Smoke Bombs Research Articles

Assessing the extent and connectivity of animal burrows using smoke: a practical tool for levee inspections

This short communication presents a practical tool for assessing the subsurface connectivity of animal burrows, with emphasis on its potential for early detection and evaluation of animal-induced damages in levees that can compromise the structure during high water emergencies. Drawing inspiration from fundamental biology research and plumbing leak testing, the technique involves injection of coloured smoke into burrows using smoke bombs. A leaf blower then propels the smoke through the burrow network, enabling the identification of openings and providing insights into subsurface connections. Systematically tested in various environments and applied to investigate burrow networks of diverse animal species, including crabs, voles, and moles, the results underscore the efficacy of the smoke test as a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach for detecting interconnected burrow networks.

Silenced Conflict: Surveillance and Normalization UsingWhatsAppGroups at School

AbstractObjectiveTo understand the particularities of the surveillance produced by parents' WhatsApp groups and the consequences they have for schools and families.BackgroundThe literature on the use of these groups and platforms for online communication has contended that teachers and parents feel that they are under constant surveillance when they are using them. The advantages and disadvantages of these platforms are presented, as well as recommendations for good practices.MethodQualitative analysis of two WhatsApp chats of parents from two schools in Chile, one public and one private, using a grounded theory approach.ResultsUsing a theoretical framework of science, technology, and society studies, we examine the particularities of this surveillance observed in three dimensions: conflicts as smoke bombs, operational surveillance, and affective surveillance. In this respect, we argue that in these groups, intimate surveillance leads to the normalization of certain behaviors that cause conflict to be silenced.ConclusionWe argue that silencing of conflict is problematic in that it does not allow the emergence of different ways of being a teacher or parent, which has significant consequences for families and their relationship with the school, especially in locations similar to the one we studied, where communication between families and schools has relied heavily on messaging apps such as WhatsApp.ImplicationsWhatsApp groups appear to offer opportunities to subvert the surveillance of digital platforms, as long as conflicts are allowed to be sustained when differences emerge.

Leading from within the Shadow of Doubt: A Servant-Leader's Approach to Conceptualization and Foresight

The fifty-four mile march from Selma to Montgomery through rural Alabama holds sacred space both geographically as well as on the list of the most iconic moments of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Thanks to the ongoing public service of Rep. John Lewis, who as a young man aided in organizing that march, the route is now a National Historic Trail offering interpretive centers and recreation areas for those seeking to learn from the trail blazing leaders of this country’s struggle for equity (National Park Service, 2020). Two marches bookend the trail’s history. The first, better known as "Bloody Sunday," took place on March 7, 1965, when over six-hundred people marched from Selma seeking equitable voting rights for all people, including African-Americans (National Park Service, 2020, para. 5). The group was blocked by state troopers on the Edmond Pettus Bridge and met with tear gas and smoke bombs as well asa posse on horseback armed with bullwhips, ropes, rubber tubing wrapped with barbed wire, and billy clubs that led to seventeen marchers hospitalized and sixty-seven others injured (Wagy, 1979). At the other end of the trail’s history is a completed march punctuated by a rousing Martin Luther King Jr. speech near the capitol building in Montgomery on March 25, 1965 (National Park Service, 2020). Between these two, and overshadowed by them, sits a paradigmatic moment for leaders, a day known as “Turnaround Tuesday” (Lawson, 1987). Tuesday, March 9, 1965 began with Martin Luther King Jr. proclaiming from the steps of Brown Chapel to 2,500 marchers who had gathered from across the country in “Bloody Sunday’s” wake: “I have no alternative but to lead a march from this spot to carry our grievances to the seat of government. I have made my choice. I have got to march” (Wagy, 1979, p. 403). Yet after an intensifying return to the site of that previous Sunday’s tragedy and facing a similar standoff, King turned the protestors around and called off the march. The events of “Turnaround Tuesday” have their own monumental importance as they illuminate the complexities of leading from within the shadow of doubt.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED MOSQUITOES REPELLENT IN HOUSEHOLDS IN NIAMEYCITY (NIGER)

