Smears Of Women Research Articles

Enhancing awareness of breast self-examination and pap smears for early detection of breast and cervical cancer

Reproductive health problems, especially breast cancer and cervical cancer are the most common cancers diagnosed in women in Indonesia. Currently, several testing methods to detect breast and cervical cancer early, such as breast self-examination (BSE) and pap smears, have been used to reduce cancer risk factors. However, these two methods are still not widely used. Outreach activities have been proven to increase knowledge about the importance of BSE and pap smears in women. This community service program aims to increase knowledge about the causes and symptoms of breast and cervical cancer, as well as early detection using BSE and pap smears. This service activity plan consisted of preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The method used consists of delivering interactive material, discussion, and practice. This activity was attended by 38 participants, consisting of women from PKK cadres in the Andir area, Ciroyom District, the majority of whom were over 35 years old. Based on the results of the post-test, this community service activity was successful in increasing participants' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards breast and cervical cancer as well as the early detection methods of BSE and pap smears.

Prevalence of abnormal Pap smear in women attending gynecological clinic in Al-Kadhimya hospital in 2022-2023

Prevalence of abnormal Pap smear in women attending gynecological clinic in Al-Kadhimya hospital in 2022-2023

Primary screening of cervical cancer by Pap smear in women of reproductive age group.

Cancer cervix is a major health problem responsible for causing a higher mortality rate in women worldwide; the exponential increase in such cases can be reduced by early screening of women. The cytology-based cervical screening had a higher success rate in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of Pap smear screening to find cytological abnormalities and precancerous lesions. Sexually active women over 21 years of age were enrolled for the study. A detailed history was taken on the preformed proforma, and all were subjected to vaginal examination. Samples for Pap smear were taken with the help of Ayre spatula and immediately spread over a marked grease-free glass slide and dipped into 95% ethyl alcohol fixative for cytological examination. Most of the abnormality of the epithelial cells found was in the age range of 31-50 years, and most of them were multiparous. 47.92% of the women had a chief complaint of vaginal discharge, an irregular menstrual cycle in 11.07%, and abdominal pain in 7.83%, while 30.41% were asymptomatic. Women found negative for intraepithelial neoplasia were 82.94%, while 13.36% had an inflammatory smear. 0.92% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 2.78% Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were found, no woman had High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Pap smear is a simple, cost-effective, non-invasive, and easy to perform tool for early detection of precancerous lesions, and it is evident that every woman above the age of 25-30 years must be recommended for cervical screening.

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae PCR detection in women treated for ectopic pregnancy

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis (ChT) and Neisseria gonorrhoae (NG) in the genital tract of women with ectopic pregnancy and to compare the positive results with patients’ self-reported history of PID. Overall 40 women were eligible for the study. The samples for the ChT and NG Polymerase Chain-reaction (PCR) detection were obtained from the cervix, endometrium and fallopian tube. The results of testing for NG at all sites were negative as were the results from cervical testing for ChT. The prevalence of ChT in the upper genital tract was 12.5%. No statistically significant correlation was found between the positive cases and the previous signs of PID and laparoscopic findings. We found statistically significant relationship between signs of pelvic inflammation in a pacients’ history and histopathological findings of tubal inflammation. 12.5% prevalence of ChT confirms the ascending genital infection. There was no association between the positive PCR result and clinical history of pelvic inflammation. IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? Pelvic inflammatory disease, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoae infections are the main risks for ectopic pregnancy. Clinical history of PID and perioperative adhesions may suggest prior upper genital infection. What do the results of this study add? Chlamydia trachomatis positive PCR result can be found in the upper genital tract without the positivity of cervical smear in women with ectopic pregnancy. Our study is unique in assessing the endometrial biopsy for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoae. What are the implications of these findings for future clinical practice and/or future clinical research? There is no statistically significant association between positive PCR result and clinical history of PID or pelvic adhesions found during laparoscopy for tubal pregnancy. Therefore there is no need for the preventive antibiotic treatment in patients with these findings.

