Smoking Desire Research Articles

Tobacco Images Choice and its Association With Craving and Dependence in People Who Smoke Cigarettes.

Increased salience of drug-related cues over nondrug reinforcers can drive drug use and contribute to tobacco use disorder (TUD). An important scientific and clinical goal is to effectively measure this elevated drug-seeking behavior in TUD. However, most TUD assessments rely on self-reported cravings and cigarette consumption, not providing an objective measure of the impact of drug cues on biasing behavior toward drugs. The probabilistic image choice (PIC) task investigates the choice of viewing drug-related pictures as compared to other salient pictures (eg, pleasant and unpleasant). This study aimed to develop and validate the PIC task for TUD and evaluate the associations between behavioral choice and tobacco craving, daily cigarette consumption, quit attempts and motivation to quit, and nicotine dependence (the Fagerström score). We recruited 468 smokers and 121 nonsmokers using the Prolific online platform. Participants performed the PIC task twice (at a 1-month interval) and completed other measures relevant to TUD. Compared to nonsmokers, tobacco smokers selected to view significantly more tobacco images and less pleasant (nondrug reinforcer) images, a profile that remained stable at retest. Individual differences in choice of tobacco as compared to pleasant images on the PIC task were associated with craving but not with the other tobacco dependence measures, suggesting that the task may serve as a behavioral proxy measure of drug "wanting" rather than of cumulative nicotine exposure or physical dependence. These results suggest that the PIC task can be a valuable tool for objectively assessing craving-associated tobacco seeking in TUD. Most of the current measures of TUD rely on self-reports of consumption, dependence, and craving, and do not take into consideration the role of drug-related cues in driving tobacco seeking. This study shows that the PIC task provides an objective, reliable proxy measure of tobacco image-seeking behavior in people who smoke cigarettes that is linked to craving (desire) for smoking but not to other measures of TUD. Therefore, the PIC task may be a useful complementary tool for the classification, diagnosis, and prognosis of TUD.

PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS TEENAGE PREGNANCY AND LIFESTYLES DETERMINANTS AMONG PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS

Teenage pregnancy is still a social problem with physical and psychological implications in many countries worldwide. This study aimed to examine the perceptions of teenage mothers toward pregnancy and their lifestyle determinants. A cross-sectional study was carried out among a convenience sample of 30 teenage mothers who attended one purposefully selected Maternal Child Health Clinic in Kuching. The study involved 30 teenage mothers between 13 and 19 years of age who had registered with an antenatal clinic and attended the follow-up. The perceptions of teenage mothers towards pregnancy were more often negative, with 19 (63.3%) having no knowledge of prevention and 11 (36.7%) having some knowledge of pregnancy prevention. Lifestyle determinants of teenage mothers included parents who were concerned about social limitations; loitering or socializing with friends and consuming alcohol can increase the desire for sex, clubbing, and smoking. Findings from this study have shown that 87% of teenage mothers enjoyed loitering or socializing with friends, with clubbing as their main activity. It was found that 66.7% were smokers and 73% consumed alcohol. In addition, 80% of the teenage mothers claimed they were having less communication with their parents despite staying with them. In conclusion, the perceptions and lifestyles adopted by teenagers were significantly related to being pregnant at a young age.

Does Quit Smoking Desire Influence E-Cigarette Smoking Behaviour? Malaysian Perspectives.

Recent years have witnessed an emerging trend of e-cigarette smoking in Southeast Asia. On the basis of Malaysian perspectives, this cross-sectional study explored the relationship between e-cigarette smoking behaviour and variables such as perceived health benefit, the desire to quit, social acceptance, social impact and product usefulness. Individuals aged 17 years old and older were recruited via purposive convenience sampling, yielding a total sample of 503 respondents. Collected data were analysed via partial least squares-structural equational modelling. The results showed that perceived heath benefit (β = 0.19, P < 0.01), social acceptance (β = 0.23, P < 0.01) and social impact (β = 0.49, P < 0.01) positively influence e-cigarette smoking behaviour. No such effect is exerted by the desire to quit smoking (β = 0.08, P < 0.05) and product usefulness t (β = -0. 10, P < 0.05). Future studies should examine whether demographic variables affect e-cigarette smoking behaviour.

