Smoking In Indonesia Research Articles

Systematic Review: Tobacco Control and Coronary Artery Disease

Backgrounds: The prevalence of cigarette consumption in Indonesia has reached a level that is cause for concern. Currently, more than one-third (36.3%) of Indonesia's population is classified as smokers. The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks Indonesia as the third-largest cigarette market in the world, after China and India. In fact, the prevalence of adult male smoking in Indonesia is the highest (68.8%) in the world, so tobacco consumption has many negative impacts on health, one of which is the main cause of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as coronary artery disease (CAD). Tobacco control is one of the efforts that can be made to prevent non-communicable diseases, namely coronary heart disease. Coronary artery disease is a pathological condition that arises due to the accumulation of atheroma in the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart, causing narrowing of the coronary arteries. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identifying tobacco as the main cause of non-communicable diseases such as coronary artery disease and tobacco control policies Methods: The method of this study is a literature review using PRISMA as a guide. Articles obtained from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar with specific relevant keywords “tobacco AND coronary artery disease”, “tobacco AND Non-communicable disease”, “tobacco control”, and “tobacco policy”. Article restricted to only original study within 2019 until 2023. Results: Tobacco control and prevention efforts that can be carried out regarding NCDs according to the 30 articles are controlling media by a massive pictorial warning; prohibition advertising, promotion, and sponsorship; controlling the price of tobacco by increasing the excise, tax, and selling price; restriction on smoking area, and smoking cessation therapy in a health facility that covered by insurance. Nicotine replacement therapy could be the choice for smoking cessation in CAD patients. Conclusions: Since limited research on smoking cessation therapy, especially in patients with CAD, it is necessary to develop various therapeutic methods that are easier, affordable, and safe.

The Impoverishing Effect of Tobacco Use in Indonesia.

Smoking households in Indonesia diverted a significant share of their budget to tobacco. Tobacco expenditure is deemed unproductive, as it crowds out resources from essential commodities and increases health care expenditure driven by tobacco-induced diseases. Therefore, despite having adequate resources, some smoking families in Indonesia may spend less on basic needs, which inadvertently puts their standard of living below the poverty line. Employing data from 2021 (March) Indonesia's Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), this research aims to quantify the impoverishing effect of tobacco consumption in Indonesia, considering spending on tobacco and tobacco-attributable health care costs as unproductive expenditure. The de facto headcount poverty rate and poverty gap index are calculated by removing tobacco expenditures and tobacco-attributable health care expenditures from the household's total spending. Accounting for unproductive spending related to tobacco use, Indonesia's headcount poverty ratio in March 2021 would rise by 3.22 percentage points, equivalent to an additional 8.75 million people living below the poverty line. In addition, the poverty gap index would increase by 0.77 percentage points. The impoverishment effect of tobacco is larger among rural populations than their urban counterparts. Moreover, the impoverishment is mainly driven by direct tobacco spending rather than tobacco-attributable health care expenditure. Significant portions of Indonesia's population are exposed to secondary poverty due to tobacco use. A high level of cigarette spending among smoking households is the major source of the impoverishing effect of tobacco use. The study provides quantitative evidence of the true cost of smoking in Indonesia, where the de facto number of the poor population after accounting for tobacco-related spending is higher than what is published in the official statistics. The findings of this study support tobacco control policies in Indonesia, particularly to effectively reduce tobacco use and mitigate the impoverishing impact of tobacco use on low-income households.

The Nexus of Economic and Sociodemographic with Smoking in Indonesia

The Nexus of Economic and Sociodemographic with Smoking in Indonesia

DO ANTI-SMOKING ADVERTISEMENTS INFLUENCE STUDENTS TO QUIT SMOKING?