Diagnostic performance of p16/Ki-67 dual immunostaining at different number of positive cells in cervical smears in women referred for colposcopy

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of p16/Ki-67 dual immunostaining (p16/ Ki-67 DS) in cervical cytology and the number of positive p16/Ki-67 cells to diagnose high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) in colposcopy population.Subjects and methodsWe performed an analysis on a subset cohort of 174 women enrolled within a large-scale randomised controlled human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling project organised as part of the population-based Cervical Cancer Screening Programme ZORA in Slovenia. This subset cohort of patients was invited to the colposcopy clinic, underwent p16/Ki-67 DS cervical cytology and had the number of p16/Ki-67 positive cells determined.ResultsAmong analysed women, 42/174 (24.1%) had histologically confirmed CIN2+. The risk for CIN2+ was increasing with the number of positive cells (p < 0.001). The sensitivity of p16/Ki-67 DS for detection of CIN2+ was 88.1%, specificity was 65.2%, positive predictive value was 44.6% and negative predictive value was 94.5%.ConclusionsDual p16/Ki-67 immunostaining for the detection of CIN2+ has shown high sensitivity and high negative predictive value in our study, which is comparable to available published data. The number of p16/Ki-67 positive cells was significantly associated with the probability of CIN2+ detection. We observed a statistically significant and clinically relevant increase in specificity if the cut-off for a positive test was shifted from one cell to three cells.

Prevalence of anal cytological abnormalities and high-risk human papillomavirus prevalence in kidney transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study.

Transplant recipients are at high-risk of anal squamous cell cancer. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and assess characteristics associated with results METHODS: We recruited kidney transplant recipients in a single-center, 2015-2018. Participants completed a clinical questionnaire and received an anal-swab sent for HPV-DNA and cytological testing RESULTS: A total of 97 (74%) of 125 recipients approached consented to participate. Participants were median 47 (IQR 40-55) years, 60% male and median 4.5 (IQR .9-13) months-since-transplant. Of 86 assessable samples, at least one HPV genotype was detected in 15 (17%) participants; 1 (1%) HPV16, 8 (9%) other high-risk HPV. Of 76 assessable cytology samples, 9 (12%) showed evidence of abnormality; 1 (1%) HSIL, 1 (1%) atypical-squamous-cells, cannot exclude HSIL. Both HSIL recipients had high-risk HPV and biopsy confirmed HSIL. High-risk HPV was detected in six (9%) recipients with normal cytology. History of sexually transmitted infection, and abnormal cervical pap smear in women, was associated with high-risk HPV and HSIL CONCLUSIONS: High-risk HPV and HSIL testing may identify kidney transplant recipients at higher risk of anal cancer. Longitudinal studies are needed to describe the natural history of anal cancer in transplant recipients.

AWARENESS REGARDING PAP SMEAR AMONG WOMEN IN BAGHDAD CITY, IRAQ

The aim: The aim of this study was to determine the awareness level regarding pap smear in women living in Baghdad city, Iraq. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 265 women living in Baghdad city using internet-based survey. Questionnaire was adopted from a previous study to measure the awareness level among women. Results: the results showed that only 8(3%) of the respondent had a family history of cervical cancer. Almost (94%) have heard about cervical cancer, while only (38%) knew that HPV virus is the cause of cervical cancer. Majority of the respondents (87%) heard about pap smear while only 67 (25.0 %) had performed pap smear before. A total of 86% agreed that early diagnosis is important in treating of the cervical cancer. Conclusions: Majority of women heard of cervical cancer and pap smear, but the level of its practice is still low with only 25% of respondents had performed it before. More health promotion is needed especially, at the primary care level regarding the importance of performing regular pap smear especially for women with family history of the cervical cancer.

The prevalence of abnormal pap smear in women with pelvic inflammatory disease and determine the risk factors of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia 2/3

