Smell Of Gas Research Articles

Alat Pendeteksi Kebocoran Gas menggunakan Sistem Mikrokontroler Arduino dengan Notifikasi SMS

The use of gas can have both good and bad effects, the good effect is increasing the effectiveness of cleaner heat production and reducing the concentration of pollutants in the air. Gas cylinders that explode as a result of human error or errors in the production process of LPG gas cylinders or gas hoses should receive immediate treatment so that they do not become more dangerous and result in more victims. Efforts can be made to reduce this incident by detecting the smell of gas from leaks in gas cylinders by a gas sensor implemented by a microcontroller. How this microcontroller-based gas leak detector works in a home can be seen in the MQ-2 Sensor. If the sensor detects a gas leak (MQ-2) in the room, the buzzer will light up as an alarm that a gas leak has occurred and the Arduino will give a command to the SIM800L GSM module to send an SMS notification to the home owner's cellphone. This tool works by reading gas levels which are tested using a portable stove with a gas source via a portable gas cylinder which contains the same butane compound as the compound in LPG gas. If the gas level is detected by the mq-2 sensor, an alarm will automatically come on indicating an occurrence. gas leak in the room. then the Arduino nano orders the SIML800 GSM module to send an SMS to the home owner that there has been a gas leak in the house so that the home owner can find out and replace the hose or regulator on the gas cylinder.

A Gendered Return

A Gendered Return

Hydrological and Chemical Budgets of Okama Crater Lake in Active Zao Volcano, Japan

The Okama Crater Lake is located in the highly active Zao Volcano on the boundary of Miyagi and Yamagata Prefectures, Japan. At present, the lake stays relatively calm with neither bubbling, steaming nor gas smell at a pH of 3.2–3.4, though the lake did change color with steaming from the water surface in 1939 as the result of one of Zao’s volcanic activities. In order to clarify the geothermal effect on Okama and the groundwater flow system below or around Okama, field observations were performed in 2019 and 2020. Groundwater inflow and outflow in Okama were separately evaluated by estimating the hydrological and chemical budgets of the lake, based on the hydrometeorology, water temperature and river inflow measured in the field. The average groundwater inflow and outflow were estimated at 0.012 m3/s and 0.039 m3/s during the non-rainfall periods of 2020, respectively. A surplus of groundwater outflow makes the lake level consistently decrease during non-rainfall periods or the completely ice-covered season. In the completely ice-covered periods, the water temperature consistently increased at 0–15 m above the lake bottom, which is probably due to thermal leakage from a hydrothermal reservoir below the lake bottom. The heat fluxes averaged over December 2019–April 2020 and December 2020–March 2021 were calculated at 2.5 and 2.9 W/m2, respectively. A coupling between the estimated groundwater inflow and the calculated geothermal heat flux was used to evaluate the temperature of inflowing groundwater.

Utilization of Gas Sensor Array and Principal Component Analysis to Identify Fish Decomposition Level

Fish meat is a source of minerals and protein and contains excellent nutrients for the human body. However, non-fresh (rotting) fish are sometimes in the market for sale. Consuming rotting fish puts people at risk of getting diseases. This paper describes research to build a smelling device (e-nose) to identify fish freshness. It aims at detecting unsafe fish flesh to sort them out from being sold. We cut red snapper into cubes and put them into an open space at room temperature for five days. During the period, a gas sensor array acquired data of gas smell from the rotting fish. The output voltage of the sensors was processed using the differential baseline method. Later, feature extraction took the maximum value from the response of the gas sensor array, while the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method identified the pattern. The results suggest that the gas sensor array responds to changes in the smell of fish meat that undergo a decay process. The PCA method is capable of recognizing the pattern of the maximum value characteristic of the gas sensor array response, as evidenced by the cumulative values of PC1 and PC2 reaching 95.95% with an accuracy rate of 98.2%. It shows the correlation between the aroma profiles of fish meat during the spoilage process, which produces a sharper aroma due to microbiological growth in the fish meat.

