Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version Research Articles

Smartphone addiction and mental health problems among Vietnamese undergraduate students: the mediating role of sleep quality

This study aims to explore how sleep quality act as a mediator between smartphone addiction and mental health problems among Vietnamese undergraduate students. In this study, self-report questionnaires, including the Smartphone Addiction Scale, Short Version (SAS-SV), the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, 21 (DASS-21), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale (PSQI), were filled out by 905 students who had an average age of 19.83 years (SD = 1.30). 561 students, accounting for 62% of all participants do not suffer from smartphone addiction, while 344 students, representing 38.0% of all participants suffer from smartphone addiction. Female students exhibited a higher level of smartphone addiction compared to male students (p < 0.05). This study found a positive correlation between smartphone addiction and stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. The relationship between smartphone addiction and mental health problems (stress, anxiety, and depression) was shown to be mediated by sleep quality. Several research and practice suggestions are provided.

Social Media Usage for Medical Education and Smartphone Addiction Among Medical Students: National Web-Based Survey.

Social media (SoMe) have taken a major place in the medical field, and younger generations are increasingly using them as their primary source to find information. This study aimed to describe the use of SoMe for medical education among French medical students and assess the prevalence of smartphone addiction in this population. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among French medical students (second to sixth year of study). The questionnaire collected information on SoMe use for medical education and professional behavior. Smartphone addiction was assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short-Version (SAS-SV) score. A total of 762 medical students responded to the survey. Of these, 762 (100%) were SoMe users, spending a median of 120 (IQR 60-150) minutes per day on SoMe; 656 (86.1%) used SoMe for medical education, with YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook being the most popular platforms. The misuse of SoMe in a professional context was also identified; 27.2% (207/762) of students posted hospital internship content, and 10.8% (82/762) searched for a patient's name on SoMe. Smartphone addiction was prevalent among 29.1% (222/762) of respondents, with a significant correlation between increased SoMe use and SAS-SV score (r=0.39, 95% CI 0.33-0.45; P<.001). Smartphone-addicted students reported a higher impact on study time (211/222, 95% vs 344/540, 63.6%; P<.001) and a greater tendency to share hospital internship content on social networks (78/222, 35.1% vs 129/540, 23.8%; P=.002). Our findings reveal the extensive use of SoMe for medical education among French medical students, alongside a notable prevalence of smartphone addiction. These results highlight the need for medical schools and educators to address the responsible use of SoMe and develop strategies to mitigate the risks associated with excessive use and addiction.

Is There a Difference in Pulmonary Functions and Craniovertebral Angle Among Adolescents Based on Their Smartphone Usage Time? A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: People who use smartphones for extended periods run the risk of developing cumulative trauma. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of using smartphones on pulmonary function and craniovertebral angle (CVA) among adolescents and compare addicted and nonaddicted ones. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 71 boys and 57 girls; Participants were categorized into two groups according to their scores on the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) for adolescents. Addicted group (score &gt; 32, n =37 M /27 F) while non-addicted group (score ≤ 32, n = 34 M/30 F). The outcome variables were craniovertebral angle (CVA), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and the FEV1/FVC ratio. Results: The findings of this study suggest a moderately strong negative relationship between smartphone addiction and CVA, as well as a weak negative association between smartphone addiction and the FEV1/FVC ratio. However, no significant correlations were found between smartphone addiction and FEV1 (r = -0.128, p = 0.149) or FVC (r = -0.019, p = 0.835). Conclusion: using smartphones for a long time had a bad impact on CVA and pulmonary function in adolescents.

Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents in Southern Italy and Correlation with Other Risky Behaviors.

Addiction to smartphone is defined as the disability to cease using the device despite the physical, psychological, or social consequences. The diagnosis of this disorder is increasing exponentially among teenagers, even more so after Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aims to analyze the risk of mobile phone addiction among teenagers in Italy and its relationship with other risk behaviors, such as drug consumption and emotional well-being, following the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Catania, Sicily, during 2022. The study sample comprised 342 students from a secondary education center that answered to a validated Italian version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) accessing through computers and mobile devices. Subjective Wellbeing was measured with the Personal Wellbeing Index-School Children (PWI-SC). Also, they completed the NIAAA Brief Alcohol Use Screener. Our results showed that 30.1% of students who participated in the survey were classified with a smartphone addiction. Besides, most of the participants used the Smartphone for social networks (86.0%). Regarding the other aspects measured, the mean self-perceived well-being score measured with the PWI-SC was 55.5, and 36.2% of participants were categorized as "high risk" for depression. Finally, four out of ten participants were at "moderate or high risk" of an alcohol use disorder. Our results suggest that the use of mobile phones is increasing in adolescents, an age group also exposed to social and health problems.