Several active substances, belonging to the pyrethroid family, are used in the fight against mosquitoes. The use of pesticides is not without consequences for health and the environment. Several species of mosquitoes (Anopheles and Culex) are increasingly developing resistance to these active substances, which makes insecticides very little or not at all effective. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the most commonly used insecticides in the city of Niamey in order to produce data that can guide both decision makers and users in the choice of pesticides to use. To do this, the mosquito repellent products most commonly used in households were inventoried. Sensitivity tests were performed on adult mosquitoes with 25 mosquitoes per cage, including two control cages and three test cages. Aerosol cans were sprayed for ten seconds while smoke bombs were lit and placed in the room. For each product, knockdowns were recorded every ten minutes for one hour and mortalities twenty-four hours after the test. Sensitivity testing revealed that mosquitoes are resistant to the products tested as indicated by low mortality rates ranging from 19-61%, lower than the WHO reported mortality rate (80%) for insecticide resistance.

Pulmonary delivery of resveratrol-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for the prevention of zinc chloride smoke-induced acute lung injury

Smoke bombs are often used in military/fire training, which can produce a large amount of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) smoke. Inhalation of ZnCl2 smoke usually causes acute lung injury (ALI) that would likely develop to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, there is no effective prevention or treatment strategy for the smoke-induced ALI. Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol with good anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, but its low solubility, stability, and bioavailability restrict its clinical application. In this study, an inhalable RES formulation composed of RES-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (RES-β-CD) was prepared for the prevention of ZnCl2 smoke-induced ALI. RES-β-CD powders had a small mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3.61 μm and a high fine particle fraction of 38.84%, suitable for pulmonary inhalation. RES-β-CD exhibited low BEAS-2B cytotoxicity. Pulmonary delivery of RES-β-CD to mice remarkably prevented the smoke-induced ALI with downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, STAT3, and GATA3, and upregulation of T-bet and Foxp3. RES-β-CD protected the respiratory function, percutaneous oxygen saturation, physical activity, lung capillary integrity, and lung liquid balance, alleviating inflammation and apoptosis. Pulmonary delivery of the positive drug, budesonide (BUD), also alleviated the smoke-induced ALI by reduction of inflammation and cell apoptosis. RES-β-CD exhibited the regulation of the Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17 balances, while BUD did not show any effect on immune balances. In conclusion, pulmonary delivery of RES-β-CD is a promising anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis strategy for the prevention of ZnCl2 smoke-induced ALI by direct lung drug distribution and regulation of immune balance.

EFFICACY OF FUMIGATION BY CYPHENOTHRIN RELEASING SMOKE BOMBS AGAINST ORIENTAL COCKROACHES (BLATTA ORIENTALIS)

Cockroaches are known for their high reproductive potential, adaptability, and tendency to develop resistance to insecticides. The successful control requires a comprehensive approach and a combination of different methods, including fumigation. It is characterized by easy implementation and the ability to process large areas. The aim of the present study was to determinate effectiveness of fumigation for control of cockroaches in laboratory conditions, similar to practice. Groups of oriental cockroaches (n = 6) from 2 pig farms were placed in 5 zones in a lab, close to their natural location: open surfaces (№1 - floor, №2 - lab table, №3 - opened cupboard), closed spaces (№4 - closed cupboard) and hard-to-reach areas (№5 - upholstered furniture). Fumigations with cyphenothrin-releasing smoke bomb were performed at a dose of 1g per m3 and 12-hour exposure. Their effectiveness was evaluated by the appearance of a knockdown effect and achieved mortality. The tests revealed a knockdown effect at the end of the exposure in 52.78% of cockroaches in open areas (№1, 2, 3), 58.33% in closed spaces (№4), but not in hard-to-reach areas (№5). At the end of the monitoring period (96 hours), 100% mortality was found in the groups located in zone №1, 91.67% in zones №2 and №4, 83.34% in №3 and 49.99% in hard-to-reach places (№5). The obtained results define fumigation as a highly effective method for controlling cockroaches density in easily accessible and open areas of the premises. In hard-to-reach areas, additional and targeted treatments should be also implemented.

