Parental Smoking Habits Research Articles

Nicotine use in Polish adolescents and sociodemographic factors correlations - PolNicoYouth study

Abstract Background & aim Almost 36% of Polish smokers started their addiction before the age of 17. Polish youth exhibit a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use (29.5%) than traditional cigarettes (26.2%). This study aimed to outline the prevalence of tobacco and nicotine product use based on usage frequency, poly-product use patterns among ever/former/naive users. Methods In the 2020 cross-sectional study, secondary school students from 200 schools, were selected nationwide using a stratified and random approach, making the sample representative of the entire Polish population. Data were collected through Computer-Assisted Web Interviews, using a questionnaire based on the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Bayesian linear regression was used to assess correlations. Results The study consisted of 16,712 pupils aged 15-18. Almost 30% of participants admitted to current e-cigarette usage. Questions on parental smoking habits showed that 45.95% of parents smoke traditional cigarettes, 13.89% use e-cigarettes, and 13.80% use heated tobacco products (HTP). There was a very strong positive correlation between the female gender and the initiation of smoking with regular cigarettes (log[BF]=10.76). A very strong positive correlation between those studying in vocational schools and with initiation with regular cigarettes during initiation (log[BF]=18.13), while high school students had a greater association with e-cigarettes (log[BF]=11.08). There was also a very strong positive correlation between adolescents initiating smoking with regular cigarettes when their parents are also regular cigarette smokers (log[BF]=8.11) - no corresponding correlations were observed for e-cigarettes and HTP. There is a moderate positive correlation indicating a relationship between younger age (15 vs 18) and initiation by e-cigarette (log[BF]=1.8). Key messages • The type of nicotine product used by adolescents for nicotine initiation correlates differently with various socio-demographic factors and the type of nicotine product used by parents. • Taking these relationships into consideration enables the development of tailored nicotine prevention.

Environmental Stress-Induced Alterations in Embryo Developmental Morphokinetics.

The association between embryo morphokinetics and its developmental competence is well documented. For instance, early cleaved embryos are more competent in developing to blastocysts, whereas the proportion of abnormally cleaved embryos that further developed to blastocysts is low. Numerous factors, such as the parental age, lifestyle, health, and smoking habits have been reported to affect the embryo morphokinetics and, consequently, its development. However, less is known about the effect of environmental stressors on embryo morphokinetics. The current review discusses the effect of the most concerning environmental stressors on embryo morphokinetics. These stresses include heat stress and human-made chemicals such as phthalates (e.g., bis-(2-ethylhexyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, and their primary metabolites), herbicides (e.g., diaminochlorotriazine, the primary metabolite of atrazine), pharmaceutical compounds (e.g., carbamazepine, nocodazole) and pro-oxidant agents (cumene hydroperoxide, Triton X-100), as well as naturally occurring toxins such as mycotoxin (e.g., aflatoxin B1 and its metabolite, and ochratoxin A). In addition, this review discusses the effect of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation and viral infections (e.g., SARS-CoV-2, papillomavirus). Finally, it points out some potential mechanisms that underlie the impairment of embryo morphokinetics, and it suggests protective compounds, mainly the supplementation of antioxidants to improve the morphokinetics, and consequently, the embryo developmental competence.

Atopic Dermatitis in Early Childhood and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scandinavian Birth Cohort Study

ObjectiveTo examine the association between early-life atopic manifestations and later risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), for which prospective data are scarce. Study designThe population-based All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) and Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child (MoBa) cohorts follow children from birth (ABIS 1997–1999; MoBa 2000–2009) to the end of 2021. Based on validated questionnaires, parents prospectively reported information on asthma, food-related allergic symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis by age 3. IBD was defined by ≥2 diagnostic records in the national health registries. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios adjusted (aHR) for parental IBD, atopy, education level, smoking habits, and national origin. Cohort-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. ResultsWe compiled data on 83,311 children (ABIS, n=9,041; MoBa, n=74,270). In over 1,174,756 person-years of follow-up, 301 participants were diagnosed with IBD. Children with atopic dermatitis at age 3 had an increased risk of IBD (pooled aHR=1.46 [95% confidence interval [CI]=1.13-1.88]), Crohn’s disease (pooled aHR=1.53 [95%CI=1.04-2.26]), and ulcerative colitis (pooled aHR=1.78 [95%CI=1.15-2.75]). Conversely, any atopic manifestation by age 3 was not associated with IBD (pooled aHR=1.20 [95%CI=0.95-1.52]), nor were analyses specifically focused on early-life food-related allergic symptoms, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. ConclusionWhile atopic manifestations in early childhood were overall not associated with IBD, children with atopic dermatitis specifically were at increased risk of developing IBD, suggesting shared etiological traits; these findings might be useful in identifying at-risk individuals for IBD.

