Smith's Description Research Articles

Study of cleavage fracture in ferritic stainless steels Part II: Cleavage micro-mechanisms and critical stresses

Cleavage fracture and the mechanisms involved in different ferritic steel model microstructures are investigated according to grain sizes, precipitates and solute atoms in the matrix. For each case, one of these parameters is varied. Estimation of the critical stress for cleavage was investigated and discussed: it is shown to be determined from a simple Griffith inspired analysis or by employing the Smith's description. The description to adopt depends on careful analysis of the involved mechanisms. This aims at better understanding the governing parameters of the Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT) and to suggest routes for alloys processing to reduce the DBTT in ferritic steels.

Adam Smith on reputation, commutative justice, and defamation laws

We interpret Adam Smith on reputation, commutative justice, and defamation laws. We address two major questions. The first question concerns whether Smith thought that “one's own” as covered by commutative justice included one's reputation. Several passages point to the affirmative. But reputation is left out of Smith's “most sacred laws” description of commutative justice. Most importantly, so much of reputation—e.g., “Steve's work stinks”—does not fit Smith's description of commutative justice's rules (precise and accurate). Our reading makes use of older terminology from Pufendorf, Carmichael, and Hutcheson distinguishing “simple” and “intensive” reputation, and suggests that the “reputation” that sometimes appears in Smith's characterizations of “one's own” is of a simple variety (“Steve steals horses”) that potentially incites invasion of commutative justice's three staples—person, property, promises due. On that reading the “reputation” that comes under commutative justice, though not a staple, belongs to the penumbra around the three staples, just as incitement and endangerment belong to that penumbra. We also recruit Hume, who nowhere even hinted at reputation being a constituent of commutative justice. The second question is: Did Smith favor defamation laws (libel, slander) that reached beyond simple reputation, so as to cover some intensive-reputation detraction? Were Smith to favor intensive-reputation defamation laws (against, say, “Steve's work stinks”), we would have to count that as another exception made to the liberty principle. Smith's remarks are mixed, but we think he was rather inclined against aggressive or extensive laws of such kind. (Also, we draw a parallel to patent and copyright.) We also suggest that if Smith thought that wantonly telling malicious lies like “Steve's work stinks” was not in violation of commutative justice and, moreover, is best left perfectly legal, those are judgments that the liberal project's great prophet would hardly want to make plain, because indifferent readers would misunderstand them and adversaries would misrepresent them.

Learning from the Past: Considering the Ethics of Appropriation

Learning from the Past: Considering the Ethics of Appropriation

Captain John Smith's Indian “Maskarado”

SummaryA frequently overlooked bit of seventeenth‐century Powhatan Indian ethnography is Capt. John Smith's enigmatic description of a women's transvestite dance that he witnessed on a visit to the Powhatan principal town, Werowocomoco, in 1608. While he took this to be an impromptu entertainment for his benefit, this paper argues that it was the conclusion of extensive harvest celebrations, and that it ushered in a new year. After Smith's description to contemporary English culture, this paper offers an analysis of the ritual in Powhatan terms, confirming earlier work relating to Powhatan notions of gender and the significance of women as well as the central importance of Werowocomoco politically and cosmically.

Rhetoric and logic in Smith's Description of the Division of Labor

This article analyses the first chapter of the Wealth of Nations, where the division of labour is defined and its effects described. It first shows the rhetoric and logical effects that are used to win the reader's goodwill. Then it reviews nineteenth century debates on the validity of the theory. Finally, it cites three real cases, where the division of labour does not increase the productive power of labour. In conclusion, it suggests that the theory on division of labour appears to require some adjustment, while acknowledging that some of the facts underlying arguments in its support are naturally true.

Simon de Passe's cartographic portrait of Captain John Smith and a new England (1616/7)

The complex image John Smith New England 1 — designed and engraved by Simon de Passe (c.1595–1647) 2 and printed in London by one George Low in 1616/7 — has attracted the attention of many histori...

The Anglophone Toponyms Associated with John Smith's Description and Map of New England

AbstractThis article clarifies a well-known but hitherto unexamined phenomenon: the Anglophone toponyms imposed on Captain John Smith's map, New England ([1617]). It explains names that are otherwise obscure to modern historians and geographers, it considers the pattern of the new toponyms, and it allocates responsibility for the names not only to the future Charles I but also to Smith himself. It also lists the indigenous place and polity names recorded by Smith in his Description of New England (1616). It concludes with a cautionary tale concerning historiographic presumptions about the map's efficacy in shaping the adoption of toponyms by subsequent English colonists.

