Smoking Decisions Research Articles

The Effect of Cigarette Content Marketing on Students' Smoking Behavior and Decisions: A PLS-SEM Approach.

This research aims to analyze the influence of cigarette content marketing on student behavior, and on cigarette purchasing decisions, as well as the influence of behavior on cigarette purchasing decisions. This research is quantitative, using a sample of 500 smoking students from twelve universities in the city of Medan, Indonesia, who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires that had been tested for convergent validity with an Outer Loading value > 0.7 and an AVE value > 0.5, and for discriminant validity with an HTMT value < 0.9. The data was analyzed using a multivariate analysis technique which combines factor analysis and regression analysis. The research results show that the t-statistical value for the behavioral variable (BHV) is 4.128 (> 1.98) and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05), which means that the BHV variable has a significant effect on the cigarette purchasing decision variable (PD). The t-statistical value for the content marketing (CM) variable is 27.57 (> 1.98) and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05), which means that the CM variable has a significant effect on the BHV variable. The t-statistical value for the CM variable is 18,542 (> 1.98) and the p-value is 0.000 (< 0.05), which means that the CM variable has a significant effect on the PD variable. 93.2% of respondents admitted that they had seen cigarette marketing content on social media, many of them (43%) believed that smoking was detrimental to their health, but the most influential factor was their perception regarding the activity of smoking. Cigarette marketing content has been proven to influence students' behavior towards cigarettes, as well as directly influencing their decision to purchase cigarettes. Students' behavior towards cigarettes also influences their decisions in purchasing cigarettes.

The Role of the Family Support in the Quit Smoking Decision: A Systematic Literature Review

Cigarettes are still a source of health problems in Indonesia. Several non-communicable diseases, which are increasing in number, are mostly caused by smoking behavior. Diseases caused by smoking include prolonged cough, lung disease, pregnancy disorders, atherosclerosis infertility, and several types of cancer. The contribution of smoking to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease is also quite large. The role of the family in supporting the decision to stop smoking is very important. Families can provide the emotional and practical support needed to achieve smoking cessation goals. This study aims to disseminate research results related to the theme of the Role of the Family in Supporting the Decision to Stop Smoking. In addition, it also conducts an analysis of what family roles are needed to support smokers to quit. This research is a systematic review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method. Research is carried out systematically by following the correct research steps or protocols. A search for research articles relevant to the topic of this study was carried out using the keywords: role, family role, family, support, decision support, smoking, smoking cessation, family in decision support, and supporting smoking cessation decisions, which were obtained from Google Scholar and PubMed. In this Study the total of twenty one article were included and the several indicators in supporting smoking cessation included an environment that supports smoking cessation decisions, the role of the family in supporting smoking cessation decisions, enforcement of family rules, and barriers to quitting smoking.

Smoking Behaviors of Junior High School Students

Smoking is a problem that cannot be resolved until now. Smoking can occur in various circles, especially among teenagers still in education. Data shows that the number of teenage smokers in Indonesia and Central Java under 15 years old has increased to 35.5% in 2019. This study uses a qualitative method that reveals the meaning behind the smoking phenomenon carried out by junior high school students, data collection techniques through interviews unstructured with an open-ended question type, the type of sample used is snowball sampling using Colaizzi's Method. The results of the study found that five themes were found that influenced the occurrence of smoking behavior in adolescents, namely: adolescent knowledge regarding the harmful substances contained in cigarettes, smoking behavior in adolescents which began at the age of children, factors influencing smoking decisions, ease of obtaining cigarettes, and the reasons it is hard to quit smoking. It can be concluded that various factors and efforts that can cause smoking behavior in adolescents are needed to prevent it from an early age.

