Smart Port Research Articles

New framework of port logistics in the post-COVID-19 period with 6th-generation ports (6GP) model

ABSTRACT Since the outbreak of COVID-19, its impacts on the maritime transportation and logistics field have been multi-dimensional. In addition to the green shipping corridor proposed by the Clydebank Declaration in the United Kingdom in 2021, port digitalisation and decarbonisation of the maritime industry have become focal issues in the field. The industry needs a new framework to offset the negative impacts of the pandemic and to accommodate integrated technologies comprising of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, cloud systems, internet of things (IoT) and others, which have been applied to the industry. Having considered these circumstances, this paper aims to propose the 6th-generation ports model with smart port (6GP) as a new framework for the port logistics industry in the post-COVID-19 period. The proposed 6GP contributes to providing business development strategy and port development policy for stakeholders in the industry in the post-pandemic era reflecting focal challenges such as digitalisation, decarbonisation, sustainability and smart transformation. It also contributes to expanding port devolution theory from the fifth-generation ports (5GP) to 6GP.

Smart port vs. port integration to mitigate congestion: ESG performance and data validation

In practice, ports compete on both service volume and service quality. The latter can be measured by the port congestion situation so the mitigation of congestion helps improve customers’ experience. We observe that smart ports are widely built and many local governments are promoting port integration to ease competition and reduce congestion. One immediate question is: Are the two strategies really effective that further enable the improvement of ESG (Environment, Social and Governance) performance? In this study, by taking the do-nothing strategy as the benchmark, we examine how smart port and port integration strategies work in port congestion reduction and ESG improvement. We reveal that the smart port strategy brings the Matthew effect that the large port obtains a larger market share and the smaller port worries about the win-lose situation. We also reveal that smart port can make each port and the entire port system more congested, resulting in the investment dilemma. Differently, the port integration strategy can effectively reduce congestion but hurt social welfare. We further discuss a mixed strategy where both strategies are implemented. Interestingly, under the mixed strategy, the risk of falling into the investment dilemma can be reduced and social welfare can be increased. We compare the ESG performances under three strategies and highlight that the mixed strategy achieves the highest system profit, the smart port strategy yields the highest social welfare, and the port integration strategy may outperform the other strategies in terms of environmental sustainability.

Smart product service resources composition optimization for smart product service system in context of industrial IoT platform

Smart product service resources composition (SPS-RC) is a core issue of smart product service system (PSS) development in the emerging context of industrial internet of things (IIoT) platform, aiming to organize distributed resources for smart product service operation tasks. Existing research mainly focuses on the traditional physical PSS, while contains scant exploration of the new features emerging in context of IIoT platform, leading to an urgent updating need for SPS-RC approaches. Therefore, this study proposes a systematic framework for SPS-RC in context of IIoT platform based on cyber physical system (CPS)-based SPS blueprint, graph theory and adaptive genetic algorithm. In the proposed framework, the SPS-RC problem is formulated in accordance with the realistic smart product service operation process using the CPS-based SPS blueprint. The graph theory and depth-first search algorithm are employed to calculate the composition performance under the environment of heterogenous connection structures between SPS tasks. In addition, an optimization model considering heterogenous composition structures is established with aggregating various quality of service into one comprehensive objective and solved by an adaptive genetic algorithm. Finally, an application of this systematic framework for smart port container crane service demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

An Integrated Event-Driven Real-Time Tactical–Operational Optimization Framework for Smart Port Operations Planning

The ongoing issues in global supply chain disruptions have raised many concerns of port productivity, among which port congestion is a key issue. This article implements an integrated tactical–operational optimization framework which raises the capabilities of port information systems to deliver smarter decision-making processes in ports through a decision support system. To this end, we developed a library of multiple smart models for the optimization of port operations, independently engaged in parallel but mathematically coordinated to achieve autonomous real-time distributed optimization, using a novel event-driven structure to enable future implementations using digital twins. The framework was tested to benchmark different commercial solvers on several real instances for the port under study. The results show a strong improvement in port operational planning.