Household smoking impact on the oral health of 5- to 7-years-old children

BackgroundChildren’s exposure to secondhand smoke, particularly by their parents, could adversely affect their oral health. Thereby, this study aimed to assess the oral health status of children subjected to household smoking and the impact of smoking patterns on the severity of oral health deterioration.MethodsA total of 210 healthy children were enrolled in this case-control study and allocated into children subjected to household smoking (HS) and control groups. Participants’ guardians were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic characteristics and parental smoking habits. All participants were subjected to clinical dental examination to assess dental caries (ICDAS), hypomineralized primary molars (HSPM), and gingival status (GI). Stimulated saliva samples were collected to assess saliva composition and characteristics. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for cotinine concentration. Data were analyzed using SPSS (v.25) software at a test value of p ≤ 0.05. The t-student test was used to find significant differences between participants’ age, gingival index score, saliva pH, flow rate, sIgA, and cotinine level. The Chi-square test was used to test for the significance of parental employment, number of rooms, gender, sweets consumption, brushing frequency, and HMPM. The correspondence analysis was used to test for significance of parents’ levels of education, type of house ventilation, ICDAS score, smoking form, frequency, and smoking pattern. The correlation between cotinine level and sIgA was tested for association using Bivariate correlation test.ResultsThe HS group showed a significantly increased risk for dental caries (p < 0.000), HSPM lesions (p = 0.007), and GI score (p < 0.000). A significant reduction in salivary flow rate, saliva pH, and sIgA were evident in HS group (p < 0.000). Parental consumption of more than 20 cigarettes/day was accompanied by increased dental caries activity (p < 0.000) and higher risk for increased severity of gingival inflammation (p < 0.000) of children in the HS group. Children of parents who smoke cigarettes and use the hubble/bubble anywhere in the house found to have greater distribution of HSPM (p < 0.000). Reduced sIgA values were found to be significantly associated with increased cotinine concentrations in HS children (p < 0.000).ConclusionsFrequent exposure to household smoking could be associated with an increased risk of dental caries progression, enamel hypomineralization, gingival inflammation, and saliva characteristics changes in children.

Association Between Parental BMI and Offspring's Blood Pressure by Mediation Analysis: A Study Using Data From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study analyzed the relationship between parental body mass index (BMI; BMI_p) and hypertension in their adolescent offspring (HTN_a), focusing on the mediating effect of adolescents' BMI (BMI_a). Utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including participants aged 12-18, we conducted a mediation analysis while controlling for confounding factors such as age, sex, physical activity, dietary habits, household income quartile, and parents' alcohol and smoking habits. The study included a total of 5731 participants, of whom 3381 and 5455 participants had data on fathers' and mothers' BMI, respectively. For adolescent systolic blood pressure (SBP_a), the father's BMI (BMI_f) had a significant total effect (β, 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12 to 0.34) and average controlled mediated effect (ACME) (β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.32), but the average direct effect (ADE) was not significant. The mother's BMI (BMI_m) had a significant total effect (β, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.25), ACME (β, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.28) and ADE (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.16 to 0.00). For adolescent diastolic blood pressure, both BMI_f and BMI_m had significant ACMEs (β, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.12 and β, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.12, respectively), BMI_m had a significant ADE (β, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.02) but BMI_f had an insignificant ADE and total effect. The study found that parental BMI had a significant effect on SBP_a, mediated through BMI_a. Therefore, a high BMI in parents could be a risk factor, mediated through BMI_a, for systolic hypertension in adolescents, necessitating appropriate management.

Household adult smoking behaviors and prevalence of asthma in Greek schoolchildren: five surveys during 1998-2018.

