Smoking Family Members Research Articles

Home environment and cigarette quitting behaviors among rural Black/African American women caregivers.

This cross-sectional study described the home tobacco environment and its association with quitting behaviors among Black/African American women caregivers who smoke cigarettes and live in rural, low-resourced areas. A baseline survey was administered to caregivers enrolled in a randomized trial from 2020 to 2022 (n = 147). Logistic regressions identified the associations between the independent variables (home cigarette smoking bans, caregiver restrictions on child cigarette access, number of people in the home who smoked around the caregiver during the past week, and who smoked in the caregiver's home) and three outcome variables: lifetime quit attempt, past-year quit attempt and use of evidence-based cessation strategies during a last quit attempt. Caregivers have multiple generations of family smoking in their homes, including caregivers' children/nieces/nephews (21%) and their parents (36%). Young family members smoking in the home was related to the caregiver's parents (p = .046) and grandparents (p = .03) smoking in the home. The number of people smoking around the caregiver was associated with lower odds of a lifetime quit attempt (odds ratio, OR = 0.63, confidence interval, CI [0.47, 0.85]; adjusted OR = 0.61, CI [0.45, 0.84]). No independent variables were significantly related to past-year quit attempts in unadjusted or adjusted models. Caregivers with young family members smoking in the home were more likely to have used evidence-based cessation strategies versus those without young family smoking (OR = 16.96, CI [1.01, 283.68]). Black/African women caregivers who smoke and live in rural, low-resourced areas are exposed to numerous family members smoking in their homes which may affect quitting. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Risk and protective factors of asthma and mental health condition multimorbidity in a national sample of Canadian children.

The coexistence of childhood asthma and mental health (MH) conditions can impact management and health outcomes but we need to better understand the etiology of multimorbidity. We investigated the association between childhood asthma and MH conditions as well as the determinants of their coexistence. We used data from the Canadian Health Survey of Children and Youth 2019 (3-17 years; n = 47,871), a cross-sectional, nationally representative Statistics Canada dataset. Our primary outcome was condition status (no asthma or MH condition; asthma only; MH condition only; both asthma, and a MH condition (AMHM)). Predictors of condition status were assessed using multiple multinomial logistic regression. Sensitivity analyses considered individual MH conditions. MH condition prevalence was almost two-fold higher among those with asthma than those without asthma (21.1% vs. 11.6%, respectively). There were increased risks of each condition category associated with having allergies, other chronic conditions, and family members smoking in the home while there were protective associations with each condition status category for being female and born outside of Canada. Four additional variables were associated with AMHM and MH condition presence with one additional variable associated with both AMHM and asthma. In sensitivity analyses, the associations tended to be similar for most characteristics, although there was some variability. There are common risk factors of asthma and MH conditions along with their multimorbidity with a tendency for MH risk factors to be associated with multimorbidity. MH condition presence is common and important to assess among children with asthma.

Determinants of tuberculosis disease development in children in central Ethiopia: A matched case-control study.

The risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) disease development in children remained understudied, particularly in low-income countries like Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of TB disease development in general and in relation to BCG vaccination in children in central Ethiopia. We employed a 1:1 age-matched case-control design to compare the characteristics of children who developed TB (cases) with those who did not (controls). Data were collected in healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa city, Adama, and Bishoftu towns between September 25, 2021, and June 24, 2022. Two hundred and fifty-six cases were drawn at random from a list of childhood TB patients entered into SPSS software, and 256 controls were selected sequentially at triage from the same healthcare facilities where the cases were treated. A bivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was performed first to select candidate variables with p-values less than or equal to 0.20 for the multivariable model. Finally, variables with a p-value less than 0.05 for a matched adjusted odds ratio (mORadj) were reported as independent determinants of TB disease development. The mean age of the cases was nine years, while that of the controls was 10 years. Males comprised 126 cases (49.2%) and 119 controls (46.5%), with the remainder being females. Ninety-nine (38.7%) of the cases were not BCG-vaccinated, compared to 58 (22.7%) of the controls. Household TB contact was experienced by 43 (16.8%) of the cases and 10 (3.9%) of the controls. Twenty-two (8.6%) of the cases and six (2.3%) of the controls were exposed to a cigarette smoker in their household. Twenty-two (8.6%) of the cases and three (1.2%) of the controls were positive for HIV. Children who were not vaccinated with BCG at birth or within two weeks of birth had more than twice the odds (mORadj = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.28-3.48) of developing TB compared to those who were. Children who ever lived with a TB-sick family member (mORadj = 4.28, 95% CI = 1.95-9.39), smoking family members (mORadj = 3.15, 95% CI = 1.07-9.27), and HIV-infected children (mORadj = 8.71, 95% CI = 1.96-38.66) also had higher odds of developing TB disease than their counterparts. Being BCG-unvaccinated, having household TB contact, having a smoker in the household, and being HIV-infected were found to be independent determinants of TB disease development among children.

Assessing the choice of smoke-free policies for multiunit housing and its associated determinants in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the desire for smoke-free housing, determine the choice of smoke-free policies for multiunit housing (MUH), and identify the factors associated with policy choice among MUH...

Secondhand smoke prevention through the perceptions of pregnant women with smoking family members: a Thailand study

ABSTRACT Purpose Pregnant women with smoking family members are at risk of exposure to second-hand smoke, which leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Second-hand smoke prevention is thus important but remains less understood based on pregnant women’s perceptions. This study aimed to describe the perceptions of pregnant women on second-hand smoke prevention. Methods This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was performed between July and August 2023 through in-depth interviews with 17 pregnant women purposively selected from a province in central Thailand. The verbatim transcribed data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Five themes emerged: unclear understanding of second-hand smoke; influences shaping perceptions related to second-hand smoke; attempt to prevent second-hand smoke exposure; barriers to prevention of second-hand smoke exposure; and needs related to prevention of second-hand smoke exposure. Conclusion The findings provide insights into second-hand smoke prevention from the perception of pregnant women with smoking family members. Healthcare professionals need to design interventions tailored to pregnant women’s needs and involve smoking family members. It is necessary to develop and incorporate clinical guidelines into standard prenatal care to support healthcare personnel in identifying, assessing, educating, and mitigating the issue of second-hand smoking exposure.

Association between exposure to tobacco information through mass media, smoking households and secondhand smoke exposure in adolescents: Survey data from South Korea.

To explore the current situation of exposure of Korean adolescents to secondhand smoke (SHS) in households our study aimed to determine the relationship between family member smoking status, exposure to tobacco information through mass media, and household SHS exposure. The present study uses pooled data from the Korean adolescent health behavior online survey conducted in 2015, 2018 and 2021, with 157944 participants. The regression models were used to explore the association between the smoking status of households, and exposure to tobacco information through mass media, and household SHS exposure in adolescents, controlling for potential confounding factors. SHS exposure duration of Korean adolescents in households was 0.88 days per week. The households with smokers including the father (β=1.087; 95% CI: 1.0-1.126), mother (β=1.461; 95% CI: 1.379- 1.543), siblings (β=0.545; 95% CI: 0.493-0.597), grandparents (β=0.224; 95% CI: 0.174-0.272), and other relatives (β=0.170; 95% CI: 0.126-0.214), showed a positive association with SHS exposure in adolescents within the household. At the same time, information about anti-smoking ads on television (β= -0.042; 95% CI: -0.069 - -0.015) and public transportation (β= -0.031; 95% CI: -0.054 - -0.010), showed a negative association with SHS exposure in adolescents. However, broadcasts, online, and newspaper non-smoking ads were not associated with SHS exposure (p>0.05). In addition, regression models revealed that exposure to cigarette advertising in magazines (β=0.131; 95% CI: 0.097-0.166), networks (β=0.151; 95% CI: 0.127-0.175), convenience stores (β=0.061; 95% CI: 0.035-0.087), and supermarkets (β=0.133; 95% CI: 0.108-0.158) is associated with SHS exposure in adolescents. Finally, our study showed stronger ties between SHS exposure, family smoking, and tobacco ads in girls. The link between maternal smoking, supermarket ads, and adolescent SHS exposure intensified in 2021 compared to 2015. Family and media were identified as potential factors associated with SHS exposure in adolescents. Therefore, publicity and education regarding household SHS hazards, and smoking bans in media, can be helpful in protecting adolescents from SHS.