Legal Ridicule in the Age of Advertisement: Puffery, Quackery, and the Mass Market

Abstract This article examines the origins of the doctrine of puffery in Britain, in the first decades of its development during the nineteenth- and early twentieth centuries. The doctrine is a curious legal construct. Usually invoked as a defence, it identifies futile speech, typically of a seller, which does not give rise to liability. It operated, as it still does, in several fields of law. The analysis is not a traditional doctrinal one but rather a cultural legal study, which places the doctrine within the history of mass advertising, with two interrelated goals. First, following a review of developments based on primary sources, required given the scant literature on puffery, this article proposes a new interpretation of the doctrine as a legal mode of ridicule. While traditionally viewed as an instance of caveat emptor that supported commerce, the doctrine also involved a legal inferiorization of advertisements - taken as the paradigmatic instance of the sales pitch. Second, this article explores the interrelations between the history of law and the history of advertising, and demonstrates its productive potential for legal analysis with cases concerned with quack medicines. In the process, it offers a new reading of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball and other cases. In conclusion, this article suggests that ridicule was a refusal to acknowledge the power of advertising and particularly its appeals to consumers’ imagination rather than reason, even as advertising was given legal licence.

Preparation and Characterization of Pour‐Casting Red Phosphorus Smoke Agents with HTPB as Binder

AbstractThe main aim of this study is to develop the vacuum pour‐casting process of the red phosphorus smoke agents. The typical composition of MK 58 marine location marker prepared by tamp‐casting process is red phosphorus (RP)/magnesium (Mg)/manganese dioxide (MnO2)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/epoxy resin (ER), which was selected as the original formula. Epoxy resin (ER) was replaced by hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) as the binder. First of all, simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry‐thermogravimetric analysis (STA DSC‐TGA) and vacuum stability tester (VST) were used to analyze the thermochemical characteristics, stability and chemical compatibility of the formula. Afterwards, Taguchi's experimental design method was used to design nine experimental conditions by way of orthogonal array with four control factors and three levels, and the scaled‐down smoke pellets were prepared using the vacuum pour‐casting method. The combustion phenomenon of these smoke pellets was recorded by the visual‐image capture system, and the flame temperature was measured by the temperature measurement system. The burning rate was chosen as the quality characteristic to analyze the optimal parameter combination of minimum burning rate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), tensile testing machine (TTM) and hardness tester (HT) were employed to observe the uniformity of the composition distribution in the pellet and to measure the mechanical strength and hardness of the pellets. Smoke density test chamber (SDTC) was used to measure the specific optical density of smoke generated by RP smoke agent. Finally, the operating conditions of the optimal parameter combination determined by Taguchi method were used to prepare the full‐size smoke candle, and its burning performance was verified and the feasibility of the vacuum pour‐casting technology was evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the optimal combination of parameters was the RP mixture/HTPB mass ratio of 84 : 16, the NCO/OH ratio of IPDI to HTPB (R value) of 1.6, the additional DOA of 4.5 wt % and the curing temperature of 50 °C. The prepared scaled‐down smoke pellets had good stability, chemical compatibility, hardness, mechanical properties and burning smoke density. In addition, the burning time and performance of the full‐size smoke candles prepared by vacuum pour‐casting technology also met the requirements.

The Black Pacific and the Shapes of Global Black Power

The Black Pacific and the Shapes of Global Black Power

Hockey sticks, purple smoke bombs, and empathy: female character representation in Pakistani comics

ABSTRACT This paper explores representations of strong, empowered female characters in contemporary Pakistani comics. Recently, comics have been generating narratives that can create awareness of gender (in)equality and female empowerment in Pakistan. This paper explores the female characters in three Pakistani comics: Raat, Passban- the Guardian and Team Muhafiz. All analysis and discussion offered will be based on the comics and interviews with their respective creative team. This paper will argue that contemporary Pakistani female comic characters challenge the existing socio-political hierarchy through activism and vigilantism. This paper posits that a major reason the comics succeed in their mission is due to being instantly recognisable to its intended audience by being deeply rooted, visually and narratively, in Pakistani culture. The aim of this paper is to contribute to bridging of the existing gap in the discourse about Pakistani female representation in Comic Studies.

The contribution of commercial fireworks to both local and personal air quality in Auckland, New Zealand.