Association of sleep quality, smartphone addiction, and depressive symptoms among undergraduate medical students in Nepal

IntroductionWhile research has examined the connections between sleep quality, smartphone addiction, and depressive symptoms in general, no studies focused on undergraduate medical students in Nepal have specifically tested the complex relationship between these factors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the interaction between smartphone addiction, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms among undergraduate medical students of Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 212 undergraduate medical students at Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Sleep quality, smartphone addiction, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26 via the bootstrap model approach.ResultsOut of the total participants, 67.9% were male. Males showed higher scores in smartphone addiction and depressive symptoms than females (b = 5.3, Bca 95% CI:1.2, 9.1, p < 0.05). The unadjusted model indicated that the presence of smartphone addiction explained 36.5% of the indirect impact of sleep quality on depressive symptoms. However, in the adjusted model, after introducing socio-demographic, behavioral, and educational variables as covariates, this percentage decreased to 33.02%.ConclusionThis study highlights the significant role of both smartphone addiction and sleep quality in mediating the indirect effect on depressive symptoms among undergraduate medical students. Smartphone addiction emerged as a key mediator of depressive symptoms, indicating a potentially important factor in mental health. Investigating this relationship further through longitudinal studies will be crucial for developing effective preventative and therapeutic approaches.

Smartphone addiction and its correlation with academic performance in high school adolescents: An observational study

Abstract Background: The widespread use of smartphones, particularly among youth, has raised concerns about smartphone addiction and its adverse effects on physical activity and academic performance. This study conducted in Uttarakhand investigates the frequency of smartphone addiction and its influence on academic performance in high school adolescents, with implications amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic’s increased smartphone reliance on education. Objectives: This research aims to (a) assess the prevalence of smartphone addiction, (b) correlate addiction levels with academic performance, and (c) scrutinize the influence of daily smartphone usage on scholastic outcomes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study involved 331 students aged 12–17 in Dehradun, India. Data collection employed self-administered questionnaires comprising demographic parameters, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and self-reported academic results. Statistical analysis utilized nonparametric tests, the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Spearman rank correlation. Statistical significance was set at a P &lt; 0.05. Results: The mean age of the participants was 14.60 ± 1.2 years and an equitable gender distribution. Most attended Classes 8 and 9, with parents typically well-educated and employed. Notably, most students 224 (67.7%) borrowed smartphones rather than owning them 97 (29.3%). Daily smartphone usage averaged 2.27 ± 1.34 h, with video watching 97 (29.3%), music listening 91 (27.5%), and social media engagement 84 (25.4%) as common activities. Sixty-eight (20.5%) of students showed smartphone addiction, but this addiction did not significantly correlate with academic performance. Nevertheless, a negative correlation was observed between time spent on smartphones and academic marks (r = −0.198, P &lt; 0.000), underscoring the importance of interventions to manage smartphone usage. Conclusions: Although many school-going adolescents exhibit some level of smartphone addiction, this study did not find a substantial correlation between smartphone addiction and academic achievement. However, it emphasized the significance of addressing and moderating the time spent on smartphones to optimize academic outcomes.