Status of home-based secondhand smoke exposure among children and its association with health risks in Japan

ObjectivesIn Japan, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in children has changed with increased heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) use. We clarified the status of home-based SHS exposure among children, including HTPs and e-cigs, as well as maternal perceptions on SHS avoidance and examined its association with health risks. MethodsThis cross-sectional questionnaire-survey-based study included 379 mothers who were raising children aged < 5 years. ResultsWe found that 31.1 % of the children had home-based SHS exposure, with widespread HTP and e-cig use among smoking mothers and family members (74.2 % and 67.0 %, respectively). Significantly (p < 0.05), HTP and cigarettes were used in the kitchen and gardens/balconies, and maternal perceptions of child SHS-exposure avoidance were lower among smokers than non-smokers. Non-smoking mothers also had low perceptions of smoking on balconies and having immediate post-smoking contact with their children (27.6 % and 27.9 %, respectively). Most non-smoking mothers (76.4 %) reported that they do not encourage family members to quit smoking. The structural equation model showed that the presence of smoking at home and low maternal perceptions was correlated with SHS-related child health risks, including respiratory diseases, otitis media, and dental caries. ConclusionsHTP and e-cig use in the household has been rapidly increasing even among mothers and family members, and the presence of smokers at home and low maternal perceptions may be associated with child health risks. Increasing the maternal awareness of the child health risks of home-based SHS, including HTPs and e-cigs, along with continued smoking-cessation support involving mothers and families, is indispensable.

Association Between the Serum Copper Levels and Environmental Tobacco Exposure on the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children: a Study Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study was to assess the individual effects of serum copper levels and environmental tobacco exposure and their joint effects on the risk of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents of 6 to 19year olds. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 1849 children and adolescents participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 2011 and 2016. Environmental tobacco exposure was determined by cotinine levels. The serum copper level was divided into < median group and ≥ median groups according to the median of 109.81µg/dL. The outcome was overweight/obese in children and adolescents. Weighted multinomial multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association of serum copper and cotinine levels, with the risk of overweight/obesity, and the joint effects on the risk of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. The subgroup analyses based on age, gender, and household smoking status were conducted. Among 1849 children and adolescents, 332 children and adolescents had overweight BMI, and 450 children and adolescents had obese BMI. Higher serum copper levels were associated with the risk of obesity in children and adolescents (odds ratio (OR) 2.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-6.31, P = 0.006). A positive association between increasing levels of cotinine levels and the risk of overweight (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.16-2.87, P = 0.010) and obesity (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.03-6.40, P = 0.044) in children and adolescents was observed. A remarkable association was found between higher serum copper in combination with higher cotinine levels and the risk of overweight (OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.19-8.83, P = 0.023) and obesity (OR 8.76, 95% CI 2.14-35.87, P = 0.003) in children and adolescents. The subgroup analyses revealed positive associations between high serum copper levels in combination with high cotinine levels and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged ≥ 12years, of female sex, and without smoking family members. There may exist a joint effect of serum copper levels and environmental tobacco exposure on overweight/obesity among children and adolescents. These findings offer an insight that early weight control and reduction of tobacco exposure and the detection of serum copper levels may be important in reducing the risk of obesity in children.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Childhood and Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk.