Taking Shenzhen and Shanghai as Examples to Analyze the Construction and Development of Smart Port Cities

In recent years, the enthusiasm for discussing building smart cities has been boosted greatly worldwide, and the residents of major super cities seem to be eager to understand what a smart city is. Unfortunately, due to the International Business Machines Corporations (IBM) recent introduction of the concept of smart cities, many people have misunderstood the concept of smart cities, and even mistakenly classify urban digitization as the scope of smart cities. The core element of a smart city is to use various Smart City Facilities (geographic information systems, urban security systems, intelligent traffic control systems, environmental monitoring systems, residents feedback systems) to bring the city onto an intelligent, automated, efficient, and livable road. This article aims to compare two significant Chinese port cities, Shenzhen and Shanghai, in their efforts to establish smart cities. It delves into the challenges they encountered during this process, analyzes the benefits accrued, and offers valuable reminding for cities aspiring to embark on their own smart city journey in the future.

Smart Port Construction on the China-Vietnam Border and Smooth Cross-Border Trade: The Case of Dongxing

As the construction of e-commerce platforms and communication tools based on the internet has gradually matured, online transactions and smart customs clearance have emerged as new trends in cross-border trade and port construction. This paper takes the Dongxing Port in Guangxi Province, China, as an example, and analyzes the intelligentization of trade clearance, transactions, settlement and some other aspects including cross-border exchange, recognizing smart port construction as a new development model. It conforms to the current characteristics and the actual needs of borderland residents. On the one hand, it can improve the construction of the border exchange network, stimulate the economic expansion and elasticity of the port regions and promote smooth cross-border trade. On the other, it serves as a powerful means of encouraging the interconnection and mutual benefit of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) member states.

A Comprehensive Study on Static and Dynamic Operational Efficiency in Major Korean Container Terminals Amid the Smart Port Development Context

A Comprehensive Study on Static and Dynamic Operational Efficiency in Major Korean Container Terminals Amid the Smart Port Development Context

Study on the Relationship between Port Governance and Terminal Operation System for Smart Port: Japan Case

Background: To improve port productivity, safety, and sustainability, the use of information and communication technology is being promoted as a smart port. The utilization of a terminal operation system (TOS) is important for advanced port operations, and it is necessary to organize the issues and characteristics of the TOS. Methods: The characteristics of TOSs introduced in Japan and those widely introduced in Europe and Southeast Asia will be investigated and discussed according to the port management system in Japan. Results: Japanese TOSs are characterized by a lack of automated functions, such as ship loading plans, and by the fact that they are designed to allow the crane driver to select the order of operations, which may be attributed to a system wherein stakeholders are segmented and on-site decisions are emphasized. The promotion of smart ports in Japanese-style ports requires a system for information linkage between stakeholders. Conclusions: TOS capabilities for smart ports should be implemented according to the characteristics of port management in each region, and the studies conducted in this paper are useful in examining port system implementation strategies.

Preface

Abstract It is highly delighted to introduce the proceedings dedicated to the 2nd International Conference on Maritime Development (ICMaD 2023), which was successfully held on October 4-5, 2023 in Makassar, Indonesia and hosted by Research Centre, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Makassar. ICMaD 2023 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of maritime environmental. The goal is to provide a forum for researchers, practitioners, academics, and stakeholders in building collaborative relationships and partnerships between governments, the maritime industry, academic institutions and the rest of the world in order to promote sustainable and efficient maritime development. About 150 participants from academic, high-education institutes and other organizations took part in the Conference. The conference model was divided into two sessions, including oral presentations and keynote speeches. In the first part, keynote speakers were each allocated 20 minutes to hold their speeches. Then in the second part, parallel sessions whose submissions the papers, were given 15 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. We were very honored to have Prof. Dr. Paul Tae Woo Lee from Ocean College, Zhejiang University, China and Prof. Ir. Dr. Ab Saman Abd Kader, P.Eng, MIEM, CILT from University Teknologi Malaysia. In the keynote presentation part, we invited two professors and three practitioner as our keynote speakers. The first keynote speaker, Dr. Capt. Antoni Arif Priadi, M.Sc. shared a speech: Eco port (environmental port) and Green shipping. The second keynote speaker, Prof. Dr. Paul Tae Woo Lee, his presentation entitles Transforming Ports for a Sustainable Future: Embracing Smart Port Functions, Decarbonization, and Digitalization. The third keynote speaker , Prof Ir Dr Ab Saman Abd Kader, P.Eng, MIEM, CILT, Professor in Marine Transport and Safety his presentation entitled Smart and Green Solution on Port Operations. The four keynote speaker: Budi Cahyono, M.Sc shared a speech JICT digitalization journey commenced in 2001 until 2023 introducing Terminal Booking Systems (TBS) and Optical Character Recognized (OCR) platforms. The fifth keynote speaker, Captain Hari Subramaniam, M.B.A, from Singapore Office The Shipowners’ Club, Singapore, his presentation entitled Decarbonizing Shipping and Port. The proceedings present a selection of high-quality papers submitted to the conference by researchers from universities. All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members. The papers were selected based on their quality and their relevance to the conference. The proceedings present recent advances in the fields of maritime environmental and other related research. I would like to express special gratitude to members of the conference committee and organizers of the conference. I would also like to thank the reviewers for their valuable time and advice which helped in improving the quality of the papers selected for presentation at the conference and for publication in the proceedings. Finally, I want to thank the authors, the members of the organizing committee, the reviewers, the chairpersons, and all other conference participants for their support of 2nd ICMaD 2023.

