Moreover, Sn–CT has been explored as a good gap-filling material for silicon (Si) front-end devices and interconnects due to its low-κ dielectric (∼1.9) and high diffusion barrier properties.

Electrochemically stable frustrated Lewis pairs on dual-metal hydroxides for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.

The sluggish kinetics of CO2 activation and reduction severely limit the energy conversion efficiency of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction into fuels. Here, ZnSn(OH)6 with an alternating arrangement of Zn(OH)6 and Sn(OH)6 octahedral units and SrSn(OH)6 with an alternating arrangement of SrO6 and Sn(OH)6 octahedral units were adopted to check the effects of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) on electrochemical CO2 reduction. The FLPs were in situ electrochemically reconstructed on ZnSn(OH)6 by reducing the electrochemically unstable Sn-OH to Sn-oxygen vacancies (Sn-OVs) as a Lewis acid site, which are able to create strong interactions with the adjacent electrochemically stable Zn-OH, a Lewis base site. Compared to SrSn(OH)6 without FLPs, the higher formate selectivity of ZnSn(OH)6 originates from the strong ability of FLPs to capture protons and activate CO2via the electrostatic field of FLPs triggering better electron transfer and strong orbital interactions under negative potentials. Our findings may guide the design of electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction with high catalytic performances.

An AIEgen-based oral-administration nanosystem for detection and therapy of ulcerative colitis via 3D-MSOT/NIR-II fluorescent imaging and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome

Ulcerative colitis is the most prevalent forms of inflammatory bowel diseases and a refractory autoimmune disease and affects millions of people worldwide. Herein, we develop an oral-administration nanosystem (QM@EP) for colitis detection, targeted drug delivery/release to colon and therapy. QM@EP consists of a molecular probe QY–SN–H2O2, a NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and enteric polymers. QY–SN–H2O2 is based on the AIE-active chromophore QY–SN–OH with pentafluorobenzenesulfonate moieties as the recognition moiety for the biomarker H2O2 and the fluorescence quencher. H2O2 can cleave the pentafluorobenzenesulfonate moieties in QY–SN–H2O2 and thus generating the AIE-active chromophore Q–SN–OH. Two biocompatible polymers were employed in the nanosystem, in which poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) serves as the sustained release excipient and the Eudragit® S100 acts as the excipient for controlled release of drug formulations in colonic pH to prevent premature drug release in stomach. Our experiments demonstrate that, upon oral administration the nanosystem effectively delivers the probe and drug into colon and release them therein upon being triggered by colonic pH. Then the released probe is activated and turned into the AIE-active chromophore upon being triggered by the pathological level of colonic ROS, thereby bringing about strong fluorescence and optoacoustic signals for NIR-II fluorescence and 3D multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging for diagnosis and therapeutic outcome monitoring; and the released drug exerts high therapeutic efficacy against ulcerative colitis through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome formation.

Design of SnO2:Ni,Ir Nanoparticulate Photoelectrodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.

Currently, hydrogen generation via photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductors is regarded as a simple environmental solution to energy challenges. This paper discusses the effects of the doping of noble metals, Ir (3.0 at.%) and Ni (1.5–4.5 at.%), on the structure, morphology, optical properties, and photoelectrochemical performance of sol-gel-produced SnO2 thin films. The incorporation of Ir and Ni influences the position of the peaks and the lattice characteristics of the tetragonal polycrystalline SnO2 films. The films have a homogeneous, compact, and crack-free nanoparticulate morphology. As the doping level is increased, the grain size shrinks, and the films have a high proclivity for forming Sn–OH bonds. The optical bandgap of the un-doped film is 3.5 eV, which fluctuates depending on the doping elements and their ratios to 2.7 eV for the 3.0% Ni-doped SnO2:Ir Photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrode. This electrode produces the highest photocurrent density (Jph = 46.38 mA/cm2) and PEC hydrogen production rate (52.22 mmol h−1cm−2 at −1V), with an Incident-Photon-to-Current Efficiency (IPCE% )of 17.43% at 307 nm. The applied bias photon-to-current efficiency (ABPE) of this electrode is 1.038% at −0.839 V, with an offset of 0.391% at 0 V and 307 nm. These are the highest reported values for SnO2-based PEC catalysts. The electrolyte type influences the Jph values of photoelectrodes in the order Jph(HCl) > Jph(NaOH) > Jph(Na2SO4). After 12 runs of reusability at −1 V, the optimized photoelectrode shows high stability and retains about 94.95% of its initial PEC performance, with a corrosion rate of 5.46 nm/year. This research provides a novel doping technique for the development of a highly active SnO2-based photoelectrocatalyst for solar light-driven hydrogen fuel generation.