Leading Ministry Teams, Part II: Research on Effective Teams with Implications for Ministry Team Leadership

To date, the major research efforts on teams and teamwork are found solely in the publicatications of Larson and LaFasto (1989, 2001) as well as those of Katzenbach and Smith (1993, 2001). This article reviews their major findings and continued research in the last 20 years. Research on effective ministry teams in Christian ministry contexts shows a number of common elements that affirmed both Larson and LaFasto's eight characteristics of effective teams and Katzenbach and Smith's description of effective group fundamentals. Implications for church and parachurch ministries are considered in light of the biblical and theological review in part I, as well as the two major research efforts reviewed in this part II.

Toward a Theology of the Ministry of Presence in Chaplaincy

This paper examines the role and relationships of Christian chaplains in non-church settings. Covington's and Smith's description of presence as exercised by nurses has been adapted to fit the work of chaplains in order to provide a working definition. Next, a transcendental understanding of presence is explored, beginning with a description of an encounter with the presence of God. Third, the biblical understandings of the presence of God are examined. Fourth, the author draws on philosophical theology to consider the extent to which chaplains, nurses, clients and patients who are not believers experience the presence of God in encounters that might otherwise be described in terms of a caring presence. Fifth, he considers the role that common grace plays in this ministry. The conclusion incorporates discussion of a future work that might be done in this area.

L'archétype et le stemma des annales angevines et vendômoises

The manuscript Cotton Otho B III in the British Library, London, is a composite manuscript of which only a few fragments survived the fire in the Cotton Library in 1731. Thanks to Thomas Smith's description of the manuscript in the catalogue of 1696, the studies of Louis Halphen, as well as other evidence, it is now possible to identify the Recueil initial de Saint-Maurice d'Angers among the works once united in this historical compilation. The Recueil, which has two parts, is the archetype for several Angevin and Vendômois annals drawn up between the end of the eleventh century and the first half of the thirteenth. A partial reconstruction of the original text can now be envisaged using the Annales de Vendôme, the Annales dites de Renaud, the Annales de Saint-Aubin d'Angers, the Annales de Saint-Florent de Saumur, the Chronique de Saint-Maixent and the Obituaire de Saint- Serge d'Angers.

Did Pocahontas save Captain John Smith?

By the mid-19th century, Captain John Smith, the early Colonial expolorer and settler, was a well-known figure in American history. The story of how, in 1607, the Powhatan princess Pocahontas saved from execution by her tribe appeared in all the standard American histories. Numerous plays, novels and poems were devoted to the episode. Starting in the 1860s, however, scholars began to question Smith's published accounts of the Pocahontas incident, and a controversy ensued, with Henry Adams becoming Smith's most famous detractor. Today many scholars continue to regard Smith as a vainglorious braggart who lied about his rescue. Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? is an analysis of the historiography of this debate. Examining the primary and secondary evidence J.A. Leo Lemay aims to demonstrate that the incident did in fact occur. As Lemay notes, Adams' case against Smith (first published in 1867) hinged primarily on the fact that Smith's earliest accounts of his experiences in Virginia made no references to Pocahontas' intervention. It was not until 1624 that Smith published the well-known account of his rescue by Pocahontas. Following Adams and others who attacked Smith, a Hungarian scholar asserted in 1890 that Smith had also bragged and lied about his experiences in eastern Europe during the Hungarian wars against the Turks. This claim added fuel to the general scepticism about Smith's veracity as an historical reporter. Scholarly findings in the 20th century rehabilitated Smith's reputation somewhat by showing that the descriptions of the places and battles he had witnessed during his European adventures were accurate. Still, many felt that no convincing evidence existed to prove the Pocahontas story. A valuable rebuttal to Adams had been published by William Wirt Henry in 1875, but it was largely ignored and forgotten. As he re-evaluates the evidence, Lemay deduces that many old Virginia hands could have learned the story only from the Powhatan Indians. Moreover, even Smith's enemies - who were in a position to refute his story - never expressed doubt that Pocahontas had saved the Captain. The Reverend Samuel Purchas, who interviewed the Virginia colonists and the Indians who visited England, believed and repeated Smith's description of the incident. Finally, according to Lemay, Henry Adams' original attack on Smith was actually written during the Civil War as a South-baiting polemic and suppresses pertinent evidence. A tightly argued study, Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? not only refutes the outright sceptics, it reverses the prevailing judgement that the truth will never be known.

Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth

In a world with two similar, developed economies, economic integration can cause a permanent increase in the worldwide rate of growth. Starting from a position of isolation, closer integration can be achieved by increasing trade in goods or by increasing flows of ideas. We consider two models with different specifications of the research and development sector that is the source of growth. Either form of integration can increase the long-run rate of growth if it encourages the worldwide exploitation of increasing returns to scale in the research and development sector. I. INTRODUCTION Many economists believe that increased economic integration between the developed economies of the world has tended to increase the long-run rate of economic growth. If they were asked to make an intuitive prediction, they would suggest that prospects for growth would be permanently diminished if a barrier were erected that impeded the flow of all goods, ideas, and people between Asia, Europe, and North America. Yet it would be difficult for any of us to offer a rigorous model that has been (or even could be) calibrated to data and that could justify this belief. We know what some of the basic elements of such a growth model would be. Historical analysis (e.g., Rosenberg [1980]) shows that the creation and transmission of ideas has been extremely important in the development of modern standards of living. Theoretical arguments dating from Adam Smith's analysis of the pin factory have emphasized the potential importance of fixed costs and the extent of the market. There is a long tradition in trade theory of using models with Marshallian external effects to approach questions about increasing returns. More recently, static models with fixed costs and international specialization have been proposed that come closer to Smith's description of the sources of the gains from trade [Dixit and Norman, 1980; Ethier, 1982; Krugman, 1979, 1981; Lancaster, 1980]. There are also dynamic models with fixed costs and differentiated products in which output

The context of mediation

William Smith's article, Effectiveness of the Biased Mediator makes several important points, and has stimulated my thinking on several issues. I shall, however, confine my comments to a single subject-one with theoretical implications for the general study of negotiation. This subject is the contrast between the and the models of mediation. Smith's discussion of these models takes off from Pruitt's comments on versus non-traditional mediation, 1 and develops them further. In explaining why biased mediation is possible in the international arena, he describes and characterizes two contrasting models. Smith implies, rightly I believe, that we need not designate one model as useful and discard the other. By calling one and the other international, he suggests that both can be useful, and that each may be valid within a different situation or context. What now needs to be done is to identify and delimit their respective domains. While Smith's description and characterization of the two models is a helpful starting point, he stops short of stating the models' full implications. Perhaps, as his terminology suggests, he was not aware of these implications. Some preliminary comments about Smith's terminology may be useful at this point. The term refers to traditional notions or theories of mediation, whereas refers to an empirical domain or context. The two terms do not contrast, and their juxtaposition can be misleading. The model of mediation refers to traditional thinking, not to historical periods; it should not be contrasted with modern. On the contrary, the traditional model corresponds to certain contemporary situations. Likewise, the model should not be contrasted with a model. On the contrary, it is conceivable that mediation corresponding to the model can also take place within states. In other words, it is possible for a biased mediator to be effective in a domestic conflict, and for an impartial one to mediate successfully in the international arena.

The Use of Inflation Factors in Determining Settlements in Personal Injury and Death Suits: Comment

In a recent issue of this Journal,' Franklin Smith argues in essence that inflation adjustments made in personal injury and death suits tend to result in overpayments to plaintiffs. Using an example of needed units of food, he claims that inflation adjustments to meet future needs provide for unreasonable settlements that violate common sense. While agreeing that inflation adjustments pose fundamental problems of estimation in court suits, it must be pointed out that Smith's description and analysis of the problem confuse inflation adjustments and adjustments for real productivity increases. In addition, Smith apparently fails to recognize the connection between market rates of interest and inflation. The first part of this paper attempts to point out the confusion in Smith's analysis; a second part of the paper discusses the inflation issue as it relates to earnings and interest rates.

Employee Participation in Capital Growth

Only 3–8 per cent of those eligible to vote in Britain have a direct shareholding in British industry. Britain's capital owners are so few that they are continually at risk of “source punishment”. The Law of Social Punishment says: “Small‐minority groups are at risk of social punishment regardless of whether they appear to be privileged or under‐privileged”. History contains many examples of both privileged and under‐privileged minorities being victimised. The vendetta against capital in Britain is harmful to the whole economy and it promotes the continuation of an out‐of‐date ideological battle between the supporters of Adam Smith and those of Karl Marx. Yet neither Smith's description of how capital is accumulated nor Marx's description is an acceptable explanation of how capital is accumulated today inside the successful joint stock company. An up‐to‐date description of how capital is accumulated leads logically on to a policy of employee participation in capital growth. Britain needs such a policy, as effected in the United States and France, to create shareholders out of employees in the more successful companies and thereby promote a greater sense of employee participation in the economic system.