We examined whether secondhand smoke exposure in childhood affects the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in adulthood. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study, we analyzed data on 71,459 participants aged 40-79 years, with no history of CHD, stroke, or cancer at baseline (1988-1990) and who completed a lifestyle questionnaire including the number of smoking family members in childhood (0, 1, 2, and 3+ members) and followed them up until the end of 2009. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CHD mortality according to the number of smoking family members in childhood. During the median 18.9 years' follow-up, 955 CHD deaths were reported. There was a dose-response relationship between the number of smoking family members at home and CHD mortality among middle-aged individuals (40-59 years); the multivariable HRs (95% CIs) were 1.08 (0.76-1.54) for 1, 1.35 (0.87-2.08) for 2, and 2.49 (1.24-5.00) for 3+ smoking family members compared with 0 members (p for trend=0.03). The association for 3+ smoking family members among the middle-aged group was more evident in men than in women (the multivariable HRs [95% CIs] were 2.97 [1.34-6.58] and 1.65 [0.36-7.52], respectively) and more evident in non-current smokers than in current smokers (the multivariable HRs [95% CIs] were 4.24 [1.57-11.45] and 1.93 [0.72-5.15], respectively). Secondhand smoke exposure in childhood was associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality in adulthood, primarily in middle-aged men and non-current smokers.

Smoking prevalence among adults in households with children: parental survey

The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on the health of adults and children remain one of the most burning problem in our days. In 2019 the prevalence of active smoking in Ukraine reached 42.0 among men and 14.4% among women. The negative effects of second-hand tobacco smoke exposure are most significant in children under 5 years of life, especially in families with smoking mothers. The goal of the study was to assess the current smoking prevalence in families with children, including the use of modern electronic nicotine delivery devices. A self-reported survey of 414 families living in Odessa and Odessa region (Ukraine) was conducted. All questionnaires were divided into two groups depending on the presence of tobacco smoke exposure. To asses the factor's relevance the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used. The prevalence of smoking in families was associated with the age of the father up to 30 years (16.13 [95% CI 11.54–22.09]%; OR 2.73 [1.42–5.25]), mother’s and father’s low education lever (OR 2.73 [1.42–5.25] and 2.70 [1.64–4.44]), as well as with the residence of the family in the city (OR 4.30). The prevalence of smoking exposure was not associated with the income level or number of household members. The prevalence of smoking in women before pregnancy was more than 20%, and during pregnancy – 10%. After delivery women smoked in 23.91 (95% CI 20.06-28.25)% of cases. Proportion of families where smoked someone other than the mother reached 42.75 (95% CI 38.08–47.56)%. Other family members smoking negatively affected mothers’ tobacco consumption, both before and after childbirth. After pregnancy, women used both smoked tobacco and noncombustible forms of nicotine (51.52 vs 48.48%) with the same frequency. Other family members consumed smoking tobacco more often than e-cigarettes. All smokers who used electronic nicotine delivery devices more likely smoked at home (OR 5.33 [95% CI 0.53–54.04]).

Social and Health Determinants of the Families of Children Under Two Years of Age with Stunting in Sigi District