Stannate-catalysed glucose–fructose isomerisation in alcohols

Metal stannates catalyse glucose–fructose isomerisation in methanol by base-catalysis via a proton-transfer mechanism, while the reaction is catalysed heterogeneously in isopropanol and higher alcohols by Sn–OH sites.

Effect of cobalt doping on the microstructural, optical and electrical properties of SnO2 thin films by sol-gel spin coating technique

Undoped and cobalt doped tin oxide thin films were successfully synthesized by using the sol-gel spin coating technique and post annealed at 600 °C. XRD analysis reveals that all the prepared tin oxide thin films were polycrystalline in nature and crystallizes with tetragonal rutile structure with average crystallite size ranges from 4.39 nm–11.47 nm. SEM analysis shows that the nano sized particles were uniformly dispersed in the prepared thin films. The elemental composition was found out by using EDAX analysis and found that the tin oxide thin films contain Co, Sn and oxygen. The optical band gap values were calculated using Tauc plot and are ranging from 2.28 eV–3.40 eV. FTIR analysis shows that the prepared thin films contain Sn–O–Sn, Sn–O, H–O–H, C–O and Sn–OH vibrations. Electrical studies reveal that the resistivity of all the films was very low and are ranging from 1.1556 × 10−3 Ω-m - 1.7642 × 10−3 Ω-m.

Exploring tailor-made Br\xf8nsted acid sites in mesopores of tin oxide catalyst for \u03b2-alkoxy alcohol and amino alcohol syntheses

The generation of Brønsted (Sn–OH) and Lewis (coordinatively unsaturated metal centers) acidic sites on the solid surface is a prime demand for catalytic applications. Mesoporous materials are widely employed as catalysts and supports owing to their different nature of acidic sites. Nevertheless, the procedure adopted to generate acid functionalities in these materials involves tedious steps. Herein, we report the tunable acidic sites containing Brønsted sites with relatively varied acid strength in tin oxide by employing soft template followed by simple thermal treatment at various temperatures. The readily accessible active sites, specifically Brønsted acidic sites distributed throughout the tin oxide framework as well as mesoporosity endow them to perform with exceptionally high efficiency for epoxide ring opening reactions with excellent reusability. These features promoted them to surpass stannosilicate catalysts for the epoxide ring opening reactions with alcohol as a nucleophile and the study was extended to aminolysis of epoxide with the amine. The existence of relatively greater acid strength and numbers in T-SnO2-350 catalyst boosts to produce a high amount of desired products over other tin oxide catalysts. The active sites responsible in mesoporous tin oxide for epoxide alcoholysis were studied by poisoning the Brønsted acidic sites in the catalyst using 2,6-lutidine as a probe molecule.