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is a well-recognized risk factor for asthma development and poor asthma control in children. However, the relationship between changes in parental smoking habits over time and the prevalence of childhood asthma remains largely unknown. Our objective was to investigate the trends of parental smoking behaviors in relation to childhood wheeze/asthma rates over a 20-year period. A standardized questionnaire on household overall smoking and household indoor tobacco smoking (HITS) habits was distributed to 8-9-years-old school children in the context of five cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1998 (n=3,076), 2003 (n=2,725), 2008 (n=2,688), 2013 (n=2,554) and 2018 (n=2,648). The parental overall smoking and HITS rates have substantially decreased during the study period (p-for-trend<0.001). However, while HITS declined among the fathers of asthmatic and non-asthmatic children as well as among the mothers of non-asthmatic ones (p-for-trend<0.001), it remained unchanged in the case of the mothers of asthmatic participants (p-for-trend 0.283). The mothers of asthmatic children consistently reported more HITS than those of non-asthmatic participants, while prevalence changes of current wheeze/asthma over the surveillance period were in complete agreement with changes in maternal HITS (cross-correlation coefficient 0.918 at zero-year lag) but not with paternal smoking behaviors. Overall and indoor smoking rates of school children's adult family members declined substantially during the 1998-2018 period in Greece. However, no such trend was noted among mothers of asthmatic children, while temporal changes in maternal indoor smoking rates occurred in parallel with those of childhood asthma prevalence.

Maternal and paternal tuberculosis is associated with increased asthma and respiratory symptoms in their offspring: a study from Northern Europe.

Given the profound impact of tuberculosis (TB) on immunity and given murine studies suggesting that infections may influence immunity across generations, we hypothesize that parental TB might impact health and disease in future offspring. This study investigated the impact of maternal and paternal TB on offspring asthma and respiratory symptoms. We included data from the third follow-up of the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe study (RHINE). Information on own asthma status, asthma-like symptoms and other respiratory symptoms, as well as information about parental TB and asthma, were collected using standardized questionnaires. The associations between parental TB and RHINE participants' asthma and respiratory symptoms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, with adjustment for parental education, smoking habits and asthma. Of 8,323 study participants, 227 (2.7%) reported only paternal TB, 282 (3.4%) only maternal TB, and 33 (0.4%) reported that both parents had TB. We found a higher risk of asthma (aOR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.57) in offspring with a history of parental TB as compared to offspring without parental TB., Parental TB was significantly associated with allergic asthma in offspring (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.29-2.05), while no significant association between parental TB and asthma without allergy (aOR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.76-1.32) in offspring was observed. Results from this study indicate that parental TB might be a risk factor for offspring's asthma and respiratory symptoms. We raise the hypothesis that the immunological impact of infections might be transmitted to influence offspring phenotype in humans.

Environmental Risk Factors for Pediatric Acute Leukemia: Methodology and Early Findings.

Acute leukemia is the most common type of malignancy in children, and no major environmental risk factors have been identified relating to its pathogenesis. This study has been conducted with the aim for identifying risk factors associated with this disease. This study was conducted in 2016-2020 among children aged <15 years residing in Isfahan Province, Iran. Children with newly diagnosed Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including Acute myeloid leukemia (ALL and AML) were considered a case group. The control group was selected among children hospitalized in orthopedic and surgery wards in the same region. Demographic data, parental occupational exposures and educational level, maternal obstetric history, type of feeding during infancy and parental smoking habits, exposure to pesticides, and hydrocarbons besides dietary habits (using a food frequency questionnaire) were evaluated. Overall, 497 children (195 cases and 302 controls) completed the survey. In the initial analysis, there was no significant difference between case and control groups about type of milk feeding (P = 0.34) or parental age (P = 0.56); however, an association between mothers' education and increased risk for ALL was observed (P = 0.02). The results of this study can be helpful in better understanding the environmental risk factors involved in the incidence of acute leukemia. Future publications based on the analysis of the database created in the present study can lead to recognizing these factors. In addition, evaluating the effect of these factors on treatment outcomes is an important step in reducing the burden of the disease.

Epidemiology of pediatric acute mastoiditis in Israel: A National Registry 10-year perspective.