The Effect of Public Health Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Smoking Dependence &amp; Passive Smoking

Background: According to increasing concern about the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk of smoking this study was conducted to find the effect of health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking dependence &amp; passive smoking.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2020, by using a valid and reliable questionnaire, the data were analyzed by using SPSS, version 20 software.&#x0D; Results: The study showed 16.9% of participants increased their nicotine use and 12.4% decreased their nicotine use. Despite no significant change in smoking dependence, we found that smokers who used to smoke more than 30 cigarettes per day before the quarantine increased by two folds. In addition, we found that smokers who awaken at night sometimes to have cigarettes before quarantine had increased markedly by 50% during quarantine. Furthermore, smokers who had an extreme urge to smoke over the week before the quarantine have elevated markedly during the quarantine from 31 smokers to 60. Also, over 35.2 % of surveyed individuals experienced a rise in smoking desire during the quarantine.&#x0D; Regarding passive smoking, the surveyed individuals reported a generally slight decline in exposure to secondhand smoking. However, the number of exposed individuals to smoking for more than 8 hours increased by 27%.&#x0D; Conclusion: During the lockdown, individuals smoked marginally more cigarettes compared to the periods before the lockdown with no significant change in smoking dependence. There was a slight decline in exposure to secondhand smoking. However, the number of exposed individuals to household smoking for more than 8 hours had been increased.

Sigara İçenlerde Psikolojik Bağımlılığın ve Sigara İçme İsteğinin Bırakma Başarısı Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

Aim: Psychological dependence and smoking desire are as important as physical dependence on smoking. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the addiction levels and smoking urge of people who want to quit smoking on their success. Patients and Methods: This study, which is a cross-sectional analytical study, was conducted people who applied to a smoking cessation clinic between 10 January 2020 - 30 April 2020. Sociodemographic information form, the Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test (FNDT) and the Test for the Assessment of the Psychological Addiction of Smoking (APAS) were applied and CO levels were measured. Motivational interviews were made and treatments were arranged if necessary. The Carbon monoxide (CO) levels of the patients who were called for control one month later were measured and the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) was applied. Those with a CO level of 5 ppm and above were considered to be unable to quit smoking. Results: The average age of 176 patients participating in the study was 37.68±11.89 years and 81.3% were male. The mean of cigarette consumption per pack was 23.42±16.06, the average FNDT was 6.13±2.39 and the CO was 13.33±6.31 ppm. APAS scale mean score was 15.19±2.63 points. According to the FNDT score, 41.5% of the patients were highly dependent, and 6.8% according to the APAS score were severely dependent. Control CO level of the patients who came for control one month later was found to be 5.03±3.03 ppm. Accordingly, 67.6% of the patients could not quit smoking, and the mean QSU score was 33.56±15.71. FNDT, APAS and QSU scale mean scores of those who quit smoking were statistically significantly lower than those who did not quit smoking (p=0.015, p<0.001 and p=0.025, respectively). Conclusion: Those who are high psychological dependence to smoking have low success to quitting smoking. Psychological addiction such as nicotine addiction of those who apply to smoking cessation clinics should be evaluated and ways of coping with smoking desire should be expl ained during motivational interviews.

Effects of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire.