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of abnormal Pap (ASCUS or worse) and HPV infection in women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and assess the risk factors for CIN2/3. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 249 women who were admitted to the hospital for the treatment of PID between 2013 and 2019 was performed. Patients’ characteristics including age, parity, sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection, Pap results, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, Nugent score, C-reactive protein (CRP), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were retrieved. Clinical characteristics were compared between group 1 (women with normal pap; N = 159) and group 2 (women with abnormal Pap; N = 90). Results: Of 249 women, abnormal Pap rate was 36.1% and HPV positivity was 41.0%. Of those with HPV infection, 78.4% had high-risk HPV subtypes. Group 2 was significantly associated with high-risk HPV infection (P &lt; 0.0001) and low NLR (P = 0.047). 74 women underwent colposcopy-directed punch biopsy, and 14 showed CIN2/3. Multivariate analysis showed that high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.040; 95% CI 1.081-32.389) and low Nugent score (≤ 3) (P = 0.003; 95% CI 2.130-39.807) were independent risk factors of CIN2/3 in women with abnormal Pap and PID. Conclusions: Women with PID showed high prevalence of abnormal Pap. Nonetheless, high-risk HPV infection and low Nugent score are the most reliable factors in determining colposcopy for the diagnosis of CIN2/3.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MOTIVASI MELAKUKAN PEMERIKSAAN PAP SMEAR PADA WANITA USIA SUBUR

Background. One cause of death of women in Indonesia is cancer, one of which is cervical cancer. According to the 2013 Riskesdas data the incidence of cancer in Central Java was 2.1% with 1.2% being cervical cancer. Cervical cancer swallows many female victims in Indonesia, although it should be prevented by making efforts to prevent and detect early, one of them by carrying out a pap smear examination.&#x0D; The Aim of the Study. Knowing the factors that affecting motivation conducting pap smear examination in woman of childbearing age. &#x0D; Subject and Method. The research was analytic correlation design. The population in this study were women of childbearing age in the village of Wiragunan in September 2019 to March 2020 totaling 60 respondents. The sampling technique used is saturation sampling technique. The results of the study were analyzed using the Chi-Square Correlation Test.&#x0D; Result. Respondents with high knowledge were 44 (73.33%), who had low knowledge of 16 respondents (26.67%). High family support there are 43 respondents (71.67%), low family support 17 respondents (28.33%). While respondents with high motivation 42 (70%) and low motivation 18 (30%). The results of the Chi Square analysis of the level of knowledge (p = 0.001), family support (p = 0.001) on the motivation to do the pap smear.&#x0D; Conclusion. There is a relationship of knowledge about cervical cancer with the motivation to conduct pap smears in women of childbearing age. And there is a relationship of family support with the motivation to do a pap smear test on women of childbearing age.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : cervical cancer, family support, knowledge, motivation, pap smear test&#x0D; &#x0D; Korespondensi: Sri Aminingsih. STIKES PANTI KOSALA SURAKARTA. Jalan Raya Solo - Baki Km. 4 Gedangan, Grogol, Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah. &#x0D; Email: s.aminingsih@yahoo.co.id.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MOTIVASI MELAKUKAN PEMERIKSAAN PAP SMEAR PADA WANITA USIA SUBUR

Background. One cause of death of women in Indonesia is cancer, one of which is cervical cancer. According to the 2013 Riskesdas data the incidence of cancer in Central Java was 2.1% with 1.2% being cervical cancer. Cervical cancer swallows many female victims in Indonesia, although it should be prevented by making efforts to prevent and detect early, one of them by carrying out a pap smear examination. The Aim of the Study. Knowing the factors that affecting motivation conducting pap smear examination in woman of childbearing age. Subject and Method. The research was analytic correlation design. The population in this study were women of childbearing age in the village of Wiragunan in September 2019 to March 2020 totaling 60 respondents. The sampling technique used is saturation sampling technique. The results of the study were analyzed using the Chi-Square Correlation Test. Result. Respondents with high knowledge were 44 (73.33%), who had low knowledge of 16 respondents (26.67%). High family support there are 43 respondents (71.67%), low family support 17 respondents (28.33%). While respondents with high motivation 42 (70%) and low motivation 18 (30%). The results of the Chi Square analysis of the level of knowledge (p = 0.001), family support (p = 0.001) on the motivation to do the pap smear. Conclusion. There is a relationship of knowledge about cervical cancer with the motivation to conduct pap smears in women of childbearing age. And there is a relationship of family support with the motivation to do a pap smear test on women of childbearing age. Keywords : cervical cancer, family support, knowledge, motivation, pap smear test Korespondensi: Sri Aminingsih. STIKES PANTI KOSALA SURAKARTA. Jalan Raya Solo - Baki Km. 4 Gedangan, Grogol, Sukoharjo, Jawa Tengah. Email: s.aminingsih@yahoo.co.id.

