Smart Medical Devices Research Articles

An SDN-AI-Based Approach for Detecting Anomalies in Imbalance Data Within a Network of Smart Medical Devices

An SDN-AI-Based Approach for Detecting Anomalies in Imbalance Data Within a Network of Smart Medical Devices

Study of Magnetic Hydrogel 4D Printability and Smart Self‐Folding Structure

4D printing technology offers the potential to create smart structures that respond to external stimuli. This study focuses on a novel magnetic hydrogel with promising applications in 4D printing, particularly for medical devices such as guidewire robots, drug delivery systems, and vascular stents. Magnetic‐responsive hydrogels suitable for 4D printing are scarce, and their complex rheological properties pose challenges for printing. The study investigates these properties and optimizes them through adjustments in ink composition and the application of an external magnetic field, improving printability. Using the direct writing (DLP) method, which allows magnetic programming of individual strands, the study achieves greater flexibility compared to the traditional SLA method. Optimized printing parameters and material ratios produced high‐quality single strands, grids, and sheet‐like structures, demonstrating responsiveness to varying magnetic fields. Results confirm that DLP can be effectively applied to hydrogel 4D printing, achieving flexible structures with tunable mechanical properties. Additionally, magnetic‐responsive, self‐folding hydrogel structures were created, with a response speed of 180 ms under a magnetic field. This research establishes a foundation for magnetic hydrogel 4D printing and offers insights for the development of future smart medical devices.

Safety Profiles Related to Dosing Errors of Rapid-Acting Insulin Analogs: A Comparative Analysis Using the EudraVigilance Database.

Diabetes is a widespread condition that can lead to multiple and severe complications. Rapid-acting insulin analogs (RAIAs) and long-acting insulin analogs are prescribed for the effective management of diabetes. RAIAs are expected to be associated with a higher number of dosing errors because of their rapid onset, short duration of action, and the need for frequent dosing, compared to other insulin analogs. There are three approved RAIAs on the market: insulin lispro (LIS), insulin aspart (ASP), and insulin glulisine (GLU). The aim of this study is to evaluate the real-world evidence on dosing errors reported for RAIAs in EudraVigilance (EV), an established pharmacovigilance database, in comparison to other insulin analogs and human insulins. A descriptive analysis and a disproportionality analysis were conducted. ASP and LIS were associated with high percentages of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (22% and 17%, respectively), with over 70% of the reports involving serious ADRs. A higher frequency of cardiac and eye disorder ADRs was observed for LIS compared with ASP and GLU. GLU showed a higher frequency of ADRs in the skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders category. LIS dosing errors accounted for 5% of the total number of cases, while dosing errors for ASP and GLU were less than 3%. The most frequently reported dosing errors involved improper dosing (49%). Although there were fewer dosing errors of RAIAs in comparison to other insulins, the severity of the potential outcome highlights the importance of precise dosing and timing. Improved the monitoring and reporting of these dosing errors could enhance diabetes patient care. Additionally, smart medical devices could improve therapeutic outcomes.

Sustainable Innovative Design of Elderly-Friendly Smart Medical Products: An Integrated Model

Under the promotion of combined medical and elderly care (CMEC) policies, the market demand for elder-friendly smart medical products as convenient intelligent healthcare devices is growing. However, most studies on elderly-friendly smart medical products focus on functional enhancement and cost control, and there is a lack of research on the sustainable innovative design of elder-friendly smart medical products from the perspective of elderly emotional needs. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated framework based on the fuzzy Kano model, Kansei engineering, and theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) for mapping the complex and dynamic emotional needs of the elderly to product design parameters to produce innovative solutions, ensuring the sustainability of the design process and the innovativeness of the design solutions of elder-friendly smart medical devices. We verified the effectiveness and applicability of this integrated framework through a case study involving sustainable innovation design of a smart blood pressure device. The results of this study are of considerable theoretical and practical significance for promoting the development of the market for elder-friendly smart medical products under the policy of CMEC, meeting the needs of the elderly for healthcare devices and improving their quality of life.