Background: Nicotine addiction is associated with nicotine absorption from the buccal mucosa, and it is stated that the main factor that determines nicotine absorption is saliva pH. In the literature, the effects of changes in saliva pH values after eating and drinking on smoking desire in smokers were not questioned.Aim: To show the effect of saliva pH changes on smoking desire. The secondary aim was to show the impact of coffee and water drinking on saliva pH and smoking on oral-dental health (oral hygiene and gingival bleeding).Study Design: Case–control study.Methods: A questionnaire was administered that included “Socio­demographic Data Form” and smoking history and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Oral and dental examinations were performed with mirror sonds and using oral hygiene standard Silness and Leöe plaque index and DMFT Index (Index of Decayed Missing or Filled Teeth). Untreated saliva samples were taken, and baseline saliva flow rate and pH values were measured. To assess pH changes, saliva pH was remeasured after sugar-free instant coffee and water consumption. Smoking desire was evaluated with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).Results: In this study, 24 (55.8%) females and 19 (44.2%) males were among the 43 smoking and 39 nonsmoking cases. Smoking was significantly associated with poor oral hygiene (in smokers 4.71 (±1.40), in non-smokers 2.30 (±1.59); P < .01). DMFT index was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (in smokers 6.45 (±3.69), in non-smokers 3.87 (±2.67); P < .01). Gingival bleeding was more prevalent in smokers (0.68 (±0.76)) than non-smokers (1.20 (±0.90); P = .009). Salivary flow rates were lower in smokers (in smokers 2.56 (±1.34), in non-smokers 3.00 (±1.22), P = .06). In both groups, pH values increased after coffee consumption and decreased after water; in smokers basal: 6.67 (±0.41), pH coffee: 6.93 (±0.36), pH water: 6.85 (±0.33); in non-smokers pH basal: 6.84 (±0.37), pH coffee: 7.02 (±0.37), pH water: 6.97 (±0.31), P < .01. The VAS values of smokers at basal 4.73 (±3.21); P < 0.01, after coffee consumption 4.91 (±3.08); P < .01, and after water 3.15 (±2.72); P < .01.Conclusion: The saliva pH increased after coffee consumption and decreased after drinking water. Besides, VAS values decreased significantly after drinking water. The results suggest that a simple behavior such as drinking water may be used in conjunction with behavioral and cognitive therapies to pursue smoking cessation.

Effects of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire.

Nicotine addiction is associated with nicotine absorption from buccal mucosa and it is stated that the main factor that determines the nicotine absorption is saliva pH. In the literature, the effects of changes in saliva pH values after eating and drinking on smoking desire in the smokers were not questioned. The main purpose of this study was to show the effect of saliva pH changes on smoking desire. The secondary aims were to show the effects of coffee and water drinking on saliva pH and the effects of smoking on oral-dental health (oral hygiene, gingival bleeding). Case-control. A questionnaire was administered that included "Sociodemographic Data Form" and smoking history and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Oral and dental examinations were performed with mirror sonds and using oral hygiene standard Silness and Leöe plaque index and DMFT Index (Index of Decayed Missing or Filled Teeth). Untreated saliva samples were taken and baseline saliva flow rate and pH values were measured. To assess pH changes, saliva pH was remeasured after sugar-free instant coffee and water consumption. Smoking desire was evaluated with Visual Analog Scale (VAS). There were 24 (55.8%) female and 19 (44.2%) male among the 43 smoking and 39 nonsmoking cases. Smoking was significantly associated with poor oral hygiene (in smokers 4.71 (←1.40), in nonsmokers 2.30 (←1.59); p<0.01). DMFT Index was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers (in smokers 6.45 (←3.69), in nonsmokers 3.87 (←2.67); p<0.01). Gingival bleeding was more prevalent in smokers (0.68 (←0.76)), than nonsmokers (1.20 (←0.90); p=0.009). Salivary flow rates were lower in smokers (in smokers 2.56 (←1.34), in nonsmokers 3.00 (←1.22), p=0.06). In both groups, pH values increased after coffee consumption and decreased after water; in smokers basal:6.67 (±0.41), pHcoffee: 6.93 (±0.36), pHwater: 6.85 (±0.33); in nonsmokers pHbasal: 6.84 (±0.37), pHcoffee: 7.02 (±0.37), pHwater: 6.97 (±0.31), p<0.01. The VAS values of smokers at basal 4.73 (±3.21); p<0.01, after coffee consumption 4.91 (±3.08); p<0.01 and after water 3.15 (±2.72); p<0.01. The saliva pH increased after coffee consumption and decreased after drinking water. Besides VAS values decreased significantly after drinking water. The results suggest that a simple behavior such as drinking water may be used in conjunction with behavioral and cognitive therapies in the pursuit of smoking cessation.