Fabrication of Zr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles with synergistic influence for improved visible-light photocatalytic action and antibacterial performance

Zr-doped SnO2 (Zr:SnO2) nanostructures (NSs) were produced by simplistic and low-cost co-precipitation route. The FTIR spectra of bands on 523 and 583 cm−1 were witnessed though indorsed as the features of (Sn–OH) term which approves the incident of Sn–O in the synthesized samples. The Zr:SnO2 NSs were spherical-like and composed of numerous agglomerated particles. The decreased crystallite sizes of the pristine and Zr-doped SnO2 NPs were 41.9, 38.9 and 35.8 nm individually. Moreover, the achievable growth manner of acquired samples was deliberated through the source of the customs of nucleation and crystal growth. The photocatalytic performances of 4% of Zr-doped SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were thoroughly explored in the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) dye, thus revealing higher photocatalytic activity in the degradation of MO than pristine and 2% of Zr-doped SnO2 under via visible-light exposure. Related to pristine SnO2, the 4% Zr-doped SnO2 NPs are accessible to greater photocatalytic capability, which could be essentially accredited to existing in the nominal defects of oxygen vacancies by the produced NPs. Eventually, founded on the self-assembly progression the possible development of photocatalytic mechanism was projected by means of reactive species in trapping tests as well. Also, the antibacterial action was attained against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria through agar well diffusion system.

Effect of Crystallinity on Near Infrared Reflectance of Indium TiN Oxide Nanorice-Particles

Tin-doped indium oxide or indium tin oxide (ITO) has many promising uses in applications, such as, transparent conductive oxides, flat panel displays, and energy-saving windows. In this work, nanorice particles of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) were obtained by a simple sol-gel method. Indium salts and stannous fluoride precursors were mixed ultrasonically in an aqueous medium. The crystallinity and chemical bonds were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR spectra before calcination showed the characteristic bonds of In–OH and Sn–OH at 1160 cm-1 and 1380 cm-1, respectively. After calcination at 400°C for 2 h, these characteristic bonds disappeared, confirming the formation of crystalline oxide. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs revealed well-defined structure, called nanorice, emerging from controlled crystal growth at 85°C for 90 min. The particle size of ITO was approximately 500 nm in length and diameter of 150 nm. The effect of crystallinity was studied by UV absorbance and NIR reflectance. These demonstrated promising results for use as energy-saving windows.

Preparation of SnO2 Nanoparticles with Addition of Co Ions for Photocatalytic Activity of Brilliant Green Dye Degradation

Pure and cobalt (Co)-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were prepared by using a simple co-precipitation method, and the effect of doping on structural, morphological and optical properties was studied. X-ray diffraction revealed a cassiterite tetragonal SnO2 structure with the space group of P42/mnm and without crystalline phases for the samples-doped with higher concentrations. The average crystalline size was found to be between 26.4 nm and 23.1 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectra depicted the presence of O–H, C–H and Sn–OH absorption bands. It was observed from ultraviolet–visible spectra that the optical band gap values were decreased from 3.69 eV for pure SnO2 to 3.47 eV for 7% Co-doped SnO2. The photolumenescene emission spectra showed that the defect- and emissions-related peaks and the intensity of the peaks decreased with increasing Co concentrations. The presence of tin, oxygen and Co species were found from energy dispersive x-ray spectra. The photocatalytic activities of pure and Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were investigated by studying the photodecomposition of brilliant green dye, an organic pollutant. The 7% Co-doped SnO2 had higher photocatalytic activity compared to the pure SnO2, and a maximum degradation efficiency of 91% has been obtained under visible light irradiation.

Active Site Hydration Governs the Stability of Sn-Beta during Continuous Glucose Conversion

The stability of Sn-Beta for the continuous upgrading of hexoses is improved dramatically upon the addition of small amounts of water to the methanol/sugar reaction feed, despite water itself being an unfavorable solvent. Herein, the molecular level origin of this effect is investigated. Spectroscopic studies of the catalytic materials pre-, post- and during operation, with operando UV–vis, 119Sn CPMG MAS NMR, DRIFTS-MS, TGA, TPD/O-MS, and porosimetry, are coupled to additional kinetic studies, to generate detailed structure–activity–lifetime relationships. In doing so, we find that the addition of water influences two particular processes—fouling and active site modification. However, mitigating the second is the most crucial role of water. Indeed, in the absence of water, the loss of Sn–OH and Si–OH sites occurs. Notably, these changes in active site hydration correlate to deactivation and reactivation of the system. The consequences of these findings, both for mechanistic understanding of the system an...

