Smoking In Order Research Articles

Vaping: The Key to Quitting Cigarettes or a Gateway to Addiction?

Background and Objectives: In 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) discovered that 2.55 million middle and high school students were using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the US alone. E-cigarettes allow people to inhale a nicotine solution (e-liquid) into their bodies. While e-cigarettes are often advertised as a way to help people quit traditional tobacco products, the World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that there is no proof of e-cigarettes being effective at reducing an individual's tobacco use. The objective of this study is to determine why adolescents start smoking e-cigarettes. Materials and Methods: For the following study, the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) 2021 was used. This is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey that includes middle and high school students. The data were analyzed using SAS v.9.4. The odds ratio for smoking e-cigarettes was evaluated for both sex and race via a logistic regression. Results: It was discovered that the percentage of only e-cigarette smokers (12.10%) was 5.5 times the percentage of only traditional smokers (2.19%). Additionally, the median age at which adolescents started smoking e-cigarettes was fifteen years with an IQR (Inter Quartile Range) of two. We used a logistic regression to show that biological sex and race were significant predictors of e-cigarette usage. Conclusions: In general, we saw that adolescents were mostly starting to smoke e-cigarettes because their friends were doing it, out of curiosity, they were depressed or anxious, and/or to get a "high", implying that adolescents mostly started smoking in order to fit in and/or to numb themselves. Interestingly, reasons like cost, using them to quit smoking, seeing them in the media, and ease of attainment were ranked the lowest when it came to smoking e-cigarettes. However, their lower costs naturally lead to increased accessibility compared to traditional cigarettes, making them easier to reach the hands of teenagers. Overall, in this paper, we aim to identify if adolescents are choosing e-cigarettes as their first foray into tobacco products and why.

The Relationship between Passive Smoking and Caries Experience in Children Aged 1-12 Years and Influencing Factors

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between passive smoking by parents and dental caries in children aged 1-12 years and the factors affecting this relationship. Materials and Methods: The examination data of 900 children aged 1-12 years who were admitted to Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry between December 2020 and May 2021 for various reasons and underwent routine examinations and met the study criteria were retrospectively analyzed. Sociodemographic characteristics, passive smoking status and dmft/DMFT scores of the children were recorded. The relationship between passive smoking status and dmft/DMFT scores and the factors affecting this relationship were analyzed. Results: The results of A statistically significant correlation was found between passive smoking status and dmft/DMFT scores of children (p=0.000). At the same time, a significant relationship was found between passive smoking and income level (p0.05). Conclusion: Passive smoking is thought to be a risk factor in caries formation. Therefore, it is important to reduce exposure to passive smoking in order to protect both oral and dental health and general health of children

The Effects of Smoking on the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Saudi Arabia.

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a well-known inflammatory skin disease that is associated with a family history of other atopic diseases. Tobacco smoking has been found to affect AD as well as several other inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate this association and to elucidate the link between dose-dependent tobacco exposure and symptom severity. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on individuals from the general population of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. All statistical analyses were performed using RStudio, version 1.1.363 (RStudio, PBC, Boston, Massachusetts, United States). Questions about the participants' age, sex, and occupational status were included. The participants were asked to report their daily handwashing habits and history of atopic diseases. Data on the smoking duration, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and passive exposure were collected. Results A total of 510 participants (41.3 %) reported having AD. Smoking was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of AD. The odds of having AD were 1.78 and 2.27 times higher in occasional smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.78, p < 0.05) and daily smokers (OR = 2.27, p < 0.001) than in non-smokers. Neither smoking frequency (p = 0.19) nor duration (p = 0.73) was significantly associated with AD prevalence. Conclusion Smoking is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of AD. Adults should be discouraged from smoking in order to prevent adult-onset AD. The level of nicotine exposure should be measured objectively in future studies.

Child Morbidity in Eastern Indonesia: Does Education and Smoking Behavior of Parents Influence it?