Social aspect is a determinant of stunting. Stunting in children is an indicator of well-being and an accurate reflection of social inequality. This study aims to analyze the social and health determinants of the families of children under two years of age with stunting in Sigi District. This was an analytical study with cross sectional design which involved a population of children aged 6-23 months. A sample size consisted of 380 people were selected through cluster simple random sampling technique. Respondents involved the mothers of children under two years of age. Data collection was conducted in February-June 2022. The dependent variables was stunting incidence. The independent variables were maternal age, parity, birth spacing, maternal education, child's gender, child's age in months, length of birth, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, breastfeeding status, child condition at the time of study, history of ARI, diarrhea, pulmonary tuberculosis, measles, Helminth Infection, utilization of health facilities, growth and development stimulation, complementary food, water sources, ownership of family latrines, food insecurity, housing, and smoking family members. Stunting data was obtained by measuring body length using the Length Measuring Board (LMB) and measuring age by reading the birth certificate or MCH book of the child. Other data were obtained by filling out the kobocollect questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.00. The WHO-Antro 2005 software was applied to determine the Z-Score. Height-for-Age data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis using Backward logistic regression method. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethics committee of Palu Health Polytechnic number 0011/KEPK-KPK/IV/2022. The results showed that children aged 12-24 months had a 4.1 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to children aged 0-6 months (AOR=4.1; 95% CI: 2.0-8.4). Furthermore, children aged 7-11 months had a 2.2 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to children aged 0-6 months (AOR=2.2;95%CI: 1.2-3.9). Children who had a length of birth of &lt;48 cm had a 2.1 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to children who had a length of birth of ≥48 cm (AOR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.2-3.6). Children of women with education of &lt;9 years had a 2.7 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to children of women with education of ≥9 years (AOR=2.7; 95% CI: 1.4-5.0). Children from families with food insecurity had a 1.6 times higher risk of experiencing stunting compared to children from families with no food insecurity (AOR=1.6; 95% CI: 0.9-2.7). Social and health determinants of children under two years of age with stunting in Sigi District were child's age, length of birth of &lt;48 cm, maternal education and food insecurity.

Childhood secondhand smoke exposure and respiratory disease mortality among never-smokers: the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risk.

The main source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during childhood occurs at home due to close family members who smoke. This study examined the association between childhood SHS exposure and the risk of respiratory disease mortality among non-smoking adults. Data from 44233 never-smoking Japanese men and women aged 40-79years who participated in the JACC study between 1988 and 1990 were analyzed. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of respiratory disease mortality according to the number of smoking family members during childhood. Subdistribution HRs (SHRs) were calculated as a competing risk analysis. A total of 735 deaths from respiratory diseases were documented in a median follow-up of 19.2years. Living with three or more smoking family members during childhood was associated with a higher risk of respiratory disease mortality in adulthood among women; multivariable SHR compared with participants with no family member smokers during childhood was 1.60 (1.01-2.54) for participants with three or more family members who smoked during their childhood. SHS exposure from three or more family members during childhood was associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease-related mortality in adulthood.

Predictive Factors of Stages of Change in Hookah Smoking Cessation Among Iranian Adults Based on the Transtheoretical Model.

Hookah, as a traditional method of smoking, is widely used in Iran, especially in Bushehr province. It is essential to identify the most important determinants of modifying hookah smoking behavior. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of the stages of change in quitting hookah smoking in 15-60-year-old individuals in Bushehr province, southern Iran, based on the transtheoretical model (TTM). This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 1173 Hookah smokers in Bushehr province. The samples were selected by two-stage random sampling from 10 cities. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire consisting of 5 sections (demographic characteristics, stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy). Data were analyzed by R version.3.3.1 using analysis of variance and ordinal logistic regression at a significant level of 0.05. The data revealed 82% of the participants were in the preparatory phase (55.3% in pre-contemplation and 26.7% in contemplation stages). Marital status, family members smoking hookah, cigarette smoking, level of education, number of family members, number of quitting attempts, self-efficacy, self-reevaluation, counter-conditioning, reinforcement management, and stimulus control were predictors of quitting hookah smoking. Given that most study participants were in the inactive stages of quitting hookah smoking, it seems necessary to design and implement behavioral interventions based on the predictive TTM constructs in this population.

Factors influencing adolescent experimental and current smoking behaviors based on social cognitive theory: A cross-sectional study in Xiamen.