Firework displays produce large amounts of particulate matter (PM), contributing to poor air quality in local areas. Since short-term exposure to particulate matter correlates with increased mortality risks, these celebrations may impact both human health and the environment. Little is known about the particulate matter produced from recreational fireworks, as most studies have focused on professional large-scale events. In New Zealand, it is common for consumer fireworks to be ignited within residential areas during the Guy Fawkes celebration around 5 November. To better understand the contribution of individual fireworks on local air quality, ambient PM10 sampling was conducted in the 10 days surrounding Guy Fawkes Day in Auckland, New Zealand. These data were supplemented with measurements of firework emissions from 11 different individual products, including smoke bombs, sparklers, and Roman candles. Filter sampling results indicated that personal fireworks can contribute to ground level ambient air quality during celebrations, increasing ambient PM10 concentrations by 21.6 μg m-3 over a 12-h sampling period. The use of personal fireworks can expose consumers to PM10 concentrations much higher, up to 9.51 mg m-3 from individual sparkler use under worst-case scenario assumptions. The inhalation of sparkler emissions for just 8 min can lead to an exposure to PM10 mass greater than that from daily recommended limits (50 μg m-3 exposure over 24 h). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis indicated that potassium (K) and strontium (Sr) can be used as tracers for local firework use and that arsenic (As) may be an important contaminant during Guy Fawkes celebrations. The PM from personal fireworks contained large amounts of chlorine (Cl), which may be indicative of perchlorate oxidizers. In addition, lead (Pb) was observed in the PM generated from two of the colored sparklers, which were marketed as "safer" alternatives to more explosive firework products.

A Real Chance for the Transatlantic Partnership on Climate Policy

The new transatlantic partnership can be the cornerstone of this change: real climate protection without false truths and hidden smoke bombs, but a shift to a full supply of renewable energies.

Evacuation performance of participants in an offshore platform under smoke situations

The study of evacuation on offshore platforms under fire is significant but has received little attention by previous researchers. The evacuation process from offshore platforms under three distinct visibilities (>10 m, 1 m–10 m, <1 m) is investigated by a group of experiments and questionnaires with 120 participants. The group evacuation activities of the participants regarding the evacuation time, movement speed, typical behavior and route choice were recorded and studied by 48 cameras and wristbands with Bluetooth positioning function. We ignited smoke bombs often used in the fire drill to generate the smoke, which had a little irritating smell but is safe for people. We investigated the speed in running mode and walking fast mode, and the speed of participants with walking fast without smoke we obtained fits well with the data that IMO recommend. In addition, we found the speed of participants does not always decrease in the smoke environment, sometimes it increases when people are well aware of the surroundings. Finally, we study the relationship between personnel characteristics and evacuation behavior with the help of hypothesis testing. The study will be helpful to the guidelines of IMO to be revised in the future and develop efficient evacuation strategy to guide the evacuation under fire in offshore platforms.

Medical and Professional Ethics

![][1] The English language term “puffery” can be defined as “exaggerated or false praise.”[1][2] In a legal context, the term originated in the 1892 English Court of Appeal case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company that centred on whether a monetary reimbursement should be

DESIGN OF PROTOTYPE ELECTRICAL FIRING DEVICE SMOKE POWDER BOMB INTEGRATED IN ANDROID

Threats are any businesses and activities, both from domestic and foreign countries which are consideredendangering the Indonesian sovereignty, the territorial integrity of the country, and the safety of the wholenation. Military threats are threats that use organized armed forces that are judged to have abilities thatjeopardize the country's sovereignty, the territorial integrity of the country, and the safety of the whole nation.This smoke powder firing system is to utilize the internet network so that to trigger the smoke powder bomb canbe carried out from various places and anywhere the smoke powder weapons ignition can be carried out.Design and Composite Smoke Powder as a Marine, Air and Ground Defense Sabotage Weapon. This researchis expected to be able to contribute to sabotage cysts and deception of opponents. The main objective in thedesign of the building of Smoke Powder as a means of supporting smoke bomb training in a pattern to trick theenemy. In planning the bomb lighter system uses an electric lighter which is controlled remotely via an Androidphone call. The lighters used are gas stove lighters with 3 Volt dc battery voltage source. So that themicrocontroller device can regulate the flow of current to the lighter, the author uses a transistor that functionsas switching power sources to the lighter. The command for switching resources to a lighter is obtained from thecommand of an Android device. The test results show the system can work well, even though the constraintsoccur in the system, namely the GSM network which often interrupt.Keywords : Smoke powder, switching, Android, GSM.