Magnetic and antibacterial properties of Zr-doped SnO2 nanopowders

Zirconium doped tin oxide (SnO2:Zr) nanopowders were synthesized by a simple soft chemical route adding various concentrations of zirconyl chloride (0, 5, 10 and 15 wt%). The samples were characterized by techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. XRD studies confirm that all the samples exhibit rutile tetragonal crystal structure with a strong (1 0 1) preferential growth texture. Hexagonal shaped grains were evinced from the SEM images. Nanosized grains are evinced from the TEM images and EDX spectra confirm the presence of Zr in the doped samples. The bands at 523 and 583 cm−1 observed in the FTIR spectra which are attributed as the characteristics of γ (Sn–OH) terminal bond of the SnO2 crystalline phase confirm the presence of Sn–O in the synthesized samples. The doped samples exhibit ferromagnetic behavior. Enhanced antibacterial activity was observed for the doped samples. The obtained results show that zirconium strongly influenced the structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and antibacterial properties of pure SnO2 nanopowders.

Morphological and optical properties of low temperature processed SnO2 :F

Thin films of transparent conducting fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) on soda lime glass and stainless steel substrates are prepared by spray pyrolysis at low temperature ≤250 °C. Optical properties in the form of complex dielectric function (ϵ = ϵ1 + iϵ2) spectra are obtained using spectroscopic ellipsometry from 0.035 to 5.89 eV for SnO2:F on glass and from 0.75 to 5.89 eV for SnO2:F on stainless steel. The absorption coefficient (α) spectra are extracted from spectra in ϵ for the film on soda lime glass from 0.035 to 5.89 eV and on stainless steel from 0.75 to 5.89 eV. Direct band gaps for SnO2:F thin films on soda lime glass and stainless steel substrates are determined to be 3.45 ± 0.01 and 3.60 ± 0.01 eV, respectively. Infrared extended measurement shows an absorption feature at 0.063 eV (508 cm−1) which may be attributed to Sn–O and Sn–F bonding. A broad background phonon absorption feature due to Sn–OH and O–H bonding is also identified at 0.3 eV (2420 cm−1). Resistivity is deduced from ϵ. Improved agreement between optically and electrically determined resistivity is obtained when the infrared range spectrum is analyzed. The morphologies of both the films are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

Effect of Introduction of B3+ OR Al3+ Ions in the Structure of Ti-, Sn-, AND Zr-Containing Heirarchical Zeolites on the Concentration of Lewis and Brønsted Acid Centers

It was established that Ti-, Sn-, and Zr-containing hierarchical zeolites of the BEA and MTW structural types contain two types of Lewis acid centers, the strength of which increases in the order Ti-MTW < Zr-MTW ≤ Sn-MTW, and also weak Bronsted acid centers formed by defect Sn—OH and Zr—OH terminal groups. The introduction of boron or aluminum ions into the structure of Ti-, Sn-, and Zr-silicate BEA and MTW zeolites leads to the appearance of additional Lewis and Bronsted acid centers.

Growth of Sn(O,S)2 buffer layers and its application to Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

Sn-based thin films as new buffer layer for Cd-free Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells were developed. The Sn(O,S)2 films were formed on CIGS substrates by chemical bath deposition from an alkaline ammonia solution by reacting tin(IV) chloride with thiourea. Optimization of the growth process allowed the smooth and conformal coverage of the films on the CIGS substrates with a thickness of 20 nm that was a self-limited thickness in the chemical bath deposition process. XPS analysis revealed that the as-deposited films contained Sn–O, Sn–OH, and Sn–S bondings and the ratio of Sn–S bonding to Sn–O bonding was 0.3. The CIGS solar cell fabricated with a 20-nm thick Sn(O,S)2 buffer layer had the best efficiency of 11.5% without AR coating. The open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor were 0.55 V, 34.4 mA/cm2, and FF = 0.61, respectively. The open circuit voltage and fill factor were low compared to the conventional CIGS solar cell with a 50-nm thick CdS buffer due to too thin Sn(O,S)2 buffer layer.