HPV 16/18/45 Are Not The Most Frequent Genotypes In Women Of African-American Descent: Analysis In Cervical Pap Smears Of Women In An Inner-City Hospital

Abstract Introduction/Objective HPV-driven cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women. More African American (AA) and Hispanic women are reported to get HPV-associated cervical cancer than women of other ethnicities, possibly because of decreased access to testing or treatment. High variation has been reported in the attribution of specific HPV genotypes among various ethnicities and races. Here we report the distribution of high- risk (HR) HPV genotypes in an inner-city hospital that primarily serves an AA population. Methods Genotyping of HR-HPV+ (encompassing 14 genotypes) cervical cytology specimens commenced in October 2018 at our institution. The presence of genotypes 16, and 18/45 (combined) are separately reported; 11 other high-risk genotypes are pooled in cases that were HR-HPV+. The HR-HPV and HPV genotyping assays were performed by the Aptima method (Hologic, Inc.) Distribution of HPV genotypes by the Bethesda diagnostic categories for the period October 2018 to March 31, 2020 was evaluated. Results A total of 13,160 cervical Pap smear cases were screened, and 10,060 cases were tested for HR-HPV. HR- HPV positive rate was 14% (1412/10060), of which 78% were in African Americans (AA), 14% in Hispanics, 4% in Caucasians, and 4% in others. HPV genotyping results were available for 1136 of the HR-HPV + cases. The cytology diagnoses (n) with their corresponding HPV genotyping results and distribution (HPV16, HPV18/45, and other HPVs), respectively, are as follows: NILM (270), 3.7%, 5.9%, and 90.4%; ASCUS (415), 8.2%, 6.8%, and 84.8%; LSIL (247), 8.1%, 13.0%, and 78.1%; ASCH (100), 18.0%, 13.0%, and 67.0%; HSIL (74), 20.3%, 14.9%, and 60.8%; AGC (30), 6.66%, 3.33%, and 90.0%, respectively. Co-infection with both HPV 16 and HPV 18/45 was seen in only 0.7% of all cases (4.0% of HSIL). Conclusion Overall, the HR-HPV positive rate was 14.0%. HPV 16/18/45 positivity accounts for ~18% of all HR-HPV positive cases. HPV 16/18/45 positivity is lowest in Pap-negative cases (9.6%) and highest in cases with HSIL (39.2%). Co-infection with HPV 16 as well as 18/45 is rare. This study highlights that in women of AA descent, it is not HPV genotypes 16/18/45 but other HPV genotypes that are more frequent.

Abstract 1123: Simultaneous p16/ki-67 expression in detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, in women with ASC in cervical smears

Abstract Background Immunocytochemical staining for overexpression of the cell-cycle regulatory protein p16INK4a has been shown to be an efficient approach to triage to colposcopy women with cervical smears categorized as Atypical Squamous Cells (ASC). Overexpression of p16 is associated with the transforming activity of the HR-HPV-E7 oncoprotein in cervical dysplasia. Ki-67 is a marker of cell proliferation of dysplastic epithelium. The efficiency of p16 and Ki-67 separately has been widely described. In high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (H-SIL) and cancer they can be co-expressed and the identification of cells with double staining reactivity (p16/Ki-67) can be used as an indicator of H-SIL. We aim to evaluate the diagnostic performance of double p16/Ki-67 staining in the detection of underlying H-SIL in cytological smears of women referred to colposcopy due to an ASC cervical smear result. Design Prospective diagnostic test study. It took 18 months to complete the representative number of cases considering the prevalence of ASC in the colposcopy consultation. Samples were included from patients referred to colposcopy with a cytological diagnosis of ASC. Liquid based cytology was taken and processed to obtain a blank cytological preparation. The p16/Ki-67 staining was performed using CINtec Plus™. The immunoreactivity for both markers evidenced by one or more cervical epithelial cells with brown cytoplasmic immunostaining for p16, and nuclear red for Ki-67, was evaluated by two pathologists blind to colposcopy or biopsy results. Biopsies and/or endocervical curettage were obtained when the colposcopist considered necessary and they were considered as gold standard. In cases where there was no visible lesion and no biopsy was taken, colposcopy was considered gold standard and it was classified as: satisfactory/unsatisfactory, negative/normal or positive/abnormal. A high-grade biopsy lesion (≥ CIN2) with H&amp;E was considered as a final diagnosis. Results There were 120 cases included of ASC (114 ASCUS and 6 ASC-H), from women between 18 and 82 years (mean=38.6). 90 (75.0%) cases had histological study: 62 (68.9%) biopsies and 28 (31.1%) endocervical curettages, of which 17 (14.28%) cases had ≥CIN2, and none were cases of invasive cancer. p16/Ki-67 staining was positive in 21 (17.5%) cases, (64.7% sensitivity for ≥CIN2). All the ASC-H cases (3, 100%), and 57.1% of ASCUS cases with ≥CIN2 as final diagnosis were positive to p16/Ki-67. The specificity of p16/Ki-67 dual staining was greater than 90%. Conclusions There was a p16/Ki-67 specificity that exceeded the values ​​published in other studies on this double staining, but, the positivity and sensitivity estimates were lower than reported previously. The variability of p16/Ki-67 staining in HSILs would reflect the heterogeneity of these lesions. Citation Format: Lia Barrios, Luis Alvis, Ines Benedetti. Simultaneous p16/ki-67 expression in detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, in women with ASC in cervical smears [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 1123.