Child health is important, as it contributes to the child’s future. Indonesia was ranked second after India as a country with the highest tuberculosis (TB) cases. Well-educated parents must care for their children and maintain their health. At the same time, provinces in Eastern Indonesia have the lowest percentage of non-smoking areas (KTR) implementation. In this study, we analyzed the level of morbidity that focuses on respiratory disease, namely coughing and breathlessness in children. In addition, this study also analyzed the education and parents’ smoking behavior focused in Eastern Indonesia. The study analyzes child morbidity according to several affecting factors. Data used were cross-section data collected from secondary data from Indonesia Family Life Survey East (IFLS-East) in 2012. By applying the logistic regression analysis by logit and probit analysis, we figured out that parents’ education, children’s age, health service availability, and domicile area significantly influenced child morbidity. Fathers’ education played a crucial role, as the higher their education, the lower their children’s morbidity. Besides, we also found out that parents’ smoking habits, child immunization status, sex, and health insurance ownership did not significantly influence child morbidity. Fulfillment of educational aspects is required to the maximum until reaching adulthood, especially for unmarried individuals. Apart from that, parents of smokers and non-smokers need to be educated effectively on the dangers of smoking in order to create a healthy environment and the importance of tobacco or cigarette control policies in the Eastern part of Indonesia.

Effect of tetrapeptide Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide on immunological and biochemical parameters of Wistar rats using passive smoking models

Tetrapeptides, the homologues of adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment (15-18), play a special role among the bioregulators of the immune system. These compounds have cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. However, no available studies concerned the immunotropic properties of tetrapeptides in the models with exposure to xenobiotics, thus making such research quite relevant. Our study concerned the effects of tetrapeptide Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide (laboratory code KK1) on the immunological and biochemical parameters of 72 female Wistar rats exposed to passive smoking. The experimental animals were fumigated with tobacco smoke for 8 hours. Synthetic peptide KK1 was administered intranasally at a dose of 40 g/kg/day five times a day for 10 days. Cotinine was detected only in blood serum of rats from experimental groups, thus confirming a contribution of this tetrapeptide to the trend for normalization of some immunological parameters in experimental animals subjected to passive tobacco smoking, expressed as an increase in thymus mass and the number of splenocytes, and a decrease in the circulating immune complexes compared to the parameters of smoking rats of the group. We revealed that passive tobacco smoking in rats was accompanied by a general tendency to accumulation of iron, lead and nickel in peripheral blood. There was a marked increase in the concentration of cadmium, lead and cobalt in rats of the experimental group compared with the content of these trace elements in the liver of smoking animals injected with tetrapeptide KK1. The revealed shifts in immunological indices may be based, firstly, on hepatotoxic effect of ecotoxicants, The lymphoid lineage is mostly affected thus causing hypoplasia of the central and peripheral immunity organs. An evident sign of such pathology is a decreased cellularity of hematopoietic and lymphoid organs found in the present study. Secondly, the tobacco smoke components with prooxidant action may disrupt cellular redox homeostasis, causing damage to cell membranes, resulting in necrosis or apoptosis, thus explaining the revealed decrease in the number of thymocytes, splenic karyocytes and a decrease in the weight of organs. Thus, our results suggest usage of experimental passive smoking in order to evaluate efficiency of the tetrapeptides. Administration of Acetyl-(D-Lys)-Lys-Arg-Arg-amide peptide to the passively smoking rats is associated with tendency to normalize the mass of the thymus and spleen, the number of thymocytes and splenocytes, and a decrease in circulating immune complexes. Further studies are required to elucidate the effects of tetrapeptides upon the immune system.