Metallic Sn- and SnO2-doped SAPO-34 as Model Catalysts for Investigating the Effect of Oxidation States on Bio- Ethanol Dehydration Products

Over the last decade, due to the increase of energy demand and lower cost of bio-ethanol production, the conversion of bio-ethanol to valuable products such as light olefins, paraffins and aromatics have been received considerable attention. From the previous result, it was found that tin oxide doped on SAPO-34 was discovered to have properties that enhance the formation of cooking gas and larger hydrocarbons. However, during the preparation, tin oxide doped on SAPO-34 cannot be made pure as a single oxide of tin; therefore, the outcomes from bio-ethanol were influenced by the oxidation states of tin. The aim of this work was therefore to examine the oxidation states of tin oxide doped on previously-tested SAPO-34support, and study their effects on products. Metallic Sn- and SnO2- doped on SAPO-34 were employed as model catalysts in order to investigate the influences of Sn0 and Sn+4 oxidation states on the products from bio-ethanol dehydration. The results were compared with those obtained from the tin-oxide-doped SAPO-34 catalyst previously tested. The loading percentage of tin oxides was fixed at 7 wt%, and the catalysts were characterized by using SAA, XRD, XRF and, mainly, XPS. The reaction was carried out in an isothermal fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure 400 °C and at WHSV of 0.5 h-1. The product sampling was taken at 1 hour of time-on-stream. The gaseous products were analyzed by using an online- GC while the liquid products needed a SIMDIST-GC and a GC-TOFMS to identify petroleum fractions and hydrocarbon species, respectively. It was found that from XPS spectra, tin oxides on the previously-testedcatalyst were found to be in the form of Sn–OH and SnO2. After the catalytic test, tin oxide doped on SAPO-34 contained mixed valences of Sn0 and Sn+4, which affect the product distribution of both gas and liquid. The liquid product was distributed in gasoline range, and comprised, mainly, of benzene andoxygenate compounds. From the result, it was also observed that Sn+4 seems to contribute in the production of oxygenate compounds; whereas, metallic tin contributes on benzene formation.

Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Tin–Tin Double Bonds in Cyclic Distannenes

Three cyclic distannenes, 1, 3, and 4, and one spacer-bridged bis(stannylene), 2, were prepared and thoroughly investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction in the solid state, by variable-temperature (VT) 119Sn NMR, VT 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and UV–vis spectroscopy in solution, and by quantum chemical calculations. The tin(II) compounds feature rigid 9,9-dimethylxanthene or naphthalene backbones and very bulky m-terphenyl substituents ArR [=C6H3-2,6-{C6H2-2,4,6-R3}2; R = Me (1, 3), i-Pr (2, 4)]. For distannenes 3 and 4, the strain of the naphthalene backbone results in rather short tin–tin distances of 2.7299(3) and 2.7688(2) Å, respectively, whereas the xanthene backbone produces long tin–tin distances of 3.0009(7) Å for distannene 1 and 4.2779(7) Å for the spacer-bridged bis(stannylene) 2. In comparison to the AriPr substituents, the less bulky ArMe substituents give rise to stronger trans-bending of the distannenes; moreover, DFT calculations indicate that, in contrast to AriPr, the ArMe substituents allow for asymmetric distortion of the trans-bending in dynamic processes. The oxidation products of distannene 1 and bis(stannylene) 2 reveal rare structural motifs: dihydroxydistannoxane 5 and bis(dihydroxystannane) 6, respectively, which feature terminal Sn–OH functionalities. The reaction of distannene 1 with 1 equiv of potassium chloride in the presence of the cryptating agent 222 results in the formation of the unusual stannyl stannide 7. A modified synthesis protocol for the preparation of distannene 1 yields in one step the stannyl stannylene 8 with a center of chirality at the stannyl tin atom. The series 1, 7, and 8 represents a variation of electronic tin–tin interactions.