Cryotherapy of Genital Warts.

Introduction:Genital warts are a frequent form of sexually transmitted disease. Cryotherapy represents the first line of therapy. Healing occurs in 94%, and recurrence in 10% . Side effects are common during the treatment.Aim:The aim of this study is to determine the successfulness of cryotherapy of genital warts, frequency of recurrence, and side effects.Patients and methods:In a retrospective study, data from 50 women with genital warts who were treated in the Gynecological Centre “Dr Mahira Jahić” in Tuzla in a period from 2012–2018 were analyzed. Every woman was treated with cryotherapy. Treatments were repeated every 7 days, maximal number of treatments being 7. In processing of data, X2statistical method was used.Results:50% (N-25) of genital warts eliminated after 3 treatments with cryotherapy . Genital warts are eliminated in 78% (N-39) of women, while this treatment was unsuccessful in 18% (N-9). Recurrence after 3 months in 4% (N-2). Most common side effect was exudation in 78% (N-39), swelling in 72% (N-36) and pain in 66% (N-33). PAP smears in women with genital warts in 64% (N-34) of cases were inflammatory benign changes, while in 36% (N-18) mild abnormal changes in cells ASCUS and LSIL were found. LSIL lesions of cervix are more common (p<0,01) in women with genital warts of vulva.Conclusion:Cryotherapy is a method with a high success rate in healing of genital warts, and it decreases the concentration of HPV virus and removes the trigger that allows the development of cancer.

Study of cervical papanicolaou smear in intrauterine contraceptive device users in a tertiary care hospital

Background: The use of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) generally has been known to be safe and effective but tends to have some side effects. Reproductive tract infection is one of the major complications caused by prolonged usage of an IUCD. Cervical smears have shown an increase in inflammation, inflammatory epithelial changes, or metaplastic cells among the IUCD users as compared to nonusers. There is also a predisposition to higher rate of infections such as Actinomyces, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to study changes in cervical cytology in IUCD users and to assess the risk of epithelial cell abnormalities among IUCD users compared to nonusers. Materials and Methods: A 2-year cross-sectional study was carried out to screen Papanicolaou (Pap) smears in women of the reproductive age group who were categorized as IUCD and non-IUCD users. Results and Observations: A total of 1100 (550 + 550) Pap smears from IUCD and non-IUCD users were analyzed. Among IUCD users, 544 cases (98.90%) were adequate for reporting including 533 cases (97.98%) showing negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) and 11 cases (2.02%) showing epithelial cell abnormality (ECA). In non-IUCD users, 541 cases (98.36%) were adequate for reporting. Among these, 538 cases (99.44%) showed NILM and 3 cases (0.56%) showed ECA. Conclusion: In IUCD users, the prevalence of infections and ECA is higher than non-IUCD users.

Barriers to the Pap Smear in Women of Fertile Age

Barriers to the Pap Smear in Women of Fertile Age

Association between high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, age, and number and interval of smears in women in Araçatuba, Brazil

More than half of patients were underscreened and the number of patients aged 20–24 years with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was not irrelevant.This article includes a Portuguese translation, available in the Supporting Information section.