Smartphone use and social media addiction in undergraduate students

Background Children’s use of social media has increased significantly over the past decade. As a result, they are susceptible to smartphone addiction. In particular, parents' and children's well-being and behaviors are negatively affected by smartphone addiction. Such addiction likely affects both physical performance and lifestyle. Adolescents utilize their smartphones while performing other tasks. The secondary task might divert attention away from the primary task. Reaction time is the combination of brain processing and muscular movement. Texting or communicating on a smartphone while performing another task may affect reaction time. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of smartphone use on reaction time in undergraduate students who were addicted to smartphones. Methods The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) was used to assign 64 undergraduate students to the smartphone addiction group (n = 32) and the control group (n = 32). The reaction time (RT) of an organism is used to determine how rapidly it responds to stimuli. All participants were examined on the RT test under three conditions: no smartphone use (control), texting, and chatting on a smartphone. Participants were questioned by smartphone through text message or chat with the support of a researcher during the texting and conversation conditions. While responding to the questions, the participant was administered an RT test. Results The results showed that smartphone addiction tends to have a reduced influence on reaction time when compared to the control group. Also, texting or conversing on a smartphone while doing other work had a substantial impact on reaction time in the undergraduates. Conclusions Combining smartphone use with other activities tends to reduce undergraduate students' reaction time.

Smartphone addiction in Iranian schoolchildren: a population-based study

Smartphone addiction is a public health problem and is increasing globally. It is important to know the latest status of this phenomenon in different region of the world. This study aimed to investigate smartphone addiction in an Iranian student population. The participants were a random sample of Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort study in 2018. Smartphone addiction was measured by the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-sv) questionnaire. The prevalence and mean estimates were reported with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis of variance, t-test and multiple logistic regression were used for analysis of data. The mean age of 2682 participating students was 13.5 year with an age range of 10 to 15 year, and 1197 (44.6%) of them were girls. The mean SAS-sv score was 27.96 (95% CI: 27.36–28.58) for boys and 26.10 (95% CI: 25.34–26.80) for girls. This score follows a U-shaped pattern with a lower mean score observed at age 8. The Prevalence of smartphone addiction was 29.8% (95% CI: 28.1–31.5) in studied population. Compared to 10 year old students, smartphone addiction was higher in 14 (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.7) and 15 (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.5–3.8) years old students. Smartphone addiction was higher in boys (OR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5–3.0; P value < 0.001). Smartphone addiction was not different in urban and rural students after adjusting for age and gender (P = 0.089). Compared to European countries the prevalence of smartphone addiction in Iranian students is relatively high and need prompt intervention especially in boys and older adolescents.

The Association of Smartphone Usage with Sleep Disturbances among Medical Students

Abstract Background Smartphones have become an important and vital instrument that all medical students utilize, but the usage of such devices has been found to be connected to sleep disturbances. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the relationship between smartphone addiction and poor sleep quality among medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the fifth- and sixth-year medical students at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to investigate the relation between smartphone usage and sleep disturbances. The questionnaires included demographic details, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and smartphone addiction scale short version (SAS-SV). Results All 251 respondents had smartphones that were utilized for social media, communication, studying, etc. Most of the students were identified as smartphone addicts (65%), and 75% of the students had poor sleep quality. Sleep quality was found to be poor in 145 (85%) students with smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (odds ratio [OR]: 4.271; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.300–7.933; p &lt; 0.001). Gender and academic year were not significant predictors of poor sleep quality with p-values of 0.668 and 0.361, respectively. Smartphone addiction was significantly more prevalent among female students (80%) compared to male students (60%; p = 0.004), with the mean addiction score of 43.5 ± 11.5 and 33.5 ± 9.1, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion Our study shows a significant association between smartphone addiction and poor sleep quality. It is strongly recommended that counseling services be provided to medical students to assist those suffering from smartphone addiction and sleep difficulties.

Impact of Smartphone Addiction on Neck Pain Among University Students

Background: Smartphone addiction is increasingly common among university students and has been linked to musculoskeletal issues, particularly neck pain, due to prolonged improper postures. This study aimed to investigate the impact of smartphone addiction on neck pain among university students.Objective: To evaluate the relationship between smartphone addiction and neck pain among university students.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2023 among 219 university students aged 18-35. Data were collected using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Convenience sampling was used, and exclusion criteria included neurological disorders, prior neck surgeries, or musculoskeletal diseases. Ethical approval was obtained following the Helsinki Declaration. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Chi-square tests and multivariate analysis were applied to assess associations, with a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.Results: 34.2% of participants reported neck pain related to smartphone use. Among them, 43.8% experienced mild pain while reading on smartphones. The NDI showed that 15.1% had moderate pain, while 4.1% experienced fairly severe pain.Conclusion: Excessive smartphone use is significantly associated with neck pain among university students. Preventive strategies and ergonomic awareness are recommended to reduce neck strain.