Cuerpos con aguante: festividad y violencia en una barra brava de Bogotá

El artículo busca comprender y explicar las formas de exponer el cuerpo entre los hinchas que integran una barra brava de Bogotá. El texto se elaboró desde el trabajo de campo etnográfico, es decir, a partir de la presencia frecuente en distintas actividades del grupo social y en las conversaciones con los sujetos miembros. En Colombia, las barras bravas iniciaron su proceso de constitución durante la década de 1990. Los grupos organizados de hinchas mostraron renovadas expresiones festivas que buscaban apoyar a su equipo de fútbol, a través de banderas, sombrillas, papel, humo de colores, pirotecnia y canciones adaptadas al contexto del fútbol. En las canciones también se evidenciaron burlas, insultos, desafíos y amenazas contra hinchas rivales y, además, en los enfrentamientos corporales los hinchas incluyeron piedras, palos de madera, varillas, armas blancas o de fuego. La festividad y la violencia se denominan el carnaval y el combate, respectivamente, y constituyen el denominado aguante en las barras bravas.El carnaval y el combate no son contradictorios, sino complementarios e implican estar presente en las tribunas y en las calles. Por eso, los hinchas deben participar en las expresiones festivas y en las manifestaciones violentas, dado que es necesario alentar al equipo de fútbol y pelear contra los hinchas rivales. Por su parte, el aguante es una noción y una práctica originaria de los grupos organizados de hinchas de Argentina, adoptada y adaptada por distintas barras bravas de Hispanoamérica. Este permite demostrar la alegría y la valentía de los hinchas, opuesta a la amargura y la cobardía de los rivales. En otras palabras, el aguante solo es posible si es expuesto ante los otros hinchas del mismo equipo y de otros clubes; sin embargo, es dinámico y mutable, al estar relacionado con las diferentes generaciones de hinchas que han integrado a los grupos organizados. El carnaval y el combate no son contradictorios, son complementarias entre las barras bravas e implica estar presente en la tribuna y en las calles. Por eso, los hinchas deben participar en las expresiones festivas y en las manifestaciones violentas ya que es necesario alentar al equipo de fútbol y pelear contra los hinchas rivales. El aguante es una noción y una práctica originaria de los Grupos Organizados de Hinchas de Argentina, adoptada y adaptada por distintas barras bravas de Hispanoamérica. El aguante permite demostrar la alegría y la valentía de los hinchas, opuesta a la amargura y la cobardía de los rivales. En otras palabras, el aguante sólo es posible si es expuesto a los otros, hinchas del mismo equipo y de otros clubes. Sin embargo, el aguante es dinámico y mutable, al estar relacionado con las diferentes generaciones de hinchas que han integrado a los grupos organizados.

Analysis of environmental impacts of combustion products of some pyrotechnic compositions

The study examined mixtures obtained from ready pyrotechnic articles available on the market in Poland. Samples were taken from various products with different performance characteristics, i.e. pyrotechnic batteries, firecrackers, volcanoes, as well as smoke candles, rockets (including rocket engines), and cold fires. These are the product categories most frequently used by users. The research allowed to determine gaseous combustion products and showed their life cycle in the environment. A comparative analysis of selected pyrotechnic mixtures was carried out in terms of their impact on the climate change of gas products. Using the ICT-Thermodynamic Code program, gaseous combustion products were estimated and the life cycle was analysed using the SimaPro program. Determining the impact on the environment (upon the basis of Ecoindicator 99) allowed to know the scale of the problem and set the direction of development of the pyrotechnic industry, so that importers could compete not only with the price and quality of products offered, but also tried to reduce the potential impact on the environment.