Ethnic differences in smoking behaviour: The situation of Roma in Eastern Europe

Aim: To investigate ethnic differences in smoking between Roma and non-Roma and their determinants, including how discrimination faced by Roma may influence smoking decisions. Methods: We analysed data from the Roma Regional Survey 2011 implemented in twelve countries of Central and South-East Europe with random samples of approximately 750 households in Roma settlements and 350 households in nearby non-Roma communities in each country. The overall sample comprises 11,373 individuals (8,234 Roma) with a proportion of women of 57% and an average age of 36 years. Statistical methods include marginal effects from Probit and zero-truncated negative binomial estimates to explain cigarette consumption. Results: We found that Roma have a higher probability of smoking and are heavier smokers compared to otherwise comparable non-Roma. These differences in smoking behaviour cannot purely be explained by the lower socio-economic situation of Roma since the ethnic gap remains substantial once individual characteristics are controlled for. The probability of smoking is positively correlated with the degree of ethnic discrimination experienced by Roma, especially when it is related to private or public health services. Conclusions: By providing evidence on smoking behaviour between Roma and non-Roma in a large number of countries, our findings support the need to understand smoking behaviour of Roma from a comparative perspective, and may ultimately contribute to more effective anti-smoking messages for Roma. However, if the health disadvantage faced by Roma is to be addressed adequately, this group must be involved more effectively in the policy and public health process.

Does Risk Perception Endogenously Cause Smokers to Switch to Smoking Smuggled Cigarettes?

Risk perception is a crucial component in evaluating the rationality of smoking decisions, but there are few studies that have examined its effect on the smoking of smuggled cigarettes. The purpose of this article is to empirically investigate whether risk perceptions affect the smoking of smuggled cigarettes in Taiwan in the context of socio-economic status. Since risk perception may be endogenous with regard to smoking smuggled cigarettes, the endogenous switching model is utilised to evaluate the effect of risk perception in relation to the smoker’s being concerned with health risks and tobacco quality. Our empirical results indicate that smokers with higher degrees of risk perception are less likely to smoke smuggled cigarettes. In addition, the relevant characteristics of the socio-economic status of smokers, such as weekly cigarette expenditure, gender, age, and whether or not they reside in the southern region of Taiwan, are also statistically significant in terms of smoking smuggled cigarettes. Therefore, the public health authorities in Taiwan should actively broadcast information on the fatal consequences of smoking smuggled cigarettes, thereby enhancing the smoker’s risk perceptions in regard to smuggled cigarettes. JEL Classif ication: I12, I18, D81, C25

Increased Reach and Effectiveness With a Low-Burden Point-of-Care Tobacco Treatment Program in Cancer Clinics.

Tobacco cessation after a cancer diagnosis can extend patient survival by improving outcomes for primary cancer and preventing secondary cancers. However, smoking is often unaddressed in cancer care, highlighting the need for strategies to increase treatment reach and cessation. This study examined a low-burden, point-of-care tobacco treatment program (ELEVATE) featuring an electronic health record-enabled smoking module and decision support tools to increase the reach and effectiveness of evidence-based smoking cessation treatment. This study included adult outpatient tobacco smokers (n=13,651) in medical oncology, internal medicine, and surgical oncology clinics from a large midwestern healthcare system. We examined reach and effectiveness of ELEVATE with 2 comparisons: (1) preimplementation versus postimplementation of ELEVATE and (2) ELEVATE versus usual care. Data were evaluated during 2 time periods: preimplementation (January through May 2018) and postimplementation (June through December 2018), with smoking cessation assessed at the last follow-up outpatient encounter during the 6 months after these periods. The proportion of current tobacco smokers receiving cessation treatment increased from pre-ELEVATE to post-ELEVATE (1.6%-27.9%; difference, 26.3%; relative risk, 16.9 [95% CI, 9.8-29.2]; P<.001). Compared with 27.9% treatment reach with ELEVATE in the postimplementation time period, reach within usual care clinics ranged from 11.8% to 12.0% during this same period. The proportion of tobacco smokers who subsequently achieved cessation increased significantly from pre-ELEVATE to post-ELEVATE (12.0% vs 17.2%; difference, 5.2%; relative risk, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.1-1.5]; P=.002). Compared with 17.2% smoking cessation with ELEVATE in the postimplementation time period, achievement of cessation within usual care clinics ranged from 8.2% to 9.9% during this same period. A low-burden, point-of-care tobacco treatment strategy increased tobacco treatment and cessation, thereby improving access to and the impact of evidence-based cessation treatment. Using implementation strategies to embed tobacco treatment in every healthcare encounter promises to engage more smokers in evidence-based treatment and facilitate smoking cessation, thereby improving care cancer for patients who smoke.

Factors Influencing Smoking Decisions Among Older Korean American Men: A Qualitative Study.

Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among Korean American men. Although the nationwide anti-smoking efforts and American individualism-oriented cultural system seem to help some Korean American men stop smoking, many of them still smoke. Thus, it is necessary to understand factors influencing decisions to continue smoking or stop smoking among older Korean American men. We recruited a convenience sample of 24 Korean American men (12 current smokers, 12 former smokers) who were aged 55-79 years to participate in this qualitative study. Five focus groups and nine individual interviews were conducted. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Participants were older (mean age = 69 years) and have lived in the United States an average of 26 years. Average duration of smoking was 41 years among current smokers and 31 years among former smokers. Key themes influencing continuous smoking include stress relief, fear of side effects, difficulty stopping, smoking peers, and misbeliefs about lung cancer and smoking, whereas key themes for decisions to stop smoking include present health issues, family/physician/media recommendation, and smoking-restricted environments. This study reinforces the importance of culturally and age-relevant smoking cessation programs targeting smokers and their families. Future quantitative studies in different geographic areas can validate the study findings.

DIGITAL MEDIA AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT ON HEALTH RISKS OF SMOKING AMONG DRIVERS IN ANAMBRA STATE

Smoking is the inhalation and exhalation of fumes of burning tobacco and other dangerous nicotine substances that endanger health. It is also a learned behaviour capable of causing addiction. The study examined civic engagement through digital media on health risks of smoking among drivers in Onitsha, Anambra State. The study focused on drivers of registered Mass Transit companies: Eastern Mass Transit and Onitsha South Mass Transit. The study was anchored on two theories: grounded theory of smoking decision which explains pre-and-post effects of smoking quitting, and mediatisation theory which examines the long-term structural change in the role of media in culture and society. The study adopted a survey of drivers of select Mass Transit companies in Anambra State. This was to ensure that these drivers were studied in their varying work atmospheres concerning smoking. Findings of the study showed that drivers of both companies make effective use of digital media for information on the dangers of smoking while driving and erring drivers are adequately penalised. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that media messages on the dangers of smoking tobacco or other dangerous substances on the wheel should be sustained. It equally recommended psychological tests on drivers before recruitment.

Time-inconsistent preferences and the minimum legal tobacco consuming age

In both the United States of America and the European Union, Member States are encouraged to prevent young people from starting to smoke by forbidding selling tobacco products to people under a certain age. By contrast, there are in general no legal minimum age requirements for consuming those products. Our aim is to address such discrepancy from a theoretical viewpoint by focusing on the case where people have time-inconsistent preferences. Specifically, we build a three-period (youth, adulthood, old age) model of smoking decision in which individual intertemporal preferences are present-biased. Then, using this model, we show that when agents are naive, that is when they are unaware that their intertemporal preferences are time-inconsistent, it may be worthwhile, from the individual viewpoint, to legally prevent young people from smoking. This conclusion does not always hold, because what is good for an agent in youth can be disputable in adult age (and conversely). When individuals are sophisticated, that is, not naive, a legal smoking age (either for buying, consuming or selling tobacco products) is pointless. This conclusion is also reached if one follows the continuing person approach advocated by Sugden. JEL Classification Numbers : I12, I18, K32, D15

Internal Inconsistency and Risk Aversion: Implications on Smoking Decisions

The main contribution of this paper is an analysis of the nature of the link between internal coherence and risk aversion. Both variables play an important role in individual decisions concerning risk behaviors. We compare the levels of internal consistency and risk aversion among smokers and non-smokers. To measure the individual internal coherence and risk aversion; we use a survey that includes lottery questions. Our results confirm that smokers are consistent in their decisions and they behave as risk averse. These results should be treated with circumspection as lottery questions are based on monetary expectations that depend on socio-economic conditions and they obviate other dimensions such as social recognition.