Background: The prevalence of adolescent smoking in Indonesia increased from 2013 to 2018. Aims: This study examines the influence of pro and anti-cigarette advertising on students' smoking cessation. Methods: The study uses the Global Youth Tobacco Survey Indonesia 2019 data. The sample was students aged 13-15 years who had smoked. The dependent variable is quitting smoking, and the independent variables are pro-cigarette and anti-smoking ads: chi-square and logistic regression tests with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of 0.05. Results: The total sample was 1023 students, and 79.32% wanted to quit smoking. In the anti-smoking ads variables: anti-smoking messages in various media (OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.14-2.34); pictorial health warnings (PHW) on cigarette packs (OR=3.46, 95% CI=2.40-4.97); feeling afraid when seeing health warnings on packaged cigarettes (OR=3.03, 95% CI=2.16-4.26); education about harmful of cigarette consumption (OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.00 – 1.96) had a significant association to quit smoking. The most dominant factor in multivariate analysis was pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs (OR=2.53, 95% CI=1.67-3.81). Conclusion: Most student smokers express a desire to quit smoking. Pictorial health warnings are significantly associated with quitting smoking among students. Keywords: cigarette ads, GYTS, pictorial health warning, students

Limitations on Cigarette Purchasing as a Solution to Reducing the Prevalence of Smoking in Indonesia

Cigarettes are processed tobacco products, including cigars or other forms. Results of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in 2021 shows that Indonesia has the highest number of male smokers in the world and the third largest number of smokers in the world after India and China. During 2012-2022 Indonesian government will increase the Tobacco Products Duty almost every year to reduce the growth rate of smokers as well as provide income to the state treasury. However, the suppress still not optimal enough as a result of estimated state spending, especially for health care due to smoking, which exceeds state income from cigarettes and tobacco. This paper examines ad blocking and restrictions on purchasing cigarettes as a solution to reducing smoking prevalence in Indonesia. This paper applies descriptive qualitative methods and netnography methods that the researchers carried out by means of observations on YouTube social media as well as field observations in the city of Semarang, as well as online interviews using the WhatsApp application media with cigarette sellers in the city of Semarang as informants. This paper shows that cigarette advertising is very influential in increasing the number of smokers, especially among child smokers. The implementation of the smoking ban which has been regulated in Government Regulation Number 109/2012 concerning Safeguarding Substances Containing Addictive Tobacco Products for Health is also considered less than optimal. The implications of this finding both demand and encourage the government to be able to immediately issue regulations in order to block advertisements and at the same time control and limit the sale of cigarettes to children and/or youth in a systematic way, for example by utilizing the PeduliLindungi application which is considered quite successful in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. in the past 2020-2021.

Addressing the Issues and Approaches to Reduce Youth Smoking in Indonesia

This article examines prominent concerns regarding adolescent smoking in Indonesia and investigates diverse strategies targeted at mitigating this public health issue. Indonesia is confronted with an escalating epidemic of tobacco consumption among young people, which is worsened by inadequate legislation and assertive marketing strategies employed by tobacco corporations. This article addresses the difficulties associated with the cultural acceptability of smoking, the restricted availability of quitting resources, and the lack of comprehensive anti-smoking programs. The paper emphasizes the significance of enhancing more stringent tobacco control legislation and implementing cross-sector collaboration activities specifically designed for the Indonesian context to address the problem of individuals who start smoking for the first time. This article emphasizes the importance of protecting the health and future of Indonesia's youth population by tackling these challenges and applying different prevention techniques.

Cytokine Storm score (CSs) in COVID-19 Patients Smokers at Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang

Background: After 3 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, its escalation is still causing a critical global health problem. Cytokine storm is a severe complication of COVID-19, and smoking is a risk factor for death. The prevalence of smoking in Indonesia is very high, but there is still little research on the effect of smoking on the occurrence of cytokine storms. The Cytokines Storm Score (CSs) is a quick and simple method for detecting cytokine storms early by utilizing D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) parameters. Objective: To evaluate CSs in COVID-19 patients smokers Methods: Retrospective analysis of 120 confirmed COVID-19 patients in November 2020–2021, divided into 2 groups (60 smokers and nonsmokers), male, without comorbidities. analysis using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney. Prior to the CSs examination, lymphopenia is required. CSs were positive if at least two of the D-dimer, LDH, or ferritin levels were elevated. The CRP level is measured if there is an increase in only one of these values. Elevated CRP, lymphopenia, and impaired D-Dimer, LDH, or ferritin will result in positive CSs. Results: CSs were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (54.5% vs. 45.5%, p = 0.024). D-dimer and CRP levels were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (1620 ng/mL vs. 1002.5 ng/mL, p = 0.001; and 13.8 mg/dL vs. 7.75 mg/dL, p = 0.001). Lower LDH and higher ferritin levels were not significant in smokers compared to nonsmokers (405.5 IU/L vs. 418 IU/L, p = 0.160; and 886.65 ng/mL vs. 790.5 ng/mL, p = 0.203). Conclusion: Cytokines Storm scores (CSs) increased significantly in COVID-19 patients who smoked, D-dimer and CRP levels were significantly higher in smoking COVID-19 patients compared to non-smokers

Edukasi Hidup Sehat Tanpa Rokok pada Remaja

The habit of smoking in Indonesia was found to have started since childhood. According to the 2018 Riskesdas, the percentage of smoking behavior in school-age adolescents (age 10-18) was recorded at 9.1 percent, an increase from Riskesdas, which was 7.2 percent. WHO also explained that 30% of the world's population who smoke are teenagers. The purpose of this community service is to increase adolescent knowledge about the dangers of smoking and to change adolescent behavior towards a healthy lifestyle (healthy without smoking). The methods of service applied are lectures, discussions, role plays. Community service activities were carried out from October 2022 to January 2023 with 30 students at SMP N 8 Jambi City. Results obtained. there was an increase in students' knowledge after being given health education about the dangers of smoking. By 93.3%. Parents / families pay more attention to growth and development and pay more attention to their children who have reached their teens, especially avoiding smoking behavior

Diagnostic Approach of Lung Cancer: A Literature Review

Lung cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed malignancy with the highest mortality rate. It can be classified into small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). At the early stage of the disease, lung cancer rarely gives apparent symptoms. Patients are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Lung cancer is closely related to tobacco smoking. The increasing prevalence of tobacco smoking in Indonesia should be an alarm. During the last decades, knowledge and technology regarding lung cancer screening and diagnosis have vastly increased. Proper screening for high-risk individuals will help to increase the survival rate from the disease. Diagnosis of lung cancer using various radiologic modalities, histopathology, and biomolecular tests will also determine a specific treatment approach for the patient. A proper diagnostic test will also help predict the patient’s prognosis. This literature review aimed to provide foundation knowledge from recent guidelines for screening and diagnosing lung cancer.

A VALIDATION STUDY OF THE ADOLESCENT SMOKING QUESTIONNAIRE (ASQ) AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PADANG, INDONESIA

Smoking is one of the world's most severe threats to public health that contributes to multiple non-communicable diseases. There is widespread use of tobacco among adolescents where the establishment of smoking behavior occurs during adolescence. Due to the high prevalence of smoking in Indonesia, it is essential to identify the associated risk factors for smoking behavior among adolescents, especially in West Sumatra. Thus, this study aims to determine the validity and reliability of the Adolescent Smoking Questionnaire (ASQ) that consisted of associated factors on smoking behavior among adolescents in Padang, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 172 respondents aged 13-15 from high schools in rural and urban areas, Padang City. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic information, knowledge of smoking, attitude toward smoking, social influence on smoking, and psychological factor. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed using STATA software Version 14. The EFA resulted in the production of 4 domains with 47 items. The CFA produced 46 items, and the model fit the data well, with CFI and TLI above 0.90 and RMSEA less than 0.08. All items also had factor loadings greater than 0.50. The Cronbach's alpha showed a good internal consistency since all domains had values greater than 0.7. The EFA and CFA analysis of ASQ showed a valid and reliable instrument for measuring adolescent smoking behaviors' associated factors.

Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Stunting Among Under-five Children in Rural and Poor Families in Indonesia

Cigarette smoke exposure in mothers and children is highly prevalent in Asia, especially among rural and poor families. Second-hand smoke exposure might affect the nutritional status of children. Despite the emerging double burden of malnutrition and the very high prevalence of smoking in Indonesia, few studies have examined the effects of parental smoking on children’s nutritional status. This study aims to measure the relationship between family smoking behavior and the occurrence of stunting in children under 5 years. This cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling technique, with 221 households with children aged 0 to 59 months from poor areas in Indonesia. Exposure to cigarette smoke is assessed using The Secondhand Smoke Exposure Scale questionnaire. The outcome measured is child stunting (height-for-age Z-score). The prevalence of stunting was estimated at 145 (65.6%). Children living with smoking parents were counted for 157 (71%), and most smoking exposure comes from fathers 147 (67.4%). The predictors of stunting in children under 5 years were a smoker father with (AOR 1.8; 95% CI 1.281-4.641), both parents are smokers increasing the risk of stunting with (COR 3.591; 95% CI 1.67-3.77), being exposed of smoke for more than 3 hours a day increase the risk of stunted children (COR 2.05; 95% CI 1.214-3.629), and using traditional cigarette or kretek expand the risk of stunting (AOR 3.19; 95% CI 1.139-67.785). The findings demonstrate the negative impact of parental smoking on children’s growth, reinforcing the importance of reducing smoking prevalence by imposing a smoke-free home policy in the stunting prevention strategy.

Does the increase in the cigarette excise tax affect cigarette consumption?

<p>The level of cigarette excise rates is one of the factors of cigarette costs. However, it is unclear how high the cigarette excise rate should be in order to reduce smoking in Indonesia. The aim of this research was to see how effective the cigarette excise tariff policy was at lowering public cigarette usage. The study conducted a quantitative approach, employing survey data collection techniques on a number of smokers as well as in-depth interviews. The data indicated that a 12.5% increase in the cigarette excise charge had a negligible effect on reducing cigarette consumption. The author identified numerous variables that contributed to the tobacco excise tax increase's ineffectiveness as a policy.</p>

Prevalence of Smoking and Its Associated Factors among Indonesian Women: A Simple Literature Review and Alternative Management

Aims: To review previous electronic literature available on the internet regarding epidemiology of smoking among Indonesian women, and its associated factors with seeking for alternative management available in the internet.
 Study Design: A simple cross sectional study by systematically review of the electronic literatures.
 Place and Duration of Study: All steps in ths study conducted in the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta Indonesia between January-July 2022.
 Methodology: This simple literature study held by reviewing the electronic literatures regarding the topics. Data mining made available from popular scientific search engine named PubMed® and Google scholar™. Phrases of "Female Smokers in Indonesia pdf", "Risk Factors for Female Smokers in Indonesia pdf", “Prevalence smoking in Indonesia” being the keyword in searching which combined in bahasa and or English. The data collected will be entered systematically with tabulation and presentation of the map of Indonesia. Out of 106 articles gained initially, then through several stages of screening, the number reduced step by step until the remaining 15 articles to be analyzed further. All important data form all articles are presented in tabular form and then followed by an attempt to describe geographical location where the study conducted This is done by placing dots and related numbers in modified Indonesia map.
 Results: The prevalence and characteristics of female smokers in Indonesia in time period of 2016 – 2022 were achieved in 15 articles. Methodologically, most of the study using a simple, cross sectional method (60%) presented in a table.
 Conclusion: This literature study discusses the prevalence and risk factors of female smokers in Indonesia. Smoking is still a common health problem that causes death on a large scale in the world, especially in the vulnerable group like women. Many internal and social factor affect this practice among women. By teaching them properly about the future risk of smoking and support them actively to quit smoking; this approach will save her future and her descendant. Yoga and or other alternative approach might be an alternative for those who want to quit smoking.