Environmental monitoring of sacred artworks – A case study for the search for an index of correlation between particle concentration and mass of fine dust

The present work concerns the study of the concentration of Total Suspended Powders (TSP) mainly from uncombusted residues of smoke candles or incense. The aim is identifying the most critical situations for the preservation and conservation in situ of works of sacred art, normally exposed to the veneration of the faithful. These peculiar types of works of art cannot be placed out of context. This because the artifact is an object of worship for many years, it is often object to physical contati by the faithful, subjected to frequent expositions and microclimate changes. Also it suffers an intensive smoking derived from incense and votive candles. The experimental analysis carried out by the authors concerned the monitoring of TSP in the niche of the SS. Crucifix in the Church of St. Papino in Milazzo (ME). The niche, as well as the wooden statue of the Crucified contained, includes a great variety of objects of different nature: bone relics, scrolls, tapestries, precious votive offerings. At present all this precious material is been pouring in clear degradation. The monitoring of TSP was performed using a particle counter and a extractor plug with a collection filter for the gravimetric test. Tools have provided quantitative data of the number of particles per unit volume and the value of particles mass per unit volume, respectively. Then it was possible to determine a correlation marker between the two different instrumental control methods. Scanning electronic microscope analysis, applied to the samples collected, also provided detailed indication on the nature of various inorganic components stored on filters. The research results will lead to the definition of new screening equipment useful for particulate matter filtering or suppression, specifically in churches. These devices can be validated by subsequent and more detailed monitoring surveys.

Zinc dichloride. Determination in workplace air

Zinc dichloride is very soluble in water. It is used in galvanic processes, for wood impregna-tion, in the textile industry, in organic synthesis and for the production of explosives, for example smoke candles. Zinc dichloride has an irritating, corrosive and damaging effect on the eyes, mucous membranes of the airways, causes severe pneumonia, skin burns and systemic poisoning. Maximum allowable concentration value (MAC) for the inhalable fraction of zinc dichloride in Poland is 1 mg/m3 and the short-term exposure limit value (STEL) is 2 mg/m3. The aim of the study was to amend standard PN-Z-04367:2008 and to develop a method for determining zinc dichloride in workplace air in the range from 1/10 to 2 MAC values. The developed method of determination is based on taking a sample of air into two membrane filters, washing out zinc dichloride from the filters with deionized water and de-termining that compound as zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) with atomiza-tion in air-acetylene flame. The method allows determination of zinc dichloride in the work-place air in the concentration range of 0.07–2.17 mg/m3 (for an air sample with a volume of 720 L, which corresponds to 0.1–2.2 of the MAC value. The method is characterized by good precision and accuracy and meets the requirements of European Standard PN-EN 482 for procedures for the determination of chemical substances. The method for the determination of zinc dichloride has been recorded in the form of an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Toxicology and carcinogenesis study of dietary zinc (CASRN 5263-02-5) in Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats (feed study).

Zinc is a naturally occurring element and is ubiquitous in the environment. Zinc itself is stable in dry air, but exposure to moist air results in the formation of zinc oxide or basic carbonate. Due to the reactivity of zinc metal, it is not found as a free element in nature but as a variety of different compounds including zinc chloride, zinc oxide, and zinc sulfate. Zinc and zinc compounds are used across a wide range of industries that include rubber production, animal feed supplementation, as a fertilizer additive, in cosmetics and drugs, as a paint pigment, in dental cements, as a wood preservative, in batteries, in galvanizing and metal work, in textile production, in television screens and watches, and in smoke bombs. Of the zinc compounds, zinc oxide is the most widely used. Zinc was nominated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) for carcinogenicity and genotoxicity testing based on the increasing size of the population exposed to zinc through dietary supplements and the lack of studies examining the carcinogenicity of zinc. There was an additional nomination to investigate the tumorigenicity of zinc deficiency by private individuals as a result of data showing that deficiency of some vitamins and minerals in humans can cause DNA damage. Zinc carbonate basic was selected as the source of dietary zinc due to its use as the source of supplemental zinc in rodent diets. Male and female Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats were exposed to dietary zinc in feed for 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in rat peripheral blood erythrocytes, peripheral blood leukocytes, and colon epithelial cells. (Abstract Abridged).