Pop Up Book Media Intervention Can Improve The Knowledge Of The Dangers Of Smoking Of Elementary School Students In Jambi City

Prevention of smoking behavior must be done early, especially in children, one of which provides knowledge about the dangers of smoking in order to avoid smoking behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using Pop Up Book media on students' knowledge about the dangers of smoking at State Elementary School 66 / IV Jambi City. This type of research is a quasi-experiment with the planning used, namely One Group, Pre-test and Post-test design. The population of this study amounted to 590 students with a research sample of 34 students. Using the Shapiro Wilk test, the data showed that of the 34 students who only had good knowledge before the intervention, 23 (69.7%) respondents. The results after the intervention, respondents with good knowledge were 28 (84.8%) respondents. This means that knowledge about the dangers of smoking increased in elementary school student respondents. Data tested with the Wilcoxon test can be seen that health education using Pop Up book media about the dangers of smoking is considered very effective with a P Value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, which means statistically there is a difference in increasing knowledge by using Pop Up Book media about the dangers of smoking in elementary school students. The conclusion of this study is that there is an increase in knowledge after intervention using Pop Up Book.

Evaluating the Relationship between Body Mass Index and Heart Disease: An Analysis of Smoking’s Modifying Role

Background and Aims: Heart disease is a global health concern, with risk factors such as age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, body mass index, and smoking playing a major role in its development. The study aims to examine the impact of smoking on heart disease risk, particularly in underweight individuals, and to assess how other factors such as age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels can modify this risk. Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional approach and employs Python libraries such as Pandas, Matplotlib, and Scipy to analyze data. The relationship between smoking and heart disease in different Body Mass Index (BMI) groups was investigated using a chi-square test. Results: The results of the study suggest that smoking is a major contributor to the risk of heart disease or heart attack, regardless of body mass index (BMI). The findings emphasize the need for individuals to quit smoking in order to reduce their risk of heart disease or attack, particularly for those who are underweight. Conclusions: The results have implications for public health and healthcare systems and may require increased efforts to promote healthy lifestyle habits that maintain a normal BMI.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT TUBERCULOSIS(TBC) DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS LASALIMU KABUPATEN BUTON

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can cause health problems and is also one of the top 10 causes of death in the world due to infectious diseases (ranked above HIV/AIDS). The purpose of the study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Lasalimu Public Health Center, Buton Regency. The type of research is analytic observational method using a cross sectional approach, namely to determine the relationship of the independent variable (smoking and ventilation habits) with the dependent variable (Tuberculosis incidence). The population in this study was the entire community in the Lasalimu Health Center Working Area, Buton Regency as many as 6,515 people, the sample amounted to 98 people and the sampling method used was simple random sampling. The data analysis used was univariate analysis and bivariate analysis at 95% confidence level ( = 0.05). The conclusion obtained shows that there is a relationship between smoking habits (ρ = 0.002 &lt; 0.05) and ventilation (ρ 0.000 &lt; 0.05) with the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the Lasalimu Public Health Center, Buton Regency. Suggestions for respondents/community if they feel symptoms of Tuberculosis such as coughing up phlegm for more than 2 weeks to immediately come to the puskesmas for examination in the laboratory and are expected to stop smoking in order to suppress the occurrence of tuberculosis cases. about efforts to prevent tuberculosis as well as providing

The Influence of Smoking on Renal Functions Among Apparently Healthy Smokers.

Cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor in kidney disease progression. Although long-term smoking has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), its effect on kidney function in early stages has not been clarified. To detect the early effects of smoking either active or passive on kidney functions. The current study was comparative cross sectional study conducted on 280 participants, 140 were non‑smokers and 140 were smokers (70 passive smokers and 70 active smokers). The two groups were comparable in terms of all parameters. We investigated the possible effects of smoking on kidney functions using both serum kidney function tests especially; serum urea, serum creatinine, serum cotinine levels and detection of albumin in urine. Smoking history, full Laboratory investigations, Ventilatory function test including (FEV1/FVC, FEV1, FEF 25-75%, VC and FVC) were done. Serum urea, serum creatinine, serum cotinine levels and urinary albumin were statistically significant higher in smokers group in comparison to nonsmokers, also the serum cotinine levels and urinary albumin were statistically significant in active smokers in comparison to passive smokers. There were positive correlations between the level of urinary albumin and pack/year (r = 0.9, p<0.05), smoking index (r = 0.9, p<0.05), smoking duration (r = 0.4, p<0.05), and serum cotinine (r = 0.6, p<0.050) with good statistical significance. The most significant predictive risk factors of microalbuminuria among smokers group in descending orders were active smoking, passive smoking, age and serum cotinine level. Both active and passive smoking, especially among heavy smokers, is a significant risk factor for microalbuminuria. This finding increase the importance of early cessation of smoking in order to minimize early renal affection among healthy smokers that may not be discovered by routine renal function tests.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEBIASAAN MEROKOK DALAM RUMAH

Cigarette consumption in Indonesia in 2008 spent 240 billion cigarettes.an estimated 150 million teenagers smoke cigarettes and this number increases year by year. Data the Solok city health office, the cec community health center has the most people smoking (57.4%). This study aims to determine the factors associated smoking habits in the KTK Solok. Research methodology analytical descriptive with cross sectional study a sample of 244 heads with simple random sampling. The results of the study there were (54.1%) respondents with low knowledge (52.0%) respondents with negative advertising influence (54.1%) respondents with the role of families who were less involved, (52.9%) respondents with roles health workers who don’t play a role (55.7%) respondents who have smoking habits. Statistical tests have a significant relationship between knowledge with smoking habits (p=0.040/OR 1.7),the role of families with smoking habits (p=0.040/OR 1,7). the role of health workers with smoking habits (p=0.050/ OR 1.7) where as there is no relationship with smoking habits (p=0.224/OR 1.4) conclusions of knowledge, the role of the family and health workers are very influential with habits smoking. Expected to all family members to provide advice on the dangers of smoking in order to reduce smoking

Understanding daily life experiences of women who smoke: The role of smoking-related weight control expectancies

Smoking-related weight control expectancies are a motivational factor for maintaining cigarette use, particularly among women. Yet, less research has investigated the physiological and behavioral daily life weight-related experiences of women with smoking-related weight control expectancies. Increased research could contribute to understanding of maintenance factors for this group of smokers as well as unique intervention targets. Female smokers completed a baseline survey of smoking-related weight control expectancies and 35-days of ecological momentary assessment of physiological (i.e., smoking-related reduction in hunger, end-of-day perceived weight gain and bloating) and behavioral (i.e., daily exercise and sitting) weight-related experiences. Higher smoking-related weight control expectancies were associated with perceived smoking-related reductions in hunger and end-of-day perceived weight gain. Smoking-related weight control expectancies did not significantly associate with end-of-day bloating, daily exercise, or sitting. Given these findings, smoking-related weight control expectancies may maintain smoking in order to reduce hunger and to cope with perceived fluctuations in weight in daily life. It is critical for smoking cessation programs to assess smoking-related weight control expectancies and implement targeted treatments for these women.

Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Electronic and Traditional Cigarettes on Oral Gingival Cells Using a Novel Automated Smoking Instrument: An In Vitro Study.

Information about the potential oral health effects of vaping from electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is still sparse and inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and cytotoxicity of e-cig liquid aerosols versus traditional cigarette (t-cig) smoke on human epithelial oral cells. T-cig smoke and e-cig aerosols were generated by a newly developed automated smoking instrument in order to simulate realistic user puffing behaviors. Air–liquid interface transwell cell cultures were exposed to standardized puff topography (puff duration: 2 s, puff volume: 35 mL, puff frequency: 1 puff every 60 s) of reference t-cigs or commercially available e-cigs at different air dilutions. Cell viability, morphology, and death rate were evaluated with MTT and TUNEL assays. The inflammatory cytokine gene expression of inflammatory genes was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. E-cigs and t-cigs indicated similar adverse effects by enhancing cytotoxicity and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. E-cig aerosol and t-cig smoke treatment expressed upregulation of inflammatory cytokines up to 3.0-fold (p < 0.05). These results indicate that e-cig smoking may contribute to oral tissue–cell damage and tissue inflammation. Our approach allows the production of e-cig aerosol and t-cig smoke in order to identify harmful effects in oral tissues in vitro.