Determinants of Adolescents' Desire to Quit Smoking in Indonesia: Data Analysis of the 2014 Global Youth Tobacco Survey

Background: The high prevalence of smoking is not only among adults but also among children and adolescents. Almost all adolescent smokers wish to quit smoking. They are aware of the dangers of cigarettes, tobacco, and other types so they are motivated to quit smoking. This study aims to determine the determinants of the desire to quit smoking in Indonesian students, using a cross-sectional study design. Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in Indonesia in 2014. The sample of the study was all students in grades 7-9 in Indonesia who participated in the 2014 GYTS and had complete data, namely 5,986 people. Logistic regression statistical test analysis was used to determine the relationship between the determinants and the desire to stop smoking in adolescents. Results: Adolescents who want to quit smoking are 92.1%. There is a relationship between adolescents who have tried cigarettes and other types of tobacco on the desire to stop smoking behavior (OR=11,3; 95% CI=5,216-24,615; p<0.025). There is a relationship between the dangers of smoking from family discussions on the behavior and desire of adolescents to stop smoking (OR=2,1; 95% CI=1,213-3,784; p<0.025). Conclusion: Family support and motivation can assist adolescents in reducing smoking habits by monitoring and reminding adolescents of the purpose of quitting smoking, and by inviting adolescents to consult and take therapy with Public Health Services.

Group Counseling Cognitive Restructuring Techniques To Reduce Student Smoking Behavior

The phenomenon of smoking in Indonesia is very concerning because it has penetrate to school children. Often found in a number of places such as stalls, terminals, or other hangout places, a group of junior high and high school students joking around while competing to smoke cigarettes. Some of the causes of students doing these acts are because they are following their friends, just trying, and to relieve stress, there are even students who have become active smokers. The aim of the researcher is to determine the effectiveness of group counseling with cognitive restructuring techniques in reducing students' smoking behavior. The type of research used is a quantitative pre-experimental design using a one group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study were 68 male students with a sample of 7 students of class XIII. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, documentation, and observation. The results of data analysis showed that the average pre-test result was 64.85 and the post-test average was 44.8. Obtained Zcount = -2,371 with a value of Ztable = 1,645. The results obtained showed a decrease in the average value after the post-test. Based on this, it can be concluded that group counseling with cognitive restructuring techniques is effective or significant in reducing students' smoking behavior.

The implementation of smoke-free workplace policy and the determinants affecting indoor smoking in Indonesia.

A smoke-free workplace is important to reduce secondhand smoke exposure, raise awareness, encourage smoking cessation, and increase productivity. This study aimed to assess indoor smoking in the workplace as part of a smoke-free policy implementation and the factors associated. This was a cross-sectional study at workplaces in Indonesia from October 2019 to January 2020. The workplaces were divided into private workplaces owned by a company for business and government workplaces that run for public services. Samples were selected using stratified random sampling. Data collection follows time and area observation guidelines, starting in the indoor area and then outdoor. The observation was conducted for at least 20 min for each workplace in 41 districts/cities. Of the 2900 observed workplaces, 1097 (37.8%) were private and 1803 (62.92%) were government workplaces. The proportion of indoor smoking at government workplaces was 34.7%, higher compared to private (14.4%). The results were consistent for each indicator such as people smoking (14.7% vs. 4.5%), electronic cigarette use (0.7% vs. 0.4%), cigarette butts presence (25.8% vs. 9.5%), and smell of cigarette smoke (23.0% vs. 8.6%). The factors associated with indoor smoking were indoor ashtray availability (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =13.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.6-17.5), indoor designated smoking area (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.4-4.0), presence of indoor tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorships (AOR: 3.3; 95% CI: 1.3-8.89), whereas the presence of no smoking sign was a preventive factor (AOR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.5-0.8). Indoor smoking remains high, particularly in government workplaces in Indonesia.