The critical success factors of smart port digitalization development in the post-COVID-19 era

The international outbreak of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) at the end of 2019 has caused an indelible impact on the global economy. However, it has grown against the trend in unmanned distribution and online consumption. In recent years, the maritime industry has gradually introduced artificial intelligence, blockchain, the Internet of Things, and big data. Through literature review and expert interviews, this research figures out the development status of smart ports at home and abroad and the digital development barriers of ports and then uses the Fuzzy Delphi and the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process method to identify three dimensions and thirteen key factors target companies. The survey targets shipping companies, shipping agencies, and port management companies. The paper conducted the questionnaires to identify the critical success factors of port digitization. It was found that the “digital solutions” dimension had the highest weight value among the three dimensions and the top five critical factors in the overall ranking were based on the order of “carbon emission management,” “enhancing port safety”, “technology standardization,” “digital asset management,” and “optimization of the supply chain.” The result of this study can help port operators and shipping companies identify critical success factors of smart ports and adopt port digital development strategies for operation efficiency improvement and climate change mitigation.

The Development and Exploration of Smart Port

Smart port is the core of the intersection of logistics. According to the data-driven Internet of Things information platform, the logistics chain and value chain are highly integrated to realize intelligent management and decision-making. In the future, smart ports will continue to promote the development prospects of logistics, business innovation and operation, promote the high integration of the port and the shipping industry, and enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the port. At the same time, the construction of green and smart ports will become an important direction of future development, and promote the development of ports to a greener and more intelligent direction.

Multi-element integrated design of marine landscape in sustainable smart ports

In the era of economic globalization and heightened international competition, the emergence of free trade zones has significantly increased regional openness, introducing both new opportunities and challenges for ports. This paper proposes the enhancement of intelligent design in the maritime landscapes of smart ports, with a focus on optimizing internal pathways and developing a predictive model to gauge the impact of smart port landscapes. Furthermore, the study delves into the assessment of risks in smart port supply chains, employing an innovative approach that integrates rough set theory and neural networks. This novel model significantly improves the accuracy of risk evaluation in port supply chains, thereby providing crucial decision support for port management. Additionally, the economic efficiency of smart ports is scrutinized using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Malmquist index method. Through meticulous selection of research subjects, port efficiency indicators, and the DEA Malmquist index, this analysis offers a comprehensive insight into the economic operations of smart ports. This research not only offers guidance for port economic management but also establishes a framework for the sustainable development of smart ports, thereby ensuring their long-term viability.

Smart Ports in Industry 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: Information and communication technologies (ICT) have introduced “smart” concepts across industries, including ports. Smart ports, leveraging IoT, cybersecurity, and cloud computing, are trending in maritime operations. They optimize data for informed decision-making, cutting costs, enhancing efficiency, mitigating risks, and fostering growth. Methods: To consolidate knowledge in this area, we are conducting a systematic literature review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA framework. Our goal is to synthesize existing insights, minimize biases, increase reliability, and effectively communicate our findings. To address the research needs mentioned, the current study focuses on implementing a systematic literature review (SLR). Results: The goals of this review are: (i) to present and describe the main categories and themes within the research topic, and (ii) to identify research gaps that will aid future research. Key findings include the identification and classification of current literature trends in the smart port performance evaluation framework and the examination of fundamental themes discussed within this area of research. Conclusions: In our review, we emphasize the smart port concept, clarifying its common interpretations amid the industry 4.0 revolution. We discuss recent advancements in emerging technologies and identify key challenges driving researchers’ exploration of the evolving smart port landscape.