Validity and reliability of Turkish version of the craving experience questionnaire in the assessment of cigarette smoking

ABSTRACT Background: Intense desire (craving) for smoking is an essential feature of a tobacco use disorder. The aim of this study was to cross-culturally translate and validate the Turkish version of Craving Experience Questionnaire (CEQ-T).Methods: Forward-backward-forward translation method was used to translate. The methodological study sample included 744 current daily tobacco smokers. The validity of the scale was tested with construct (through exploratory factor analysis) validity and criterion-related validity. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Addiction (FTND) and Substance Craving Scale (SCS) were used for criterion-related validity. Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and independent samples t-test were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale by internal consistency and test–retest method.Results: The construct validity showed three factors in each form that explain 77.4% of total variance for CEQ-T-Strength and, 78.4% for CEQ-T-Frequency. There was a significant positive correlation between CEQ-T and FTND and SCS. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was 0.87 for CEQ-T-Strength, and 0.83 for CEQ-T-Frequency. In test–retest reliability, the correlation coefficient was 0.88 for CEQ-T-Strength and 0.89 for CEQ-T-Frequency.Conclusion: The Turkish version of CEQ is a valid and reliable measuring tool that can be used to assess the craving in Turkish smokers.

Effects of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire

Effects of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire

Effect of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire

Effect of Oral pH Changes on Smoking Desire

The role of E-liquid vegetable glycerin and exhaled aerosol on cue reactivity to tank-based electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS).

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) share salient features of combustible smoking, such as inhalation and exhalation behaviors, and evidence indicates that first- and second-generation ENDS generalize as smoking cues. The present study examined whether newer, tank-based third-generation ENDS ("mods") also evoke smoking urges, and whether enhancing the visibility of exhaled aerosol clouds-by increasing the e-liquid vegetable glycerin (VG) content-strengthens the cue salience of ENDS. The objective was to assess the role of exhaled aerosol clouds on ENDS cue potency using a standardized laboratory paradigm designed to mimic real-world exposures. Using a mixed design, young adult smokers (n = 50; mean age 26.5years; ≥ 5 cigarettes/day) observed a study confederate drinking bottled water (control cue) and vaping an ENDS mod containing e-liquid with either high (73%) or low (0%) VG. Participants completed the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU) and visual analog scales (VAS) assessing cigarette and e-cigarette desire pre- and post-cue exposure. Increasing the e-liquid content of VG enhanced the size and visibility of the exhaled aerosol clouds and evoked a greater increase in smoking desire and a more sustained increase in e-cigarette desire relative to the low VG cue. Both cues elicited increases in smoking urges. These results remained after controlling for sex, prior ENDS experience, recent smoking behavior, and menthol preference. Observation of tank-based ENDS use generalizes as a smoking cue and its cue salience is strengthened by increasing the e-liquid content of VG to enhance the visibility of the exhaled aerosol cloud.

Oxytocin Reduces Cigarette Consumption in Daily Smokers.

Despite widespread knowledge of the dangers of cigarette consumption, smoking continues to be a public health concern. One compound that has shown potential for treatment in preclinical models is the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of intranasal oxytocin on cigarette craving, behavioral economic demand for cigarettes, and cigarette consumption, in regular smokers after 18 hours of abstinence. Otherwise healthy daily smokers (n = 35) completed two sessions where they received OT (40 IU intranasal) or placebo (PBO) and completed measures of craving and cigarette demand, and they were given six opportunities to smoke partial cigarettes in exchange for money. On average participants smoked few cigarettes after receiving OT than after receiving PBO, and they reported less desire for additional cigarettes during the smoking period. OT did not affect cigarette demand or standardized measures of cigarette craving. This study suggests that OT decreases some indices of smoking desire and consumption, providing modest support for the idea that OT might be effective for reducing cigarette smoking. This study provides new evidence that oxytocin might have clinical value in the treatment of addictive disorders, in this case tobacco addiction. The study adds to a growing literature suggesting that this neuropeptide, which is mainly known for its role in social bonding and attachment, may also affect mood and motivational states relevant to addiction.