EFEKTIVITAS PERINGATAN GAMBAR BAHAYA MEROKOK DALAM MENGURANGI PENGGUNAAN ROKOK PADA REMAJA DI SMP 4 PAREPARE

The phenomenon of smoking in Indonesia is indeed very concerning, smoking is a problem that has not been resolved until now the main smoking among teenagers, therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of warning images of the dangers of smoking for adolescents in SMP 4 Parepare City. The research method used by the researcher is a quantitative research method with a single subject approach. As for the way to obtain data that is in accordance with the method and type of this research, the data collection technique is by means of questionnaires and documentation, with the selection of respondents using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique refers to the technique developed by Secord and Backman. The results of this study indicate that giving scary pictures in the form of warning pictures of the dangers of smoking is effective in influencing attitudes towards smoking behavior among adolescents at SMP 4 Parepare City. For researchers who want to research the same research, it is better if the treatment is not done once but repeatedly to get more effective results in the research that we do on several subjects.

Application of Liquid Smoke on Milkfish (Chanos chanos) and Catfish (Clarias batrachus) as an Effort to Improve the Smoked Products Quality

Fish smoking in Indonesia is still used traditionally, and generally used hot smoking method. The products produced by traditional fish smoking do not meet the quality of products in accordance with Indonesian national standards (SNI). Liquid smoke can be applied to improve the quality of smoked fish products. The aimed of this activity was to the downstream the application of liquid smoke, which was invented through a research, to improve the quality and productivity of milkfish and catfish in UKM Dapoer Sehat dan Dapoer Helena, Semarang. The materials used in this research were milkfish and catfish. Both fish were processed into smoked fish using 5% liquid smoke, and these products were then analysed to discover their water activity, proximate composition, and total bacteria (TPC). The moisture contents of milkfish and catfish were 57.20 % and 59.53% respectively. The total number of bacteria (TPC) in both smoked fish had met the Indonesian smoked fish standard (SNI), which was a maximum 1 x 105 colonies/g. The smoked milkfish and catfish that were processed using liquid smoke with a concentration 5% had met the Indonesian smoked fish standard (SNI 2725:2013). The application of liquid smoke to smoked fish products can improve product quality, and the products are is safe for consumption.

Adolescent Smoking Behavior In Indonesia; A Longitudinal Study

Adolescent smoking behavior in Indonesia is increasing every year. This condition is dangerous threat to the sustainability of a country. This study was aimed to analyze determinant factors related to adolescent smoking in Indonesia. The study is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study utilized IFLS 5 data. Sample was unmarried adolescent aged 15-24 years with a total of 4,959 adolescents. Association between adolescent smoking behavior status with parental smoking habits, gender, age and residence were determined by using chi-square test. We found that the majority (93%) of adolescents were smokers who smoke a maximum of 10 cigarettes per day and most of them started smoking regularly at the age of 12 to 17 years (66%). Parental smoking habits significantly influenced adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.000; OR=1.397; 95% CI=1.173<OR<1.663). Gender and age group also affected smoking behavior in adolescents. Meanwhile, the classification of residence has no significant effect on adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.337; OR=0.920; 95% CI=0.777<OR<1.090). These findings suggested that efforts to prevent adolescent smoking behavior should be more focused on children who live with smoking parents.

Adolescent Smoking Behavior In Indonesia; A Longitudinal Study

Adolescent smoking behavior in Indonesia is increasing every year. This condition is dangerous threat to the sustainability of a country. This study was aimed to analyze determinant factors related to adolescent smoking in Indonesia. The study is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study utilized IFLS 5 data. Sample was unmarried adolescent aged 15-24 years with a total of 4,959 adolescents. Association between adolescent smoking behavior status with parental smoking habits, gender, age and residence were determined by using chi-square test. We found that the majority (93%) of adolescents were smokers who smoke a maximum of 10 cigarettes per day and most of them started smoking regularly at the age of 12 to 17 years (66%). Parental smoking habits significantly influenced adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.000; OR=1.397; 95% CI=1.173<OR<1.663). Gender and age group also affected smoking behavior in adolescents. Meanwhile, the classification of residence has no significant effect on adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.337; OR=0.920; 95% CI=0.777<OR<1.090). These findings suggested that efforts to prevent adolescent smoking behavior should be more focused on children who live with smoking parents.