Can nomophobia be a contemporary and novel cluster of symptoms of adult separation anxiety disorder?

Objective: The connection between adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) and nomophobia has been poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether there is a relationship between ASAD and nomophobia. Method: The sample consisted of 68 university students diagnosed with ASAD and 77 university students without ASAD. All participants were evaluated by a structured clinical interview, Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA), Separation Anxiety Symptom Inventory (SASI), Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Result: Participants with ASAD had longer daily phone usage times and had a higher frequency of checking the phone during the day and the rates of carrying a charger than controls. Compared to the control group, participants with ASAD had significantly higher ASA, SASI, NMP-Q, and SAS-SV scores and more severe nomophobia levels. The ASA scores were significantly positively correlated with SASI, NMP-Q, and SAS-SV. Regarding predictors of nomophobia, ASA, SASI, and SAS-SV scores had a positive and significant effect on nomophobia, and predicted nomophobia. Conclusion: Our research adds to the body of knowledge on nomophobia by demonstrating that people with ASAD are susceptible to developing nomophobia. Clinicians should be aware of the association between ASAD and nomophobia, and nomophobia may be an important concept that should be considered in the therapy approach to patients with ASAD.

Influence of Smartphone Usage on development of Sexuality among Late Adolescent Boys in Health Sciences Colleges of South India

Background Better affordability of data plans and an increase in “budget” smartphones have resulted in an exponential rise in internet and smartphone users. The ease of access to sexually explicit material (SEM) coupled with adolescents’ impulsivity makes them prone to excessive SEM exposure and may affect the development of sexuality via the perceived realism of such content. This study was done to study the influence between problematic smartphone usage (PSU) and sexuality development among late adolescent boys. Methods One hundred and thirty-four adolescents aged 18-19 years, studying in a medical university, participated in this cross-sectional study. Smartphone Addiction Scale – short version (SAS-SV) to evaluate PSU and a content validated semi-structured proforma to evaluate gender identity, sexual orientation, sources of information on pubertal changes, and exposure to pornographic content was used. We expressed results as proportion and summary measures (Mean±SD), Chi-square test to find influence between PSU and adolescent sexuality development. Results We found a 45.5% prevalence of PSU. Among study participants, 88% were attracted to the opposite sex, 6% were attracted to the same-sex, and 6% were attracted to both sexes. Three per cent of participants liked wearing clothes of the opposite sex, 7.5% wanted to be members of the opposite sex, whereas 10.4% were not comfortable with their genitalia. They obtained information regarding pubertal changes from friends (85) and media (78). Many had exposure to pornographic content (90%), with the youngest being nine years old. Conclusion Nearly half of the late adolescents have PSU. Pornographic contents are accessed through Smartphones.

The associations among type D personality and nomophobia, metacognitions about smartphone use, smartphone addiction in Chinese university freshmen: a two-wave study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine longitudinal associations of Type D personality and smartphone addiction, while also exploring the mediating roles of nomophobia and metacognitions about smartphone use.MethodsType D Personality Scale-14 (T1), Nomophobia Questionnaire (T2), Metacognitions about Smartphone Use Questionnaire (T2) and Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (T2) were applied at two time points. 653 university freshmen (Mage= 18.56, SD = 0.65) from a university in China were surveyed.Results(1) Type D personality was significantly and positively correlated with nomophobia, negative metacognition, and smartphone addiction. In contrast, the correlation between Type D personality and positive metacognition did not reach the significant level. (2) Compared with individuals with non-Type D personality, those with Type D personality scored significantly higher on nomophobia, negative metacognition, and smartphone addiction. However, the difference was not significant for positive metacognition. (3) Nomophobia and metacognitions about smartphone use fully mediated the relationship between Type D personality and smartphone addiction. While the mediating effects of nomophobia and negative metacognition were significant, the mediating effect of positive metacognition was not significant.ConclusionsType D personality can not only affect smartphone addiction directly but also indirectly through nomophobia and negative metacognition. Therefore, to prevent and intervene in smartphone addiction, we can start from both affect (nomophobia) and metacognition (negative metacognitions about smartphone use).