Mrs. Smith and the Morality of Persuasion

Research Article| December 01 1975 Mrs. Smith and the Morality of Persuasion K. K. Collins K. K. Collins Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nineteenth-Century Fiction (1975) 30 (3): 383–397. https://doi.org/10.2307/2933076 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation K. K. Collins; Mrs. Smith and the Morality of Persuasion. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 1 December 1975; 30 (3): 383–397. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2933076 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentNineteenth-Century Literature Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1975 By The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Economic and Social Trends in Tokugawa Japan

This article expresses some dissatisfaction with the state of interpretation of economic and social trends in Japan during the Tokugawa period from 1603 to 1867. At one time there was a universal view that the Tokugawa economy was stagnant and characterized by extreme oppression of the peasantry. This view has been demolished by the writings of, for example, T. C. Smith, E. S. Crawcour, S. Hanley, Kozo Yamamura and C. D. Sheldon. Yet, it is argued here, much confusion remains after a close examination of these and other works. Crawcour and Yamamura have shown that the financial crisis at the end of the period is closely associated with a sharp deceleration of the spread of commercial transactions, but it is at least arguable that the picture of ‘a happy and prosperous peasantry’ (which is, apparently, derived from T. C. Smith's description of a dynamic, expanding economy in the eighteenth century, with steady growth in agricultural productivity and increased urbanization) has been overdrawn.

The Typification of the Diatom Species Coscinodiscus Concinnus Wm. Smith and Coscinodiscus Granii Gough

The original descriptions of these two species are discussed and the material mentioned in Smith's description is examined. Discrepancies between Smith's description of Coscinodiscus concinnus and the present interpretation of this species are pointed out. Ways of typifying the two species so as to preserve current usage and still fulfil the requirement of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are given. Lectotypes for the two species are designated. Diagnostic characters distinguishing the two species in the living state as well as the cleaned valves are given.

Economic Thought in the Encyclopedie

Grains. Less widely known, perhaps, is the fact, first noted by Edwin Cannan, that Adam Smith's description of the art of pinmaking and discussion of the division of labour were taken from the Encyclopedie.2 Apart from these two references, little mention is to be found in the literature of economics to the Encyclopedie or to the role this colossal dictionary may have played in the diffusion of economic ideas. The economic thought of the encyclopaedists, or the economic ideas they chose to include in the Encyclopedie, are largely

North American Plutellus and Megascolides with Synonymical Notes (Annelida, Oligochaeta)

The truly endemic North American earthworms, though they constitute only a small part of the total earthworm population, are almost all representatives of the family Megascolecidae. This family, a very ancient one, has spread widely throughout the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere and is there represented by a very rich fauna. North American members of the family, with the exception of a few peregrine species of tropical origin, belong to the genera Diplocardia, Plutellus, and Megascolides. Diplocardia' is considered a very primitive genus, constituting a group of indigenous species which occur throughout the Midwest and South as well as the Great Basin, Lower California and Mexico, where the genus presumably originated as early as the Jurassic and spread northward.2 Because of the fact that the few persons who have worked on North American earthworms have done most of their work in the Midwest, the Diplocandia are relatively better known than Plutellus and Megascolides. West of the Rockies, the native earthworm fauna falls in the genera Plutellus and Megascolides and is very much richer in forms than a review of the literature would indicate. The genotype of Plutellus, Plutellus h,eteroporus Perrier, was described in 1873 from two specimens collected in Pennsylvania more than 50 years earlier and oddly enough has never been recorded since, nor has any other species of this genus been collected in the eastern United States. In 1892, Benham described a species which he ascribed to the genus Plutellus from Queen Charlotte Is. Eisen (1894 and 1900) described Califomian species of a new genus, Argilophilus, which, though representing a distinct group of species (perhaps of subgeneric rank) has since been united with Plutellus. Michaelsen (1921) described a closely related species, also Californian. Megascolides was described from Australasia in 1878 and until 1897 all the species came from that region. Smith's description of M. americanus in that year was therefore of considerable interest. This genus, like Plutellus, presumably originated in Australia and spread by way of Siberia and Alaska to the Pacific Coast. Smith's (1897 and 1936) and Altman's (1937) papers on Oregon and Washington worms describe a number of species in these two genera, but the present authors' studies indicate that there is a wealth of undescribed material in this region. One species of Plutellus has been described from Guatemala3 and many species of Plutellus and Megascolides have been described from Australia, India and Tasmania.