Previous small studies have proposed a higher incidence of acute mastoiditis in Israeli pediatric patients than in other Western countries. The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of acute mastoiditis and its epidemiological features over a decade, in order to identify variables that could possibly affect the incidence. All admitted patients aged <18 years diagnosed with acute mastoiditis between 2008 and 2018 at Clalit Healthcare Services were identified and a database was generated. A total of 1189 and 1115 patients met the inclusion criteria, respectively. Acute mastoiditis diagnosis was confirmed in 95.2% of the patients. The incidence was 7.78 cases per 100,000 children-years but was significantly higher in children under 2 years of age (average of 38.31 per 100,000 children-years). No specific pattern was observed in the annualized incidence rate during the study period. Acute mastoiditis was significantly more common in children of Jewish descent than non-Jewish (10.4 vs. 3.03 per 100,000 children-years, P< 0.001) and of high socioeconomic status and is more common in the winter. The prevalence of household parental smoking (52%) was more than double that previously reported in the Israeli population. A higher incidence of acute mastoiditis was observed in the Israeli population than in other reports. The age-dependent rate was identified along with unique epidemiological features such as seasonality, higher incidence in patients of Jewish descent, or high socioeconomic status. Related parental smoking habits lend further support against the exposure of young children to household smoking.Level of evidence: Individual retrospective cohort study.

The Influence of Parental Environmental Exposure and Nutrient Restriction on the Early Life of Offspring Growth in Gambia-A Pilot Study.

Background: The role of the germline in epigenetic transgenerational inheritance starts with environmental factors, acting on the first generation of a gestating mother. These factors influence the developing second-generation fetus by altering gonadal development, thereby reprogramming the primordial germ cell DNA methylation and leading to consequences that might be seen along generations. Objective: Despite these epigenetic factors now surfacing, the few available studies are on animal-based experiments, and conducting a follow-up on human intergenerational trials might take decades. To this response, this study aimed to determine the influence of parental energy, toxicant exposure, age, and nutrient restriction on the early life of offspring growth in Gambia. Method: This pilot study was based on population observation and combined both maternal and paternal factors across the country between August and October 2021. It captures the lifestyle and health detailed account of 339 reproductive parents and their last born (child under 5 years) using a structured interview questionnaire performed by nurses and public health officers. Results: This study showed that parents who worked in industrial areas were more likely to have offspring with poor psychosocial skills. In addition, mothers who are exposed to oxidative stress and high temperatures are more likely to have offspring with poor psychosocial skills. Mothers who consume a high-protein diet were almost three times more likely to have infants with good psychosocial skills in their offspring. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between maternal stress during pregnancy and the psychosocial skills of offspring. Conclusion: This study was able to ascertain if the maternal diet during gestation, toxicant exposure, maternal stress, and parental smoking habits have an influence on the early life of offspring. While the study recommends a large sample size study to eliminate selection bias, there should be an increased level of awareness of mothers of their offspring’s health and their husbands’ lifestyles that might influence the adulthood health of their offspring.

The Relationship Between Cigarette Smoke Exposure With Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) And Stunting In Bima 2022

Respiratory infections are the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Respiratory infections killed 808,694 children under 5 years of age in 2017, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under five years of age. Toddlers who have poor nutritional status have a 4.1 times greater chance of experiencing Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) than children under five with good nutritional status. Malnutrition status is also a major factor in the high incidence of stunting that occurs since the baby is still in the womb until the early days after the baby is born. ARI and stunting are known to be diseases and developmental disorders, one of which is cigarette smoke, because they can interfere with the absorption function of children's nutrition, congenital abnormalities and low birth weight. The smoking behavior and habits of parents in the house make all residents of the house and toddlers passive smokers who are always exposed to cigarette smoke at any time and every day. Parents who have the habit of smoking in the house have the opportunity to increase the incidence of ARI in their toddlers by 7.83 times compared to the homes of toddlers whose parents do not smoke in the house. This study aims to determine the relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke and the incidence of ARI and stunting in children under five in the city of Bima in 2022 . This type of research is quantitative, using a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were all mothers who had toddlers in the working area of the Puskesmas in Bima City. The number of samples is 100 mothers who have toddlers. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Collecting data using a questionnaire, univariate and bivariate data analysis with Chi Square statistical test.The results obtained from this study were that most of the toddlers experienced Upper Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) (ARI), namely (86%), Toddlers who experienced stunting, namely ( 6%). Toddlers who are exposed to cigarette smoke and have ARI are 75.6% and those who are not exposed to cigarette smoke and have ARI are 94.5%. The results of the chi square test obtained a P value of 0.006 meaning that there is a relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke and the incidence of ARI in toddlers. The results of the Odds Ratio (OR) 95% CI = 0.178 means that toddlers who are exposed to cigarette smoke are 0.178 times more likely to experience ARI than toddlers who are not exposed to cigarette smoke. Toddlers who are exposed to cigarette smoke and experience stunting are 13.3% and those who are not exposed to cigarette smoke and experience stunting are 0%. The results of the chi square test obtained a P value of 0.007 meaning that there is a relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke and the incidence of stunting in toddlers with Odds values Ratio (OR) 95%CI = 0.867 means that toddlers who are exposed to cigarette smoke have a 0.867 times greater chance of experiencing stunting than those who are not exposed to cigarette smoke. Toddlers who experienced ARI and also experienced stunting were 2.3% and those who did not experience ARI but experienced stunting were 28.6%. The results of the chi square test obtained a P value of 0.003 which means that there is a relationship between toddlers who have or are currently experiencing ARI with stunting. The Odds Ratio (OR) 95%CI = 0.060 means that toddlers with ARI have a 0.060 times greater chance of experiencing stunting than those without ARI. The results of this study are expected to be able to improve health behavior in the family and community environment as well as become the government's foothold in health promotion about smoke-free areas in order to realize the improvement and improvement of children's health status.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Association of rhinitis with asthma prevalence and severity