The Relationship Between Menopausal Attitudes and Menopausal Symptoms in Women Aged 40-55

Aim: In this study, we aimed to reveal the menopausal status of women between the ages of 40-55 and to investigate the effects of their attitudes towards menopause on possible menopausal symptoms. Material and Methods: 230 participants aged between 40-55 who applied to Ümraniye EAH Education Family Health Center were included in the study. All participants were asked to answer 47 questions including socio-demographic data, the menopausal attitude assesment scale (MAAS), and the menopause rating scale (MRS). Results: The mean age of 230 women who participated in our study was 47.47±4.37 years, the mean MRS score was 12.78±8.96, and the mean MAAS score was 30.91±5.13. Their attitudes towards menopause and menapusal symptoms were above average and positive. It was found that MRS scores of non-menstrual women were higher than women who have irregular and regular periods (p&amp;lt;0.001). It was found that women who quit smoking got higher MRS scores than those who smoke and never smoked (p = 0.006. Women with primary education education level got lower MAAS scores than women with higher education level (p=0.026). In our study, it was found that non-menstruating women, those who talked to their partner about their menopause, those who quit smoking and those who quit alcohol consumption had milder menopausal symptoms. Conclusion: Postmenopausal symptoms may vary according to personal, cultural and socio-economic variables. Women should be encouraged to increase their level of knowledge and avoid consuming alcohol and smoking in order to reduce possible symptoms related to menopause and improve their quality of life. Family physicians can play a primary role in this regard.

Effects of interventions to combat tobacco addiction: Cochrane update of 2019 and 2020 reviews.

To summarize evidence on tobacco addiction interventions published by the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group (CTAG) from 2019 to 2020. Narrative summary of all new and updated Cochrane Reviews published by CTAG in 2019 and 2020, outlining key results and promising avenues for future research. CTAG published six new reviews and updated 15 reviews. There is high-certainty evidence that combining fast-acting nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with transdermal patches helped more people to quit than single-form NRT [risk ratio (RR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15-1.36, 14 studies, n = 11 356; I2 = 4%] and moderate-certainty evidence that using NRT before quitting can increase quit rates more than using NRT from quit day onwards (RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.08-1.44, nine studies, n = 4395; I2 = 0%). Reducing smoking in order to quit completely results in similar quit rates to abrupt quitting (RR = 1.01, 95% CI= 0.87-1.17; I2 = 29%; 22 studies, n = 9219; moderate-certainty). Electronic cigarettes may help more people quit than NRT (RR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.21-1.93; I2 = 0%; four studies, n = 1924; moderate certainty), nicotine-free electronic cigarettes (RR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.21-3.13; I2 = 0%; five studies, n = 1447; moderate-certainty) and behavioural/no support (RR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.44-4.74; I2 = 0%; six studies, n = 2886; very low-certainty). Varenicline may help prevent relapse in abstainers (RR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08-1.41; I2 = 82%; 11 studies, n = 1297; moderate-certainty), but behavioural support did not prevent relapse (RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.87-1.11; I2 = 52%; 11 studies, n = 5523; moderate-certainty). Financial incentives increased quit rates in the general population (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.28-1.73; I2 = 33%; 30 studies, adjusted n = 20 097; high-certainty) and during pregnancy (RR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.54-3.69; I2 = 41%; nine studies, n = 2273; moderate-certainty). This overview also provides detail on a wider range of interventions. There is high certainty that using nicotine replacement therapy from quit day increases smoking abstinence and no further research is required. Evidence is less certain that nicotine replacement increases abstinence when used in higher doses tailored to particular groups of smokers or use prior to quit day, and further research would be helpful. There is moderate-certainty evidence to support the use of e-cigarettes as cessation aids, but research on their role in preventing relapse would be particularly helpful.