Implementation and design gas leakage detection system using ATMega8 microcontroller

In Indonesia and many countries for economic reasons and green energy LPG is widely used for cooking. This paper show implementation and design gas leakage detection system. The main objective of the project to build a gas LPG leakage detector using an LPG gas sensor and micro-controller. It developed a security system by providing an early Warning System to give a sign if there is a smell of gas around Home. If this system has been the existence of leakage and smell of LPG gas, then the system will give a sign of alarm or buzzer where if there is leakage of gas that smelling the LPG system will work and the early warning alarm of the system. That the presence of gas leakage signals on the sensors to work, the MQ-6 is the gas Sensor used to detect leakage gas LPG. The tool is designed to detect gas leaks that are then legible on the LCD screen and alarm, and in certain circumstances, the buzzer will sound. This MQ-6 sensor test is performed by measuring the sensor output with the Atmega8 microcontroller when the LPG gas is detected and then writes it on the LCD screen. This test was conducted to determine the contribution of the MQ-6 sensor. It becomes essential to protect gas leakage from damage and accident.

Monitoring of condensate flows with a view to improving the quality of the odorant at U-30 of the OGPP

Currently, mercaptans are produced synthetically both in the domestic and foreign industry, which makes them cost high. The formation fluid of the Orenburg and Karachaganak fields processed at the Orenburg GPP is a rich raw material source of low-boiling natural mercaptans. Currently, the composition of the odorant is impermanent. It differs in the limits of boiling and the mixture ratios of natural mercaptans. The composition of the synthesized odorant includes a mixture of mercaptans from C1 to C4 and higher. The presence of methylmercaptan is undesirable as it reduces the intensity of the gas smell. In addition, the presence of heavy mercaptans from C4 and higher is also undesirable as they tend to hydrate formation. Since only C2-C3 mercaptans are to be present in the odorant, there arose a problem of removing or reducing the unwanted mercaptans. To solve this problem, an analysis of the flow of condensates entering the U-30 was carried out in order to obtain a quality odorant. The quality of the produced odorant was improved by the exception and selection of the optimal ratio of incoming condensate flows. The research is aimed at improving the quality of the odorant derived at the U-30 facility of the Orenburg GPP from light condensate fractions, where there is used a mixture of internal condensates from facilities U-741 (installation of condensate stabilization BX-04), U-374 (fractionation department of gas treatment plant E-18), U-40 (propane blocks, condensate of dehydration), U-11 (regeneration unit glagola, condensate of dehydration) after stabilizing at U-09 (hydrocarbon condensate processing plant), and also the absorbent from U-90 (plant for production of broad fraction of light hydrocarbons).

Symptoms that are associated with decreased pancreatic enzyme flow: MRCP assessment.

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is one of the causes of malabsorption syndrome. In many cases of malabsorption syndrome, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can be treated with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Therefore, it is important to detect pancreatic endocrine insufficiency as early and accurately as possible. Recent studies have shown that cine-dynamic MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) may be useful to evaluate pancreatic exocrine function PURPOSE: To identify abdominal symptoms that suggest decreased flow of pancreatic enzyme secretion for which cine-dynamic MRCP should be performed to diagnose pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Prospective. In all, 111 patients with various types of abdominal symptoms. 5 T or 3 T, MRCP with spatially selective inversion recovery pulse (cine-dynamic MRCP). Cine-dynamic MRCP was performed and an 18-question clinical questionnaire on abdominal symptoms was administered. The secretion grade derived from cine-dynamic MRCP was compared between those answering "yes" and "no" for all 18 items STATISTICAL TESTS: Univariate analysis and further analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The associations between the secretion grade and the items in the clinical questionnaire were analyzed by univariate analysis and further analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The following three items showed significantly negative correlations with secretion grade: Q9, Does your rectal gas smell foul? (β = -0.44, P = 0.001); Q13, Is stool quantity large? (β = -0.41, P = 0.001); and Q18, Are your stools soft? (β = -0.53, P < 0.001). No significant correlations with exocrine pancreatic function measured by cine-dynamic MRCP were seen for the remaining 15 abdominal symptom items. Abdominal symptoms that suggest decreased flow of pancreatic enzyme secretion were foul rectal gas, large stool, and soft stool. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency due to decreased pancreatic enzyme flow may be suspected in patients with these abdominal symptoms. 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:417-423.