Asthma and rhinitis often co-exist in the same patient. Although some authors observed a higher prevalence and/or greater severity of asthma in patients with rhinitis, this view is not homogeneous and the debate continues. The aim of our study is to describe the prevalence of rhinitis in children and adolescents and to analyse their relationship with the prevalence of asthma. A multicentre study was conducted using the methodology of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The target population of the study was all those school children aged 6–7 and 13–14 years from 6 of the main health catchment areas of Galicia (1.9 million inhabitants). The schools required were randomly selected, and all children in the targeted age ranges were included. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted prevalence odds ratios (OR) between asthma symptoms of the schoolchildren and rhinitis prevalence. The results were adjusted for parental smoking habits, maternal education level, cat and dog exposure, and obesity. A total of 21,420 valid questionnaires were finally obtained. Rhinitis was associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of asthma in both age groups. The highest OR were 11.375 for exercise induced asthma (EIA) for children with recent rhinoconjunctivitis and 9.807 for children with recent rhinitis in 6–7 years old group. The prevalence OR’s are higher in EIA and severe asthmatics. Rhinitis in children and adolescents is associated with a higher prevalence and severity of asthma.

Association between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Adaptive Behavior in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

The study focuses on current issues of adaptive behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and on the possible risk factor of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Children examined at the Academic Research Center for Autism (ARCA) in Bratislava were involved in the study. The study sample included 84 children (71 boys) with ASD (average age 5.35 years) and a non-ASD group of 24 children (20 boys; average age 8.10 years). The “ETS Questionnaire” focused on the detection of parental smoking habits and other ETS exposures. The concentrations of cotinine in urine were measured by ELISA kit. A significant delay in adaptive behavior of children with ASD in comparison with the non-ASD group was identified. The significant differences were in adaptive behavior, communication, and everyday skills. Children with ASD were more likely to be exposed to ETS, especially in the household. Good agreement was found between objective and subjective ETS exposure indicators (kappa = 0.613). Self-reported exposure to ETS corresponded significantly with the median levels of urinary cotinine. In addition to evaluation and assessment of the quality of adaptive behavior, an important goal of further research should be to identify, investigate, and eliminate environmental factors that interfere with adaptive behavior.

Adolescent Smoking Behavior In Indonesia; A Longitudinal Study

Adolescent smoking behavior in Indonesia is increasing every year. This condition is dangerous threat to the sustainability of a country. This study was aimed to analyze determinant factors related to adolescent smoking in Indonesia. The study is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study utilized IFLS 5 data. Sample was unmarried adolescent aged 15-24 years with a total of 4,959 adolescents. Association between adolescent smoking behavior status with parental smoking habits, gender, age and residence were determined by using chi-square test. We found that the majority (93%) of adolescents were smokers who smoke a maximum of 10 cigarettes per day and most of them started smoking regularly at the age of 12 to 17 years (66%). Parental smoking habits significantly influenced adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.000; OR=1.397; 95% CI=1.173&lt;OR&lt;1.663). Gender and age group also affected smoking behavior in adolescents. Meanwhile, the classification of residence has no significant effect on adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.337; OR=0.920; 95% CI=0.777&lt;OR&lt;1.090). These findings suggested that efforts to prevent adolescent smoking behavior should be more focused on children who live with smoking parents.