China has the largest youth population in the world. To better implement the Smoke-free School Initiative, this study aims to examine the protective and risk factors for different smoking behaviors (never smoked, experimental smoking, and current smoking) among school adolescents based on social cognitive theory. This research was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey of middle schools in Huli District of Xiamen, China. The final sample consisted of 1937 participants with an average age of 15.41 (SD = 1.64). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed using four models. Of the respondents, 1685 (86.99%) were never smokers, 210 (10.84%) were experimental smokers, and 42 (2.17%) were current smokers. Social norms, positive outcome expectations, anti-smoking self-efficacy, and attitudes toward control tobacco policies were associated with adolescents' smoking behaviors. The number of smoking family members, classmates smoking, the perception that smoking is cool and attractive, and attitudes toward control tobacco policies were the predictors of current smoking behavior (p < 0.05). In contrast, friends smoking and individual and social relationship motivation were associated with only experimental smoking (p < 0.05). The relationship of social norms, positive outcome expectations, anti-smoking self-efficacy, and attitudes toward control tobacco policies varied across smoking behaviors. Family, school, society and the government need to cooperate in prevention and intervention programs for adolescent smoking. The relationships between these factors and adolescents' different smoking behaviors needs to be further verified.

Attitudes and practices related to smoking among university students in Thailand

Objective: To investigate attitudes and practices toward smoking among university students and to identify associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,299 students from five public universities in Thailand. Factor analysis and multiple regression were used for analysis. Results: A higher score of anti-smoking attitude was associated with female gender, majoring in science, living on campus, having a father with primary or secondary school, and those whose father was employed in the private sector. A more positive perceptions about smoking was associated with male gender, having a family income of 30,001–50,000 baht, and having a smoking friend. High positive preventive practice score was associated with those who came from rural areas, having a mother who was self-employed, and having a smoking family member. Conclusions: Although students showed strong anti-smoking attitudes, their preventive practices were poor. These findings should be taken into consideration when developing preventive smoking programs.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN IN SAUDI ARABIA, A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: The results of the few epidemiological studies that have been carried out in Saudi Arabia to determine the prevalence of childhood asthma are highly inconsistent. As a result, we did a systematic literature review to assess the frequency of childhood asthma in Saudi Arabia since knowing the prevalence of common bronchial asthma in children will help doctors better grasp the scope of this health problem and inform resource planning.&#x0D; Objectives: This study aims to summarize current estimations of the prevalence and risk factors of bronchial asthma among children in Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; Methods: The PubMed database and EBSCO Information Services were utilised to choose the articles. In our review, all pertinent articles related to both our topic and other articles were used. Other articles that were unrelated to this field were not considered. The data was extracted in a specific format, which the group members reviewed.&#x0D; Conclusion: Bronchial asthma prevalence rates in Saudi Arabia are increasing annually. The highest prevalence rate was found in Al Hafouf region while the lowest was reported in Abha. Risk factors were significantly associated with bronchial asthma as phycological status, smoking family member, socioeconomic status, dust, air pollution, allergens as well as other factors.

Determinants Of The Incidence Of Acute Respiratory Infections (Ari) In Toddlers In The Working Area Of The Health Centers Simpang Pandan, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency In 2022