Four-dimensional Printing: An Evolution in Making

There are promising applications of four-dimensional (4D) printing in the medical field. The need is to identify the research status and explore where this new set of technologies effectively can be deployed. Research articles are searched from Scopus by keywords as ‘4D printing’, ‘medical’, ‘dental’ and undertaken a bibliometric analysis of the identified papers. This study states that 4D printing is the latest technology that creates innovation and addresses complex medical problems. The paper briefly describes the 4D printing and details its difference from three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The paper identified that research is carried out on 4D printing, but decidedly less publication is available in the medical field reporting the application of this technology. The main limitation is that it requires extensive investment and support for transformation. 4D printing is to provide benefits to medical practitioners especially in the areas not covered by 3D printing technologies. 4D printing helps to create a 3D physical object by adding smart material layer by layer through computer-operated computer-aided design data. It adds a dimension of transformation over time where printed products are sensitive to parameters such as temperature, humidity and time. This technology can provide extensive support in the medical field, especially with better and smart medical implants, tools and devices. Now, doctors and researchers can explore with 4D printing technology to provide better service to the patient.

Blockchain-Powered Secure Communication Protocol for the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) through network technology provides smart medical devices, equipment, and software to connect different patients and users with medical information. Integrating Blockchain technology into IoMT-based healthcare IoT solutions increases security and privacy. Blockchain’s decentralized architecture ensures data integrity, confidentiality, and traceability of patient information throughout its entire lifecycle. It solves deficiencies in data storage, transmission, and computation in the IoT ecosystem by using encryption technology and smart contracts. This integration provides real-world benefits such as creating tamper-proof documents and building trust between patients and doctors. The research helps improve the security of healthcare systems and highlights the important role of Blockchain in protecting sensitive medical data in the IoT environment.

Latest Innovations in Internet of Things (IoT): Digital Transformation Across Industries

This research article explores recent advances in IoT technology and its huge impact on various sectors. This research method uses a qualitative research approach involving in-depth interviews and thematic analysis. This research explores key IoT innovations such as wearable devices, smart medical devices, predictive maintenance systems, and IoT-based transportation solutions. The research findings highlight how these innovations are driving digital transformation across industries, leading to improved healthcare delivery, increased manufacturing efficiency, optimized transportation operations, sustainable agricultural practices, and personalized retail experiences. This study also aligns these empirical findings with theoretical frameworks regarding IoT, digital transformation, and industry-specific applications, emphasizing the strategic importance of leveraging IoT as a catalyst for innovation, competitiveness, and value creation. This research provides valuable insights for businesses, policymakers and researchers looking to leverage IoT technology to drive digital transformation and achieve sustainable growth across industries.

Self-powered wearable human-computer interaction system based on kapok cellulose nanofibers

As wearable devices in the fields of medical health, human–computer interaction, and motion detection continue to diversify in their materials and forms, they show vast application potential. Cellulose materials are emerging as prominent materials for fabricating flexible wearable electronic devices because of their favorable skin compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and abundance. However, there is little research on the use of kapok cellulose in wearable electronics. This study addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the high-yield production and waste recycling potential of kapok cellulose. To overcome the limitations of conventional cellulose films, such as poor flexibility, high haze, and limited light transmittance, a kapok cellulose nanofiber film (KCNF) with a transparency of > 90 % and a tensile strain of > 20 % is prepared. The use of the KCNF as a friction electric material in the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) improves its electrical output performance by 228 % and permits its comfortable long-term attachment to the skin for self-powered tactile sensing applications, including game control, text input, and smart medical devices. This study demonstrates that the exploration of KCNF materials expands the options available for developing wearable electronic devices with numerous potential applications.

Model‐based digital twins of medicine dispensers for healthcare IoT applications

SummaryHealthcare applications with the Internet of Things (IoT) are often safety‐critical, thus, require extensive testing. Such applications are often connected to smart medical devices from various vendors. System‐level testing of such applications requires test infrastructures physically integrating medical devices, which is time and monetary‐wise expensive. Moreover, applications continuously evolve, for example, introducing new devices and users and updating software. Nevertheless, a test infrastructure enabling testing with a few devices is insufficient for testing healthcare IoT systems, hence compromising their dependability. In this paper, we propose a model‐based approach for the creation and operation of digital twins (DTs) of medicine dispensers as a replacement for physical devices to support the automated testing of IoT applications at scale. We evaluate our approach with an industrial IoT system with medicine dispensers in the context of Oslo City and its industrial partners, providing healthcare services to its residents. We study the fidelity of DTs in terms of their functional similarities with their physical counterparts: medicine dispensers. Results show that the DTs behave more than 92% similar to the physical medicine dispensers, providing a faithful replacement for the dispenser.