Adolescent Smoking Behavior In Indonesia; A Longitudinal Study

Adolescent smoking behavior in Indonesia is increasing every year. This condition is dangerous threat to the sustainability of a country. This study was aimed to analyze determinant factors related to adolescent smoking in Indonesia. The study is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study utilized IFLS 5 data. Sample was unmarried adolescent aged 15-24 years with a total of 4,959 adolescents. Association between adolescent smoking behavior status with parental smoking habits, gender, age and residence were determined by using chi-square test. We found that the majority (93%) of adolescents were smokers who smoke a maximum of 10 cigarettes per day and most of them started smoking regularly at the age of 12 to 17 years (66%). Parental smoking habits significantly influenced adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.000; OR=1.397; 95% CI=1.173&lt;OR&lt;1.663). Gender and age group also affected smoking behavior in adolescents. Meanwhile, the classification of residence has no significant effect on adolescent smoking behavior (p=0.337; OR=0.920; 95% CI=0.777&lt;OR&lt;1.090). These findings suggested that efforts to prevent adolescent smoking behavior should be more focused on children who live with smoking parents.

Comorbidity of ADHD and allergic diseases in early adolescence: The role of parental smoking at home.

A growing body of research suggests an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and allergic disorders, but little work has been done to explore the role of external factors such as parental smoking at home in the development of comorbid ADHD and allergic disorders. This study aimed to examine the association between allergic diseases and ADHD adjusted for exposure to parental smoking at home in early adolescents. We recruited 250 male (41.7%) and 350 female (58.3%) adolescents (mean [SD] age, 13.29 [0.52] years) via chain-referral sampling. Their ADHD symptoms were assessed by the parent proxy-report version of the Chinese Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity-symptoms and Normal-behaviours (SWAN) rating scale. Data on the participants’ history of clinician-diagnosed allergic diseases, family socio-demographics, and parental smoking habit were collected using a parent-completed questionnaire. Regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of interest. The levels of ADHD symptoms were comparable between allergic and non-allergic participants after controlling for child and family demographics and parental smoking at home. Notably, the risk of probable ADHD was particularly high in participants with food allergies (odd ratio = 4.51, p = 0.011) but not in those with allergic rhinitis after adjusting for parental smoking at home. Our findings suggest that second-hand smoke exposure at home is a potential risk factor underlying the link between ADHD and allergic diseases. Current management guidelines should emphasize the importance of early identification and cessation of tobacco smoke exposure for prevention of comorbidity of ADHD and allergic disorders.Clinical Trial Registration (if any): NA.

Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children: A Neglected Driver of Health Disparities and Social Injustice in Nigeria

Background: The adverse effects of Second-Hand Smoke (SHS) exposure has been reported in the literature, but data on SHS exposure among children in Nigeria is virtually nonexistent. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SHS exposure to tobacco among school children in Nigeria and to assess its association with socio-demographic factors.&#x0D; Methods: Data from three pairs of school-based descriptive studies in Lagos, Nigeria was utilized and socioeconomic characteristics and smoking behaviour in the households were obtained using validated questionnaires. Parental and relatives smoking habits were utilized as the indicators of SHS exposure. Prevalence rates were calculated; chi-squared tests and logistic regression analysis were conducted to determine significant associations and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated.&#x0D; Results: Within the preceding month, 37.6% of the children had been regularly exposed to SHS while 15.5% of them lived with parents and family members who smoked tobacco indoors of which 7.9% were daily exposed to SHS; 19.7% of the children daily experienced cough, nasal congestion, throat, or eye irritation. In the regression analysis, the likelihood of SHS exposure were significantly higher in those with parents that smoke regularly (OR=2.62; 95% CI: 1.50-5.27; p=0.042), lower levels of paternal education (OR=1.7; 95% CI: 0.61-5.27; p=0.021) who live in cramped accommodations (OR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.02-5.67; p=0.044) and those from households with &gt;5 children (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 0.90-2.56; p=0.003).&#x0D; Conclusions: There was a significant association between parental smoking habits, paternal education, type of accommodation and number of children in the household on SHS exposure in children. Tobacco control policies should emphasize the protection of children through the adoption of smoke-free homes and increase parental awareness on the impact of SHS exposure on children.