Influence of Nicotine on Evaluation Indexes of Volleyball Players' Physical Training

Objectives: This paper studies the effect of nicotine on the recovery of articular cartilage injury and physical training of volleyball players. Methods: In this study, a rat model of cartilage defect was established, and BMSCs sodium alginate gel was used to repair and give nicotine treatment. On the other hand, 20 volleyball players in our school were taken as the experimental objects. Group A is the experimental group and group B is the control group, with 10 people in each group. The experimental group was tested in smoke-free environment for one week. The control group was tested in smoke-free environment for one week. The physical differences between the two before and after the experiment were compared. Results: BMSCs composite alginate gel can repair cartilage defects well, and nicotine has an adverse effect on its defect repair effect. The repair tissue produced by BMSCs composite alginate gel is similar to normal cartilage. Nicholas Ding Ke affects the morphology of chondrocytes and proteoglycan synthesis in matrix. After 10 weeks of physical exercise function training, the total score of functional movement screening (FMS) index of the experimental group in smoke-free environment showed significant difference compared with that before the experiment. It shows that after 10 weeks of physical exercise function training, the injury degree of athletes in the experimental group in smoke-free environment has been significantly improved, and their physical fitness has also been relatively improved. Conclusion: Nicotine has a certain impact on the recovery of bone and joint injuries and physical training of volleyball players. Volleyball players should smoke less or even no smoking in order to improve their performance. Non smoking volleyball players should not be in a passive smoking environment for a long time.

Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Risk of Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.

Cigarette smoking constitutes one of the most important modifiable factors of osteoporosis, as well as contributes to an early death, tumors, and numerous chronic diseases. The group with an increased risk of a lower bone mineral density are patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases. In fact, tobacco smoke, which contains more than 7000 chemical compounds, affects bone mineral density (BMD) both directly and indirectly, as it has an impact on the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, intestinal microbiota composition, and calcium–phosphate balance. Constant cigarette use interferes with the production of protective mucus and inhibits the repair processes in the intestinal mucus. Nicotine as well as the other compounds of the cigarette smoke are important risk factors of the inflammatory bowel disease and osteoporosis. Additionally, cigarette smoking may decrease BMD in the IBD patients. Interestingly, it affects patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in different ways—on the one hand it protects against ulcerative colitis, whereas on the other it increases the risk of Crohn’s disease development. Nevertheless, all patients should be encouraged to cease smoking in order to decrease the risk of developing other disorders.

The Relationship between Lifestyle and Hypertension Cases at UPT Cibiru Public Health Center Bandung City

Background: Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases which is the main cause of death in Indonesia (25.8%). Hypertension is also often called a silent killer because most of the hypertension cases do not cause symptoms. Hypertension is closely related to behavior and lifestyle. Hypertension control is done with behavioral changes, such as conducting adequate physical activity, healthy diet with dietary and quitting smoking. This research aims to determine the relationship between lifestyle, which includes physical activity, diet, and smoking behavior, and hypertension cases. Method: This study used quantitative analytic method with cross sectional research design. The population in this study was all patients who visited and were treated at the public clinic as recorded in the registration report at Cibiru Community Health Center (Puskesmas) in June 2019. The samples were 74 respondents, taken by using purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed by using the chi square test. Results: The results showed that the lifestyles associated with the hypertension cases were physical activity (p value = 0.022) and smoking behavior (p value = 0.003). Meanwhile, the diet was not related to the incidence of hypertension (p value = 0.326). Conclusion: Based on the research result, it can be concluded that physical activity and smoking behavior were proven to be associated with hypertension, while the diet was not proven related to hypertension. It is suggested that the community health center should maximize the NCD Integrated Guidance Post (Posbindu-PTM) and conduct counseling on the importance of physical activities and the danger of smoking in order to improve the health efforts in the work area of Puskesmas Cibiru.