Disease (acute respiratory infection) Ari is one type of Environmental-based infectious diseases. In Indonesia, cases of Ari always ranks first cause of infant mortality and the prevalence of Ari disease in Jambi province amounted to 3.2% and in Tanjung Jabung Timur amounted to 4.44%. ISPA in East Tanjung Jabung regency is a disease trend every year. In general, the risk factors for ARI are physical environmental factors, host/host factors, agent factors and social environmental factors. The type of research used is quantitative research with cross sectional design. This study aims to find the relationship between the variable occupancy density, floor type, wall type, ceiling of the house, lighting, smoking family members, maternal knowledge with the incidence of ARI in toddlers. The population in this study were toddlers in the Working Area of the Simpang Pandan Health Center and the sample of this study was 103. Sampling technique in this study using Stratified Random Sampling technique. How data collection is done by interviews, observations, and measurements using tools. The results showed that there is a relationship between : occupancy density (P - value=0.003 and PR = 1.976), floor type (p= 0.014 and PR = 1.874), wall type (p=0.020 and PR = 1.852) lighting (p=0.018 and PR = 1.790), smoking family members (p= 0.020 and PR = 1.852 ) and maternal knowledge (P-value=0.035 and PR = 1.678) with acute respiratory infections in toddlers. While the variables that are not related to the incidence of ARI in this study is the variable ceiling of the House (p-value = 0.968 and PR = 1.080). It is recommended that family members do not smoke in the house, pay attention to the residential density of the House, home lighting, and the type of floor in the House.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Tobacco Use among High School Students.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tobacco use among school-level students is a growing a public health problem in Nepal. A number of factors may be associated with tobacco use, but there is lack of literature showcasing an in-depth understanding of the growing prevalence of tobacco use in the Nepalese context. Therefore, our study aims to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and examine the factors associated with tobacco use among high school students at public schools in Budhanilkantha municipality, Kathmandu, Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, and 378 students were selected for this study. The schools were selected randomly. Data collection was carried out using the self-administered questionnaires adapted from the World Health Organization used Global Youth Tobacco Survey and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention used Youth Tobacco Survey. Overall, 31.7% of the students ever consumed any tobacco products, and 20.1% were current tobacco users. One in five students started smoking when they were less than ten years of age. The proportion of students seeing at least one family member smoking and using smokeless tobacco was 52.1% and 47.1% respectively. Male and older students were significantly more likely to consume tobacco products than female and young students. This study showed that a significant proportion of school students had experienced tobacco use. Age and sex of the students were significantly associated with the status of current smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.

PERILAKU IBU HAMIL DALAM PENCEGAHAN STUNTING DI PUSKESMAS PANARUNG

Stunting can occur as a result of malnutrition, especially during the First 1000 Days of Life (1000 HPK). Health behavior in a family is strongly influenced by the role of a mother. Factors in the mother such as knowledge, education, occupation, attitudes, and so on will greatly affect the prevention of child stunting. Mother's knowledge about stunting prevention carried out during pregnancy will be a mother's motivation to prevent 1000 HPK. The purpose of the study was to determine the behavior of pregnant women in preventing stunting at the Panarung Health Center.The research design was cross sectional. The research population was pregnant women who were at the Panarung Health Center during August, as many as 34 people with the sampling technique used was accidental sampling. The results showed that 61.8% of respondents had good behavior in preventing stunting. The results of the bivariate test showed age (p=0.691), education (p=0.013), occupation (p=0.079), parity (p=0.021), and family members smoker (p=0.004). The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between education, parity, and smoking family members with the behavior of pregnant women in preventing stunting.

A combined antibody and DNA assay for EBV infection in children.

ObjectiveThis paper studied the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection status and influencing factors among children using a combined detection of specific antibodies and DNA.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed children who visited the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University from January 2019 to December 2020, and correlations between the social environment and clinical data were analyzed.ResultsThe cumulative positive rates of specific antibody, DNA, and combined detection of EBV were 52.4%, 39.5%, and 54.0% (P = 0.001), respectively. The current infection rate was 15.7%, and the peak of infection occurred in the preschool group (P = 0.021). After adjusting for confounding factors, the number of siblings (OR = 1.550) and family members who smoke (OR = 1.524) were independent risk factors for EBV infection, whereas parents with a higher education level (OR = 0.493, OR = 0.316), longer breastfeeding time (OR = 0.578) and dedicated tableware (OR = 0.573) were independent protective factors.ConclusionA combination of antibody and DNA tests may be beneficial for the diagnosis of EBV infection. The EBV infection rate in children at our hospital was lower than the national average. Furthermore, the infection rate is closely related to the number of siblings, regardless of whether family members smoke, the status of parents' education, breastfeeding duration, and meal patterns. Overall, prevention measures should focus on the preschoolers.