Evaluation of the safety profile of an electronic vapour product used for two years by smokers in a real-life setting

The safety profile of Puritane™, a closed system electronic vapour product (EVP), was evaluated when used by smokers of conventional cigarettes (CCs) for 24 months in a real-life setting. The study was a two-centre ambulatory clinical study with 209 healthy volunteers. Outcome measures included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, electrocardiogram, lung function tests, exposure to nicotine and selected smoke constituents, nicotine withdrawal effects and smoking desire. No serious AEs related to EVP use were observed. The most frequently reported AEs were headache, nasopharyngitis, sore throat and cough, reported by 28.7%, 28.7%, 19.6% and 16.7% of subjects, respectively, which dissipated over time. Small decreases in lung function were not considered clinically relevant. No clinically relevant findings were observed in the other safety parameters. From Month 2, nicotine withdrawal symptoms decreased. Smoking desire and CC consumption steadily decreased over time in all subjects. EVP use was associated with reduced exposure to cigarette smoke constituents, whereas urinary nicotine levels remained close to baseline. Body weight did not increase in CC subjects switching to the EVP. In conclusion, the aerosol of the EVP at study was well tolerated and not associated with any clinically relevant health concerns after usage for up to 24 months.

Predictors of urge to smoke under stressful conditions: An experimental investigation utilizing the PASAT-C task to induce negative affect in smokers.

Experimental evidence has demonstrated that the presence of cues previously associated with smoking behavior can increase urges to smoke in abstinent smokers. This study examined the effect of a laboratory-induced negative affective task (paced auditory serial addition task) on smoking urges among a sample of 35 abstinent college smokers (Mage = 20.83 years, SD = 1.71). Emotional states and physiological reactions experienced during the experiment, as well as individual differences in stress intolerance (anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance) were examined as predictors of the association between stressful states and smoking cravings. Smoking urges (smoking desire and negative affect relief) and negative emotions (frustration, irritability, stress) significantly increased, whereas positive emotions decreased from pre- to posttask. No significant interactions between individual differences and changes in urge were found. Results suggest that changes in negative affect may in part explain the association between induced stress and smoking cravings. (PsycINFO Database Record

Effect of Viewing Smoking Scenes in Motion Pictures on Subsequent Smoking Desire in Audiences in South Korea.

BackgroundIn the modern era of heightened awareness of public health, smoking scenes in movies remain relatively free from public monitoring. The effect of smoking scenes in movies on the promotion of viewers’ smoking desire remains unknown.ObjectiveThe study aimed to explore whether exposure of adolescent smokers to images of smoking in fılms could stimulate smoking behavior.MethodsData were derived from a national Web-based sample survey of 748 Korean high-school students. Participants aged 16-18 years were randomly assigned to watch three short video clips with or without smoking scenes. After adjusting covariates using propensity score matching, paired sample t test and logistic regression analyses compared the difference in smoking desire before and after exposure of participants to smoking scenes.ResultsFor male adolescents, cigarette craving was significantly higher in those who watched movies with smoking scenes than in the control group who did not view smoking scenes (t307.96=2.066, P<.05). In the experimental group, too, cigarette cravings of adolescents after viewing smoking scenes were significantly higher than they were before watching smoking scenes (t161.00=2.867, P<.01). After adjusting for covariates, more impulsive adolescents, particularly males, had significantly higher cigarette cravings: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.40 (95% CI 1.40-8.23). However, those who actively sought health information had considerably lower cigarette cravings than those who did not engage in information-seeking: aOR 0.08 (95% CI 0.01-0.88).ConclusionsSmoking scenes in motion pictures may increase male adolescent smoking desire. Establishing a standard that restricts the frequency of smoking scenes in films and assigning a smoking-related screening grade to films is warranted.