Associations between smartphone addiction, parenting styles, and mental well-being among adolescents aged 15–19 years in Gujarat, India

BackgroundThe pervasive use of smartphones among adolescents has raised concerns about addiction and its impact on mental well-being. This study investigates the prevalence of smartphone addiction and its associations with socio-demographic factors, parenting styles, and mental health among Indian adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 560 school-going adolescents (aged 15–19) in Gujarat, India, from January to October 2023. Data was collected using validated scales: the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with smartphone addiction.ResultsThe prevalence of smartphone addiction was 64.6%. Urban residence (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.8–3.3), higher parental education (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7–4.3 for graduate fathers), longer smartphone use (AOR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.7–3.6 for > 3 years), and higher socioeconomic status (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.5–3.51) were associated with increased odds of addiction. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles in both parents were positively associated with smartphone addiction, while authoritative parenting was negatively associated. Smartphone addiction was strongly associated with mental health issues, particularly with severe stress (AOR: 10.82, 95% CI: 5.11–22.88, p < 0.001).ConclusionSmartphone addiction is highly prevalent among Indian adolescents and is significantly associated with urban living, higher socioeconomic status, non-authoritative parenting styles, and poor mental health. These findings underscore the need for digital literacy programs, parenting interventions promoting authoritative styles, and mental health support to foster healthy smartphone use among adolescents.

Nomophobia and smartphone addiction as correlates of senior secondary school students’ mathematics anxiety

Technology has revolutionised everyday existence. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is essential to society, employment, and education. Improved microelectronics has facilitated the proliferation of inexpensive portable devices such as smartphones. This study, therefore, investigated whether senior secondary school students' nomophobia and smartphone addiction are linked to math anxiety. Two research hypotheses were tested and the study was guided by social cognitive theory. This study employed a descriptive survey research methodology and primary data were collected from 397 students in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria with the use of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q, α=0.89), the Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV, α=0.82), and the Mathematics Anxiety Scale (MAS, α=0.81) developed by Yildirim and Correia (2015), Kwon et al. (2013), and Ablian and Parangat (2022) respectively. The data gathered were subjected to analysis using frequency counts, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis at 0.05 significance level. This analysis was conducted using SPSS software, specifically version 23.0. The research revealed a significant association between nomophobia and smartphone addiction among the students. Additionally, the severity of nomophobia and smartphone addiction emerged as significant predictors of mathematics anxiety among high schools in Lagos. Consequently, this investigation proposes that educational authorities in Lagos State should consider implementing a ban on mobile phone usage within secondary schools as a means to mitigate these behavioural addictions among adolescents. Additionally, stakeholders within the education sector, including parents, can contribute to the prevention of these addictions by advising students about the perils of smartphone addiction, fostering ethical social interactions that cultivate trust in the family unit, and imposing restrictions on their children's smartphone usage and associated expenses.

Study protocol of a proposed Neurofeedback-Assisted Mindfulness Training Program on symptoms of anxiety and psychological distress associated with smartphone use in young adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Nomophobia is a specific phobia characterized by the appearance of anxiety, nervousness, discomfort and distress when the mobile phone is not used and is considered an emerging public health problem because of the negative consequences on the physical and mental health of young people and adolescents, especially women. Neurofeedback-Assisted Mindfulness Training Programs may prove beneficials for improving self-control abilities, a key ability in addressing addictive behaviors. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact, in a young population aged 18-35 years, of an intervention based on Neurofeedback-Assisted Mindfulness Training Program (NAMTP) on disorders associated with problematic use of mobile phones. The effect of the intervention on the total score in the nomophobia test and habits of internet and social network use, as well as on signs of depression, anxiety and stress will be analyzed. As a secondary objective, the effect of the intervention on signs of insomnia will be analyzed. Randomized, controlled clinical-trial with two-parallel groups. 40 young adults (18-35 years) will be included and randomly assigned to Intervention Group-NAMTP or Control Group (CG). The NAMTP will include a total of 25 sessions (2-3/week) during 3-months. Each session will have a duration of 10/15 min. The instrument to be used for the neurofeedback sessions is MUSE® (InteraXon Inc.). Study variables will be collected at the baseline visit and at the final visit (3-months after randomization). During these visits, questionnaires will be administered to evaluate the main and secondary variables that will include the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, Nomophobia Questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21-item (DASS-21) and Athens Insomnia Scale. This trial will make an important contribution to the need for evidence of effective education programs and other primary care interventions through new non-invasive interventions in reducing the risk of developing addictions to new technologies and alleviating the symptoms of discomfort associated with this problem. The project was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Salamanca Health Area (CEIm Code: PI 2023 071340). ClinicalTrials.gov, http://www.Clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06188910.