Impact of nicotine and maternal BMI on fetal birth weight

BackgroundAccording to the World Health Organization, smoking is the most important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes in industrialized nations. As the individual factors (body mass index – BMI (kg/m2) – and cigarette consumption) have been extensively investigated in pregnancy, we aimed to establish how maternal BMI and nicotine interact with regard to perinatal outcomes and birth weight.MethodsData from 110.047 singleton pregnancies, achieved from the German Perinatal Survey in Schleswig-Holstein and registered between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed in August 2018 concerning maternal BMI and smoking. The BMI was taken from the maternity log. Information concerning the smoking status were self-reported and further subdivided into the following four categories: a) non-smokers; b) 1–7 cigarettes/day; c) 8–14 cigarettes/ day; and d) ≥ 15 cigarettes/ day.Furthermore, we classified women by their BMI into underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Comparisons between non-smokers and the respective smoking group, and their relationship with maternal BMI were performed by the t-test (birth weight). A P-value ≤0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.ResultsA number of 97.092 women (88.2%) were non-smokers and 12.955 (11.8%) were smokers. Furthermore 10.3% of women of normal weight smoked during pregnancy, but both high and low BMI were associated with a high prevalence of smoking. The proportion of smokers was highest (18.1%) among underweight women (BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2). A large number of smokers (15.5%) were registered in the obesity group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2).Mean birth weight (≥ 37 + 0 gestational age) increased with increasing maternal BMI, and was reduced by smoking for every BMI category. The differences between smokers and non-smokers were always highly significant (p < 0.001). Mean birth weight varied between 2995 g in underweight frequent smokers and 3607 g in obese non-smokers.ConclusionBoth maternal BMI and smoking during pregnancy influences the birth weight and therefore pregnancy outcome. Smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with low birth weight. Pregnant women should be advised to cease or at least reduce smoking in order to improve the birth weight of the newborn and to minimize child morbidities.

Puff or pass: do social media and social interactions influence smoking behaviour of university students? A cross-sectional mixed methods study from Dhaka, Bangladesh

ObjectiveTo determine whether the odds of being a smoker differ based on social media use and social interactions among urban university students in Bangladesh.HypothesisSocial media use and social interactions influence...

Is vaping cessation like smoking cessation? A qualitative study exploring the responses of youth and young adults who vape e-cigarettes

IntroductionYoung people are now seeking help to quit vaping. However, little is known about vaping cessation. To bridge the gap between the current state of research and the urgent need for interventions, practitioners have drawn upon smoking cessation models under the assumption that vaping and smoking are fairly similar. In this study, we sought to understand the nature and extent to which vaping is similar to smoking in order to inform the development of vaping cessation interventions for young people. MethodsSeven focus groups were conducted between November 2019 and February 2020 among youth (ages 16–18) and young adults (ages 19–29) living in the Greater Toronto Area who self-identified as e-cigarette vapers and expressed interest in vaping cessation (n = 41). Focus groups were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis methods. ResultsPerceived similarities between vaping and smoking emerged from participant narratives: three themes relating to barriers to quitting (social benefits, stress reduction, sensory and behavioural gratification), and three relating to reasons for quitting (financial loss, industry influence, dependence). However, there were also perceived differences that emerged: three themes relating to barriers to quitting vaping (enjoyment of flavours, convenience and discreetness, lack of self-awareness of vaping behaviours), and two relating to reasons for quitting vaping (lack of trusted information, perceived social acceptability). ConclusionsAlthough there is significant overlap between vaping and smoking, understanding perceived differences in barriers to quitting and reasons for quitting is critical to advancing vaping cessation research and practice among young people.