Prevalens, viral load and types diversity of high-risk HPV in patients with infl ammatory and tumor diseases

Objective: analysis of the type-specific prevalence of high-risk HPV in dependence on gender, age, the presence of cancer. Material and methods: 424 patients of the RRIO were examined. Urogenital smears in women and in men, urine in men were tested for HPV DNA using PCR. Results: The relative share of HPV-positive patients was 34.4% in women and 39.9% in men. The percentage of HPV-positive patients decreased in older women and increased in men. HPV was registered more oft en in women younger than 25 and older than 45 years old and in men aged 26-45 years. Multiple-type HPV infection was registered more oft en in young patients. HPV 16 was the most prevalent in men and women; next most prevalent types were HPV 31, 52, 18 and 56 in women and HPV 52, 56, 45 and 18 in men. HPV 51 was found in women only. HPV infections were registered in cancer patients 1.9 times more oft en than in patients with inflammatory diseases. A high viral load prevailed in women with cancer; viral load with varying clinical significance was equally frequent in patients with inflammatory diseases. Combinations of simultaneous infection with HPV and STI agents in women with cancer amounted to 70.6% of the total number of STI-positive patients and 41.5% in women with inflammatory diseases, in men – 66.7% and 38.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The obtained results allowed to reveal gender and age differences in the HPV prevalence in dependence on gender, age and the presence of cancer.

Pap smear in women with leucorrhea : Experience in a tertiary medical college hospital of Bangladesh

Background : Poor genital hygiene has been responsible for high prevalence of excessive vaginal discharge. Leucorrhoea is the clinical evidence of infection and can be treated satisfactorily whenever diagnosed. Occurrence of various cervical epithelial lesion associated with discharge can be easily prevented if detected early. Majority of the patients with various cervical epithelial lesion attending in the hospital present with varying degree of vaginal discharge and cytological cellular aberrations in the cervical epithelium.Objective : The aim of the present study is to observe the various patterns of cervical epithelial lesions in cytopathology and associated infections in patients with Leucorrhoea.Methodology : This observational study was done over a period of ten months in Popular Medical college hospitals of Bangladesh. A total of 230 cases were included in the study with women of age range 15-45 years, complaining of leucorrhoea. After a thorough vaginal examination Pap smears were taken and immediately fixed in absolute alcohol and stained according to the papanicolaous technique. The cytopathological changes observed in the cervical smears were graded according to the Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology.Results : Out of 230 cases the cytological patterns were found Normal in 4 (1.7%), Inflammatory 204 (88.3%), Low grade squamous intraepithelial (LSIL)10 (4.8%), High grade squamous intraepithelial (HSIL) 6(2.6%), Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) 6 (2.6%) and the distribution of different types of pathogens detected were Trichomonas 33 (70.62%), Candida albicans 19 (40.66%).Conclusion : In this study significant numbers of Leucorrhoea patients were detected with cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in which LSIL (Low grade squamous intraepithelial) was higher. Associated infections were Trichomonas and Candida albicans. Therefore cytological screening for early detection of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion is essential routine medical examination for Leucorrhoea patients in gynaecological practice.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.9(1) July 2017: 252-254

The Effect of Educational intervention base on Health Belief Model on performing Pap smears in women of Fasa city

The Effect of Educational intervention base on Health Belief Model on performing Pap smears in women of Fasa city

Spectrum of Cervical Cytological Lesions in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women

Background: Screening with Pap smear initially targets women with higher prevalence of high grade precancerous cervical lesions [Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 2/3 (CIN2/CIN3)] - women mostly in their third and fourth decade. But different conditions affect uterine cervix, including non neoplastic & neoplastic diseases, at different age. Thus, the Pap smears findings should vary in premenopausal & post menopausal groups. Methods: A prospective study of two years was conducted to screen Pap smears in women who were categorised as premenopausal age group 60 years. Conclusion: It is suggested that the Pap screening should not be ceased, but be continued beyond 60 years of age. In premenopausal age, along with SIL, the possibility of malignancy should not be neglected & infections should also be paid more attention. Thus, irrespective of the age of female after 30 yrs, it is highly recommended for them to undergo PAP screening. DOI: 10.21276/APALM.1661