What is known about smart ports around the world? A benchmarking study

Approximately 80% of global trade is transported by sea, so ports must adjust to sustain competitiveness in the market. For this, ports are making a transition from traditional ports to digital ports, incorporating technology, giving rise to the concept of “Smart Port”. Considering the relevance and novelty of this topic, that researchers are trying to investigate, the main objective of this work is to contribute to it by answering the question: “What is known about smart ports around the world?”, with a focus on the impacts of smart ports on sustainable development goals (SDG) 8 (decent work and economic growth), 9 (industry, innovation, and infrastructure) and 11 (sustainable cities and communities). Thus, a Google search was carried out on the different websites of port authorities and maritime data solutions, to perform a benchmarking of what is already a reality regarding existing smart ports. Therefore, this study has contributions both at the theoretical level, by identifying good practices in terms of technology and initiatives, to bring knowledge to the academia about what already exists in smart ports, and at the practical level, by helping other seaports to advance in the digital state and become more intelligent, providing ideas for the implementation of initiatives that allow the modernization of ports (contributing to sustainability in different dimensions).

THE GREEN PORTS FUTURE KNOWLEDGE MAP AND TREND

The purpose of this study is to track the emergence of research related to green ports over time and determine the knowledge map and trends of green port research topics in the future using thematic map bibliometric analysis. This study also provides an overview of the researchers and contributors of research countries in green port research globally. This research provides a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of historical developments and current trends in green port research, by examining 462 articles published from 1991-2023 on the Scopus database. This research uses R studio Cloud bibliometric analysis and biblioshiny package. It was found that there are three phases in green port research, namely the initial stagnation phase (1991-2006), infant growth (2007-2015), and expanding phase (2016-2022), the number of articles increased quite rapidly in the third phase until now. This research also highlights related to authors, contributor countries and it was found that the country of China contributed the most contributor authors compared to other countries, this is because China is a country that places many container ports as the top 10 largest container ports in the world, with a total market share reaching 70% of the global. From this analysis, it is found that the knowledge map and the direction of future topics related to green ports are “sustainable development”, “port development”, “port operation”, “carbon emissions” and “renewable energy resources”, besides that it is also found that there is a direction of the current green port and “smart port” research trends. So, it can be recommended that in the future these topics will be very relevant to develop, the themes of research themes needed include alternative strategies in net zero emission (NZE) in ports in the operational and development aspects of the port.

The Influence of Terminal Booking System (TBS), Yard Operation Plan (YOP), Turn Round Time (TRT) on Operational Effectiveness PT Pelindo Terimnal Peti Kemas Semarang

PT Pelindo Terminal Peti Kemas Semarang (TPKS) is a subholding of PT Pelindo that focuses on export and import container services. TPKS is one of the pioneers of the smart port concept in Indonesia, one of which is by implementing the Terminal Booking System (TBS) and Yard Plan to reduce Turn Round Time (TRT). However, in practice there are still many discrepancies between booking and gate-in hours, which have an impact on operational activities. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the Terminal Booking System, Yard Operation Plan, Turn Round Time both partially and simultaneously and to see the factors that most influence the operational effectiveness of TPKS. This study used a quantitative method of explanatory format with a population of planning, control and operational management divisions using total sampling. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive and significant influence between the Terminal Booking System, Yard Operation Plan, Turn Round Time both partially and simultaneously on the operational effectiveness of TPKS. Meanwhile, the most influential factor is the Turn Round Time variable. The conclusion is that there is a positive and significant influence between TBS, YOP, and TRT either partially or simultaneously on the operational effectiveness of TPKS. The researcher's suggestion for PT Pelindo TPKS is to be able to optimize loading and unloading activities and receiving delivery in domestic CY (Container Yard).