Trial-by-Trial Fluctuations in Brain Responses to Stress Predict Subsequent Smoking Decisions That Occur Several Seconds Later

BackgroundTo investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that determine self-regulation of smoking urges when a person encounters stress, we investigated brain network interactions of smoking self-regulation by employing a real-time smoking (nicotine delivery) decision paradigm and a brain-as-predictor neuroimaging approach. MethodsWhile in the functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner, 25 cigarette smokers who abstained from smoking overnight made 200 real smoking decisions regarding whether or not to take a puff of an electronic cigarette during 3 different stress conditions (cognitive stress, emotional stress, and no stress). Cognitive stress was induced by a concurrent working memory load, and emotional stress was induced by manipulating a chance of aversive electric shock. ResultsBehaviorally, both cognitive and emotional stress manipulations increased the probability of making a decision to smoke (i.e., taking a puff). In magnetic resonance imaging trial-by-trial analyses, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity measured at the time of the stress cue significantly predicted future smoking decisions that occurred several seconds later. Furthermore, the influence of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity on smoking decisions was mediated by the ventral striatum activity at the time of smoking decisions. ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that brain responses at the time of a stressful moment determine subsequent trial-by-trial smoking decisions by systematically altering brain executive (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and reward (ventral striatum) system network activities. Our results further suggest potential translational importance of neuroscientific approaches to predicting self-regulation failures at critical stressful moments.

Educational Differences in Smoking: Selection Versus Causation

Abstract We investigate sources of educational differences in smoking. Using a large German data set containing retrospective information on the age at smoking onset, we compare age-specific hazard rates of starting smoking between (future) low and high educated individuals. We find that up to 90 % of the educational differences in smoking develop before the age of 16, i. e. before compulsory schooling is completed. This education gap persists into adulthood. Further, we examine the role of health-related knowledge (proxied by working in health-related occupations) and find it hardly explains smoking decisions. Our findings suggest that (unobserved) factors determining both the selection into smoking and education are almost exclusively responsible for educational differences in smoking. Only small parts of the education gap seem to be caused by general or health-specific education. The effectiveness of education policy to combat smoking is thus likely limited.

Keputusan Mahasiswa Universitas “X” Bandung Untuk Merokok Di Lingkungan Kampus Yang Dipengaruhi Oleh Faktor Sosial

Indonesia is the country with the highest number of teen smokers in the world. About 80% of smokers in Indonesia start the habit before the age of 19 years. Based on the results of a pre-survey of 10 students that there are still many who violate the rules despite the existing prohibition to not smoke in public places at the University of "X". It also shows a lack of concern for smokers against others who do not smoke.&#x0D; This study aims to look at the influence of social factors on the students decision at the University X Bandung to smoke on campus. This research uses descriptive verification method by distributing questionnaires to 30 students respondents of the University "X" Bandung, and use a Simple Linear Regression analysis methods.&#x0D; Based on the results of regression calculations, the influence of social factors on smoking decisions on campus is very small that is equal to 37.9% while the remaining 62.1% influenced by other variables not examined in this study as a factor from the individual respective smokers, such as: lifestyle, psychological factors and cultural factors. &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Social Marketing, Consumer Behavior, Social Factors and Consumer Buying Decision

Individual-level determinants of waterpipe smoking demand in four Eastern-Mediterranean countries

The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean Region is at alarmingly high levels, especially among young people. The objective of this research was to evaluate the preferences of young adult waterpipe smokers with respect to potential individual-level determinants of waterpipe smoking using discrete choice experiment methodology. Participants were young adult university students (18-29 years) who were ever waterpipe smokers, recruited from universities across four Eastern Mediterranean countries: Jordan, Oman, Palestine and the United Arab Emirates. The Internet-based discrete choice experiment, with 6 × 3 × 2 block design, evaluated preferences for choices of waterpipe smoking sessions, presented on hypothetical waterpipe café menus. Participants evaluated nine choice sets, each with five fruit-flavored options, a tobacco flavored option (non-flavored), and an opt-out option. Choices also varied based on nicotine content (0.0% vs. 0.05% vs. 0.5%) and price (low vs. high). Participants were randomized to receive menus with either a pictorial + text health-warning message or no message (between-subjects attribute). Multinomial logit regression models evaluated the influence of these attributes on waterpipe smoking choices. Across all four samples (n = 1859), participants preferred fruit-flavored varieties to tobacco flavor, lower nicotine content and lower prices. Exposure to the health warning did not significantly predict likelihood to opt-out. Flavor accounted for 81.4% of waterpipe smoking decisions. Limiting the use of fruit flavors in waterpipe tobacco, in addition to accurate nicotine content labeling and higher pricing may be effective at curbing the demand for waterpipe smoking among young adults.

Smoking Decisions: Altered Reinforcement Learning Signals Induced by Nicotine State.