Change in exposure of children to second-hand smoke with impact on children\u2019s health and change in parental smoking habits after smoking ban in Bavaria \u2013 a multiple cross-sectional study

BackgroundConcerns about smoking displacement from public places to private amenities aroused following smoking ban implementation in Bavaria in 2008. We analysed children’s exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) before and after the ban, its effect on children’s health and prevalence of active smoking in adults.MethodsSix cross-sectional surveys (n = 32,443) on pre-school children in Bavaria were analysed, two surveys before the smoking ban in years 2004 and 2005 (S1 and S2) and four after the ban in 2008, 2012, 2014 and 2016 (S4, S6, S7 and S8). Using multivariable logistic regression, we analysed change in children’s intra- and extrauterine SHS exposure and its adverse health effects (Asthma, wheezing, bronchitis and neurodermatitis) as well as change in parental active smoking.ResultsThe response rates were 78% for S1, 73% for S2, 61% for S4, 62% for S6, 56% for S7 and 54% for S8. Odds of parents never smoked at home in presence of children increased significantly from before to after the ban with odds ratios (OR) 1.17 (CI95% 1.01–1.35), 1.65 (CI95% 1.39–1.95), 2.85 (CI95% 2.32–3.51), 2.24 (CI95% 1.84–2.72) and 3.66 (CI95% 2.89–4.63) for S2, S4, S6, S7 and S8, respectively with S1 as reference. Compared to S4, odds of parents who were not actively smoking is significantly higher in S7 (OR = 1.13 (CI95% 1.03–1.24)) and S8 (OR = 1.24 (CI95% 1.13–1.36)). The odds of mothers who never smoked during pregnancy increased over time with OR = 1.22 (CI95% 1.06–1.40) for S2 and 1.57 (CI95% 1.33–1.86) for S8 compared to S1. Adverse health effects related to children’s exposure to SHS are significantly less in S8 compared to S1.ConclusionAfter 11 years of smoking ban in Bavaria, smoking displacement to homes was disproved. Exposure of children to SHS intrauterine and at home is decreasing. Number of parents who are not actively smoking is increasing over time. Prevalence of health problems in children related to exposure to SHS is decreasing.

Prevalence of the Acute Respiratory Infections and Associated Factors in the Rural Areas and Urban Slum Areas of Western Maharashtra, India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) continue to be the most important cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children. Some demographic and environmental factors are associated with ARIs among under-five children. This study was conducted with the objective to estimate the prevalence of ARIs among under-five children in the rural areas and densely populated urban slum areas in Maharashtra, India and to assess the association of the selected sociodemographic and household environmental factors with ARI. This study was conducted in 16 selected clusters from the rural areas and densely populated urban slum areas of the two districts in Maharashtra, India. Structured and validated proforma was used for collecting the data on the sociodemographic and household environmental risk factors. A total of 3,671 under-five children were surveyed. The prevalence of ARIs for the preceding month was 50.4%. It was higher among the children living in the rural areas (54.2%) compared to the children living in the urban areas (46.7%) (p = 0.01). The prevalence of ARIs was reported to be 51.4 and 49.4% in boys and girls, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the researchers found that living in rural areas (p = 0.01) and parental smoking (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with the ARIs. An intervention such as reducing parental smoking habits at the household level may reduce ARIs.

Pediatrician intervention impacts parental smoking in cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and bronchiolitis.

Child exposure to cigarette smoke is harmful. It should be reduced through parental smoking cessation interventions. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of simple advice provided by the pediatrician on the smoking habits of parents of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), diabetes mellitus (DM), and infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis. Parents were interviewed on their smoking habits. Smoking cessation advice was provided by the pediatrician. A new smoking habits assessment was done at 3 months by phone interviews. A total of 260 parents were interviewed (91 in the CF group, 136 in the DM group, and 33 in the bronchiolitis group). A total of 70 parents were active smokers: 33% of parents of children with CF, 23.5% of parents of children with DM, and 24.2% for those with infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis (p = .42). In the CF group, smoking cessation had been significantly more frequently discussed with the medical team previously. A total of 67 smoking parents (95.7%) answered the 3-month assessment: 29.8% reported having started a smoking cessation process; 10.4% had quit smoking. The quitting rate was significantly higher in the groups of patients followed for a respiratory disorder (37.5% for bronchiolitis, 15% for CF vs. 0% for DM, p = .005). This study shows the important role that information and simple advice from pediatricians can have in initiating smoking cessation in parents of patients followed in specialized clinics or who are hospitalized, with a greater efficiency in parents of patients suffering from lung disorders.