Clinical diagnostic criteria of modern spice addiction

IntroductionPopulations of spice addicts in Ukraine demonstrate distinct tendency for steady spreading, and transitory psychotic episodes, overdosing and fatal cases are being registered in consequence of smoking. “Spice” are synthetic analogues of tetrahydrocannabinol.Aims and objectivesTo develop an average personified clinical portrait of spice addict for more specified therapy.MethodTwelve patients who consumed spices systematically for 1–2 years were observed. Methods of examination: clinical psychopathological, psychological testing, clinical laboratory.ResultsMain spice addiction diagnostic criteria were: Spice smoking, obsessive and uncontrolled anosognosic desire and craving to test on themselves effects of their action, pathognomonic tolerance increase, specific post-intoxication consequences. After the first smoke inspiration heavy intoxication with euphoria and loss of surrounding real perception, sexual disinhibition and craving to repeat smoking manifested after the first smoke inspiration. Then, spice smoking became subjectively pleasant, caused condition of intoxication with increased mood, fussiness, was accompanied with feeling of hunger, thirst, and hoarse voice. In the patients rather quickly (for 2–3 weeks) twice reduced duration of intoxication state from 40 to 20 minutes, loss of situation and quantitative control over smoking was observed. Clinical specifics of addiction for spices smoking is rather quick (from 5 to 10 trials) formation of psychic equivalent of addiction, extremely intensive and emotionally saturated craving for smoking, quick rise of tolerance with loss of situational and quantitative control over smoking.ConclusionsDefinite rules in the development and formation of spice dependence is necessary to be considered while developing programs for therapy and prevention in clinical narcology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Beyond associations: Do implicit beliefs play a role in smoking addiction?

Influential dual-system models of addiction suggest that an automatic system that is associative and habitual promotes drug use, whereas a controlled system that is propositional and rational inhibits drug use. It is assumed that effects on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) reflect the automatic processes that guide drug seeking. However, results have been inconsistent, challenging: (1) the validity of addiction IATs; and (2) the assumption that the automatic system contains only simple associative information. We aimed to further test the validity of IATs that are used within this field of research using an experimental design. Second, we introduced a new procedure aimed at examining the automatic activation of complex propositional knowledge, the Relational Responding Task (RRT) and examine the validity of RRT effects in the context of smoking. In two experiments, smokers performed two different tasks: an approach/avoid IAT and a liking IAT in Experiment 1, and a smoking urges RRT and a valence IAT in Experiment 2. Smokers were tested once immediately after smoking and once after 10 hours of nicotine-deprivation. None of the IAT scores were affected by the deprivation manipulation. RRT scores revealed a stronger implicit desire for smoking in the deprivation condition compared to the satiation condition. IATs that are currently used to assess automatic processes in addiction have serious drawbacks. Furthermore, the automatic system may contain not only associations but complex drug-related beliefs as well. The RRT may be a useful and valid tool to examine these beliefs.

이압요법이 흡연 남자대학생의 흡연량, 흡연욕구, 호기 일산화탄소에 미치는 효과

Purpose:This studywasconductedtoinvestigatetheeffect of auricularacupressuretherapyondecreasingsmok- ing rates, desire for smoking, and exhaled carbon monoxide in male college students. Methods: The quasi-ex- perimental, nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest designwas used inthis study. The participants (n=56) wereassigned to the experimental group (n=29) that receivedauricularacupressure therapyor thecontrol group (n=27) that received placebo therapy. The therapy was applied for 5 days followed by 1 or 2 days of rest. The therapywas repeated2times. Toidentifytheeffectof theexperimental treatments,assessmentsof smokingrates, desire for smoking and exhaled carbon monoxide were measured. Data were analyzed using x 2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test andRepeatedmeasureANOVAwiththeSPSSversion21.0program. Results:Theexperimental groupshowedsignificantlylower smokingrates(t=6.60, p<.001), desireforsmoking(t=3.37,p=.002)andexhaled carbonmonoxide levels(t=6.22, p<.001) afterapplicationof the therapy. Significantgroup×time interactioneffect was found in exhaled carbon monoxide levels between the experimental group and the control group (F=8.73, p=.001). Conclusion: Auricular acupressure therapy was considered to likely be useful as a therapeutic inter- vention for smoking cessation in male young adults.

Supplemental Material for Exposure to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Visual Imagery Increases Smoking Urge and Desire

Supplemental Material for Exposure to Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Visual Imagery Increases Smoking Urge and Desire

Exploring smoking behavior and desire for smoking cessation counseling among gynecologic cancer survivors using social media.

e20611 Background: Gynecologic cancer survivors are at increased risk for second cancers, especially smoking-related cancers. Providers do not consistently provide smoking cessation education. We c...