Smartphone addiction habit is positively associated with coronary artery disease and its severity in Chinese adults: a case-control study.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) has a high incidence and poor prognosis worldwide. It has been confirmed that smartphone addiction (SA) habit can increase the incidence of hypertension and obesity in adolescents. However, the association of SA with CAD and its severity in Chinese adults remains largely unknown. A total of 700 Chinese adults (aged 18-70 years) including 350 CAD patients and 350 control subjects were enrolled. The Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version (SAS-SV) was used to measure SA habit, and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. Multiple logistic regression was employed to analyze the relationship between SA habit and CAD. After adjusting for age, smoking, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other risk factors, there was a significant association between SA habit and CAD in adults (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that there were statistical differences in the correlation between SA habit and CAD in the hypertension, ≤55 years age old, and female subgroups. Moreover, we performed a subgroup analysis based on the number of coronary artery lesions. The result showed that the rate of SA habit in the three-vessel disease group was the highest (p < 0.001). We applied Gensini score to evaluate the severity of coronary artery lesions (median Gensini score, 34) and divided all CAD patients into high Gensini score group (>34) and low Gensini score group (≤34), respectively. Compared with low Gensini score group, patients in high Gensini score group were more likely to have SA habit (p = 0.049). There is a positive association of SA habit with CAD and its severity in Chinese adults.

Do the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) assess two distinct internet-related disorders? A comparative analysis using CFA, Set-ESEM, and Full-ESEM models

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV) capture separate Internet-related disorders, comparing CFA, Set-ESEM, and Full-ESEM models on a sample of 839 participants (59.1% females; M age = 30.31, SD = 10.05). The ESEM solution was selected based on fit-indices [χ 2 = 506.810; df = 248, p < .001; CFI = .976; TLI = .963; RMSEA = .035 (.031–.040); SRMR = .019; AIC = 70,390.955; BIC = 71,269.364; aBIC = 70,678.693], inter-factor correlations (.232 < r < .595), parameter estimates (significant primary target loadings and reduced cross-loadings), and theoretical interpretability. This study highlights the conceptual overlap between Internet and smartphone addiction and emphasises the importance of comparing CFA, Set-ESEM, and Full-ESEM models when two or more sets of constructs are included in a single model.

The relationship between smartphone usage position, pain, smartphone addiction, and hand function.

The hand is the most frequently used part of the body during daily life activities. Any musculoskeletal problem that may occur in the hand can lead to loss of function. This study examined the relationship between the wrist and elbow position adapted during smartphone use, pain and discomfort, smartphone addiction, and hand function. Pain and discomfort were evaluated with the visual analog scale, wrist and elbow angle during phone use were evaluated with a universal goniometer, smartphone addiction was evaluated with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version, and functional status of the hand was evaluated with the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire. A total of 120 university students (female: n= 60), with an average age of 22.71 ± 2.7years, were included in this cross-sectional study. A relationship was found between the angle of the wrist and elbow during smartphone use and pain/discomfort (r= 0.692, p= 0.001), smartphone addiction (r= 0.575, p= 0.001), and hand function parameters (r= 0.20-0.55, p⩽ 0.05). Due to the increased use of smartphones in today's environment, a preventive program should be developed in which texting for extended periods is avoided, along with frequent breaks to rest the hands, and stretching exercises for the upper extremities during rest.

‘There’s more to life than staring at a small screen’: a mixed methods cohort study of problematic smartphone use and the relationship to anxiety, depression and sleep in students aged 13–16 years old in the UK

BackgroundDepression and anxiety are common in adolescents and have increased over the last decade. During that period, smartphone usage has become ubiquitous.ObjectivesThe study aim was to assess the association between...