Advancing Sustainability: Effective Strategies for Carbon Footprint Reduction in Seaports across the Colombian Caribbean

Colombian port terminals in the Caribbean are being called upon to increase the sustainability of their operations to better fit with the environmental dynamics of their locations. Within this context, the Palermo Sociedad Portuaria (PSP) has taken a proactive stance in identifying the factors contributing to its CO2 emissions. This study evaluated the CO2 emissions of the PSP in 2019 and 2020 and, through the implementation of sustainable practices (rock dust spreading, composting and reducing the burning of fossil fuels), examined the mitigation of the port’s carbon footprint (CF) in the year 2022. Based on collaborative management results and efforts, a set of viable mitigation strategies adapted to port operations was formulated. Viability was assessed through monitoring of the practical implementations encompassing initiatives such as fuel reduction, waste composting and the application of rock dust. The introduction of the CARE system in the operational equipment led to a reduction in fuel consumption over five periods—amounting to an overall emission decrease of 1629 metric tons of CO2 equivalent (ton CO2 eq). Meanwhile, the strategic composting of waste generated by port activities (including organic waste, hand towels, coffee grounds and landscaping waste) resulted in the potential reduction of 2 metric tons of CO2 annually. The application of rock dust (10 kg m−2) in the available green spaces within the operational areas contributed to a decrease of 0.00080543 ton CO2 eq over 45 days. The implementation of these three key measures over the course of a year has the potential to prevent the release of 37 ton CO2 eq, signifying a 2% decrease in overall CF when compared to the base year of 2020. This investigation was rooted in the current operational reality of the port terminal and its correlated activities. The strategies deployed underscore the feasibility of low-cost solutions that can be emulated across port terminals in pursuit of the holistic aspirations encapsulated in the concepts of a “green port” and a “smart port”.

Smart container port development: recent technologies and research advances

Abstract Smart port construction projects have gradually emerged across the world in recent years, owing to the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Cloud, and the Internet of Things (IoT). However, for the advantages and limitations of smart port project construction technology and construction methods, people temporarily lack a systematic understanding and summary. In this article, by checking the number of publications, geographical distribution and keyword cluster distribution, the research status and technical progress of the development of smart container ports are comprehensively reviewed from three aspects: port data acquisition technology, facilities and equipment, and intelligent decision-making. The research conclusions can provide references for the development of smart container ports and guide the future development of smart container ports.

The role of port smartness in achieving sustainable development goals

ABSTRACT This research aims to investigate the simultaneous effect of smartness and sustainability in port cities. For this purpose, this study introduces the Smart Port Sustainability Index (SPSI) as a key metric for measuring the impact of port smartness on sustainable development goals. The results of SPSI values for different ports show that higher levels of intelligence do not necessarily correspond to greater sustainability. Ports that solely focus on adopting smart technologies may disregard environmental and social components of sustainable development. Alternatively, the efforts made by ports to achieve sustainable development goals can be regarded as a favorable factor in enhancing the intelligence and sustainability of ports. Furthermore, the regional analysis indicates that European ports outperform ports in North America and Asia across all three: sustainability indicators, Smartness operation, and the Smart Port Sustainability Index.

Vacuum Suction Pad Design and Real-Scale Performance Evaluation of an Automatic Mooring System for the Establishment of a Smart Port in South Korea

A ship’s automatic mooring system relies on vacuum suction pads with rubber seals to withstand external loads, such as mooring forces. This paper focused on the design requirements and performance testing of vacuum suction pads to develop a high-performance automatic mooring system and evaluated the performance of vacuum suction pads through real-scale testing. The mooring capacity of the target ship, the training ship HANBADA, was estimated based on the port and fishing port design standards of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. Under the most extreme ocean conditions (beafort 6), the estimated longitudinal (surge) and lateral (sway) mooring forces acting on HANBADA were 17.7 and 248 kN, respectively. In the real-scale performance test, stable suction was achieved under both dry and water spraying conditions, with the suction force ranging from 180 to 200 kN, under sway conditions. The vacuum ratio remained satisfactory, indicating stable suction. However, under surge conditions, the vacuum ratio decreased slightly to 0.99. Furthermore, the rubber seals returned to their initial shape after load removal, demonstrating their effectiveness in the automatic mooring system. This study provides valuable insights into the design requirements and performance testing of vacuum suction pads, establishing their suitability for developing high-performance automatic mooring systems.