Evaluation of “Open Essence” odor-identification test card by application to healthy volunteers

In the United States and European countries, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Quick Smell Identification Test (Q-SIT), a shorter version of the UPSIT, and "Sniffin' Sticks" are widely used for testing olfaction. The odor stick identification test for Japanese (OSIT-J) has been manufactured in Japan. This was followed by the development of "Open Essence," consisting of cards that make use of sealed odorants. This study examined the usefulness of Open Essence in young volunteers with normal olfaction. The participants were 176 medical students in their clinical clerkships at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kochi Medical School Hospital. There were 111 males and 65 females, with a median age of 24 years (range 22-42 years). The olfactory function of all participants was confirmed as normal by screening with T&T olfactometry. Before beginning Open Essence, the subjects were asked to answer a questionnaire on their olfaction and habits. Females had significantly better smell identification than males. Of the 12 odorants, "perfume" and "cooking gas" were difficult to identify, because perfume involves different imagery and the compounds that give the smell of gas are readily volatilized. In contrast, all participants recognized "curry" and "menthol," probably because they are received as both somatosensory stimuli and smell. These results suggest that, with improvement, Open Essence might be used for testing olfaction in Japanese subjects.

The anecdotal evidence, did it help or hinder investigation of the Lake Nyos gas disaster?

Abstract In the aftermath of the Lake Nyos disaster it was widely reported that a smell af “bad eggs” or “gunpowder” was associated with the cloud of toxic gas. In general these reports have been accepted at face value by scientists working on the disaster and used, with varying degrees of emphasis, to support favoured hypotheses. Six possible explanations for the reported smell are considered in this paper and three of them are either rejected or regarded as very unlikely: 1. (1) Volcanic gas from beneath the lake — very unlikely. 2. (2) Hydrogen sulphide exolved from the lake water — rejected. 3. (3) High concentrations of carbon dioxide causing “olfactory hallucinations” — rejected. 4. (4) An illusion reflecting the expectation of some of those who questioned the survivors and of stories which subsequently started to circulate — most likely. 5. (5) An illusion reflecting an association between death and the smell of gunpowder in the culture of some of the peoples of the area — a possible contributary factor. 6. (6) Confusion between the smell of gas and the taste of lake water in the toxic cloud — a probable contributing factor. My general conclusion is that an over reliance on anecdotal evidence has seriously hindered investigation of the Lake Nyos disaster and will continue to do so if hypotheses which rely heavily on such evidence are taken too seriously.

Shacks, People And Petroleum

Abstract Tents, shacks and small houses served as the first living quarters in Turner Valley Heat, water, sanitarian, business, leisure, entertainment and crime were to develop in due course. But at first it was a lot like an extended campout. Dingman No. 1 made the Valley famous in 1914. The closest town was Black Diamond, a farming community centre. Even by 1924 when the spectacular Royalite NO.4 well blew in, only a few buildings existed at the present site of the town of Turner Valley. A panorama photograph, one of those mind-bending photos that looks south at one end and north at the other, shows only a few buildings near those famous wells in 1925. Seventeen derricks or well heads dot the panorama view. Sam Coultis lived on the hill which became known as Snob Hill across the river and southeast from the plant. Just below the riverbank sat the houses of his workmen. Each day they walked across a foot bridge to the small plant. A school, some company offices and warehouses, a few homes near the wells where the men were employed and the famous flare in the coulee called Hell's Half Acre complete the picture. This was the beginning of the boomtime for Turner Valley. Housing at first consisted of tents. As the permanence of the oilfield became obvious, some people built houses but many just lived in tar paper shacks. That is, tar paper was the only covering on the small frame buildings, built on skids, that were hauled from one work site to the next. Some shacks eventually got a protective coat of siding but still, they were small. One lady commented that the cars were bigger than the houses so that the cars could pull the houses around. Full sized houses were built for the plant management at the top of Snob Hill. Other people rented or bought land but many just squatted, with no thought or care for a title, until they moved to the next worksite. The only settlement to survive the years since the 1920s was Black Diamond. Even there many of the houses had come from many other communities before settling down for good. Heat was an important commodity when you lived in a tar paper shack, years before insulation or central heating. Most buildings were heated with waste gas from anyone of the numerous nearby wells. Seldom did the gas cost much, if anything, but the unscrubbed fuel exacted other payments. First it just plain stank. A high sulphur content made the valley smell like rotten eggs when the gas was burned. Next the pressure was highly unpredictable. One lady boasted she could cook a turkey in 20 minutes when the pressure was up to 220 pounds per square inch. Another lady died when her house blew up after a gas leak filled her house with gas. Not only did the gas smell. One story says that when the vicar was coming for tea the silver tea service was highly polished and then covered carefully to keep it bright.