Alterations in dopamine signaling play a key role in reinforcement learning and nicotine addiction, but the relationship between these two processes has not been well characterized. We investigated this relationship in young adult smokers using a combination of behavioral and computational measures of reinforcement learning. We asked moderately dependent smokers to engage in a reinforcement learning task three times: smoking as usual, smoking abstinence, and cigarette consumption. Participants' trial-to-trial training choices were modeled using a reinforcement learning model that calculates separate learning rates associated with positive and negative prediction errors. We found that learning from positive prediction error signals is reduced during smoking abstinence and enhanced following cigarette consumption. By contrast, learning from negative prediction error signals was enhanced during smoking abstinence and reduced following cigarette consumption. Finally, when tested with novel pairs of stimuli, participants were relatively better at selecting the positive feedback predicting stimuli than avoiding the negative feedback predicting stimuli during the smoking as usual session, a pattern that reversed following cigarette consumption. These findings provide a specific computational account of altered reinforcement learning induced by smoking state (abstinence and consumption) and may represent a unique target for treatment of nicotine addiction. This study illustrates the potential of computational psychiatry for understanding reinforcement learning deficits associated with substance use disorders in general and nicotine addiction in particular. We found that learning from positive prediction error signals is reduced during smoking abstinence and enhanced following cigarette consumption. By contrast, learning from negative prediction error signals was enhanced during smoking abstinence and reduced following cigarette consumption. By highlighting important computational differences between three states of smoking, these findings hold out promise for integrating experimental, computational, and theoretical analyses of decision-making function together with research on addiction-related disorders.

Health information and life-course smoking behavior: evidence from Turkey.

We investigate whether individuals are less likely to start and more likely to quit smoking in years when newspapers publish more articles about the health risks of smoking. With data from 9030 respondents to the 2008 Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Turkey, we construct respondents' life-course smoking histories back to 1925 and model initiation and cessation decisions taken 1925-2008. To measure information, we count articles published in Milliyet, one of Turkey's major newspapers. Results from linear probability models show that people who have seen more smoking-health risk articles know more about the smoking-health relationship. Holding constant each individual's information stock, education, place of residence, and the price of cigarettes, we find that, as new information arrives, male and female smokers in all cohorts are significantly more likely to quit and women are less likely to start. Our analysis is one of the first that examines how new information affects smoking decisions while controlling for each individual's existing stock of information.

The role of pregnancy health problems on maternal smoking behaviours

ABSTRACTTo explore the effects of pregnancy health problems (PHPs) on smoking behaviours during and after pregnancy (‘smoking-inducing’ effect), we estimate a two-period model that jointly determines prenatal and postnatal smoking decisions, taking into consideration the presence of PHPs. While PHPs are likely to reduce prenatal (except for heavy smokers) and postnatal smoking propensity, we still observe considerable postnatal relapse in the sample, which can be attributed to smoking addiction, as well as information asymmetries and maternal stress associated with PHPs. Thus, we advocate for smoking cessation policies and programmes throughout and beyond pregnancy to avoid potential intertemporal substitution between prenatal and postnatal cigarette consumption.

Averting Children to Smoke (An Analysis of Psychological Factor on Children Smoking Decision)

Averting Children to Smoke (An Analysis of Psychological Factor on Children Smoking Decision)

Averting Children to Smoke (An Analysis of Psychological Factor on Children Smoking Decision)

Averting Children to Smoke (An Analysis of Psychological Factor on Children Smoking Decision)

“It’s Not a Life or Death Thing”: A Grounded Theory Study of Smoking Decisions among Chinese Americans

Smoking results in a high mortality rate for Chinese Americans. Little is known, however, about the decisions members of this group make that lead to these unhealthy behaviors. Examining smoking decisions could help us understand these choices as well as develop effective prevention strategies. This grounded theory study was conducted to understand Chinese Americans’ smoking decisions. Fifty-four individual interviews and three focus groups were conducted with Chinese Americans of different smoking statuses. The findings describe five smoking decisions including the trajectory of these behaviors. Optimistic bias is identified as one of the main reasons that regular smokers decide not to quit. Some Chinese Americans decide to smoke in order to protect themselves from secondhand smoke because of the perception that secondhand smoke is more dangerous than active smoking. Finally, many Chinese Americans change their smoking behaviors after immigration, with their social environment after immigration playing a key role.