Photomechanical properties in metal-organic crystals.

The emergence of materials that can effectively convert photon energy (light) into motion (mechanical work) and change their shapes on command is of great interest for their potential in the fabrication of devices (powered by light) that will revolutionize the technologies of optical actuators, smart medical devices, soft robotics, artificial muscles and flexible electronics. Recently, metal-organic crystals have emerged as desirable smart hybrid materials that can hop, split and jump. Thus, their incorporation into polymer host objects can control movement from molecules to millimetres, opening up a new world of light-switching smart materials. This feature article briefly summarizes the recent part of the fast-growing literature on photomechanical properties in metal-organic crystals, such as coordination compounds, coordination polymers (CPs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The article highlights the contributions of our group along with others in this area and aims to provide a consolidated idea of the engineering strategies and structure-property relationships of these hybrid materials for such rare phenomena with diverse potential applications.

The LMIT: Light-mediated minimally-invasive theranostics in oncology.

Minimally-invasive diagnosis and therapy have gradually become the trend and research hotspot of current medical applications. The integration of intraoperative diagnosis and treatment is a development important direction for real-time detection, minimally-invasive diagnosis and therapy to reduce mortality and improve the quality of life of patients, so called minimally-invasive theranostics (MIT). Light is an important theranostic tool for the treatment of cancerous tissues. Light-mediated minimally-invasive theranostics (LMIT) is a novel evolutionary technology that integrates diagnosis and therapeutics for the less invasive treatment of diseased tissues. Intelligent theranostics would promote precision surgery based on the optical characterization of cancerous tissues. Furthermore, MIT also requires the assistance of smart medical devices or robots. And, optical multimodality lay a solid foundation for intelligent MIT. In this review, we summarize the important state-of-the-arts of optical MIT or LMIT in oncology. Multimodal optical image-guided intelligent treatment is another focus. Intraoperative imaging and real-time analysis-guided optical treatment are also systemically discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and future perspectives of intelligent optical MIT are discussed.

A Smart Machine Learning Model for Detection of Brain Hemorrhage Using IoT

Abstract: For the most part, the development of Web of Things empowered applications propelled the world during the most recent couple of years, giving cutting edge and novel-based answers for various issues. This developmental field is fundamentally lead by remote sensor organization, radio recurrence ID, and brilliant versatile advances. The Internet of Things, or IoT, plays a crucial role in smart medical devices and wearables that can collect a wide range of longitudinal patient-generated health data while also providing options for preliminary diagnosis. As far as endeavors made for aiding the patients utilizing IoT-based arrangements, specialists exploit capacities of the AI calculations to give proficient arrangements in drain conclusion. To decrease the demise rates and propose precise treatment, this paper presents a savvy IoT-based application utilizing AI calculations for the human cerebrum drain finding. In view of the modernized tomography check pictures for intracranial dataset, the help vector machine and feedforward brain network have been applied for the grouping purposes. Generally, characterization consequences of 80.67% and 86.7% are determined for the help vector machine and feedforward brain organization, separately. It is finished up from the resultant examination that the feedforward brain network beats in ordering intracranial pictures. The classification tool's output provides information about the kind of brain hemorrhage that, in the end, helps validate the expert's diagnosis. It is used as a learning tool for trainee radiologists to reduce system errors.

Largely Improving the Output Performance of Stretchable Triboelectric Nanogenerators via Thermo-Compressive Technology.

Stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are widely applied in wearable and implantable electronics, smart medical devices, and soft robots. However, it is still a challenge to produce stretchable TENGs with both exceptional elasticity and output performance, which limits their application scope. In this work, high-performance stretchable TENGs are developed through a thermo-compression(TC) fabrication process. In particular, a poly(vinylidene fluoride) film is compactly bound to the elastic thermoplastic polyurethane substrate, which inherits excellent stretchability with a strain of up to 815%. Furthermore, owing to the large surface area, tight contact, and effective vertical transport of tribo-induced charges between the coupled fibrous tribo-layer and soft substrate, the TC composite film-based TENGs exhibit a greater output (2-4 times) than unlaminated film-based TENGs. Additionally, the broad universality of this method is proven using various tribo- and substrate materials. The proposed technology provides a novel and effective approach to conjointly boost the output and stretchability of TENGs, showing encouraging application prospects in self-powered wearable and flexible electronics.

Smart Physical-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery System:Towards Intelligence and Controlled Release.

Transdermal drug delivery systems based on physical principles have provided a stable, efficient, and safe strategy for disease therapy. However, the intelligent device with real-time control and precise drug release is required to enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient compliance. This review summarizes the recent developments, application scenarios, and drug release characteristics of smart transdermal drug delivery systems fabricated with physical principle. Special attention is paid to the progress of intelligent design and concepts in of physical-based transdermal drug delivery technologies for real-time monitoring and precise drug release. In addition, facing with the needs of clinical treatment and personalized medicine, the recent progress and trend of physical enhancement are further highlighted for transdermal drug delivery systems in combination with pharmaceutical dosage forms to achieve better transdermal effects and facilitate the development of smart medical devices. Finally, the next generation and future application scenarios of smart physical-based transdermal drug delivery systems are discussed, a particular focus in vaccine delivery and tumor treatment.

Research Overview of Internet of Things Technology in Medical Engineering

Internet of Things plays a vital role in the field of healthcare. Smart medical devices, innovative sensors and lightweight communication protocols are making the Internet of Medical Things possible. This paper summarizes the research progress of Internet of Things technology in medical engineering from two aspects of health monitoring system and ingestible sensor monitoring equipment. The health monitoring system is analyzed from heart disease monitoring, diabetes monitoring and brain nerve monitoring. The medical equipment that can absorb sensors is represented by capsule endoscope. This paper further summarizes the relevant situation of smart hospital, and finally discusses the challenges and countermeasures of the Internet of Things technology in medical engineering, in order to lay the foundation and provide ideas for the research of the Internet of Things technology in medical engineering.

Nurses' Burden of Elimination Care: Sequential Explanatory Mixed-Methods Design.

Inpatients commonly experience problems with elimination due to incontinence, urinary retentions, and complications with indwelling catheters. Although elimination care (EC) is an important nursing area, few studies explore the burden of EC on nurses. To identify the burden on EC by analyzing nurses' opinions using sequential explanatory mixed method. This research was conducted using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. A total of 59 nurses at a tertiary hospital in South Korea participated in the study from January 1 to March 31, 2022. For quantitative analysis, information about number of delays of work due to EC, required time for serving bedpan or diaper changes, percentage of EC per shift, and percentage of patients who need EC was collected through a survey. For qualitative analysis, focus group interviews were conducted to identify factors that put a burden on EC. Important themes were derived by analyzing nurses' opinions on EC. For nurses in intensive care units, general wards, and integrated nursing care wards, the number of work delays due to EC was 3.6 ± 1.5, 2.3 ± 1.2, and 4.8 ± 2.4 (p<0.01), respectively. The mean percentage of EC work out of total nursing tasks per shift was 36.2 ± 19.0, 29.3 ± 14.4, and 43.8 ± 14.1 (p=0.02), respectively. The mean percentage of patients requiring EC out of patients a nurse cares was 85.4 ± 16.6, 41.3 ± 26.1, and 58.8 ± 21.9 (p<0.01), respectively. Following qualitative analysis, four themes related to nurses' EC burden were derived: physical burden, frequent care needs, delay of other jobs due to EC, and complications. Among them, frequent care needs were found to be the primary factor requiring consideration to reduce nurses' burden. This research found that EC is one of the most burdensome tasks that nurses want to avoid. To alleviate their burden, effective EC protocol or smart medical devices assisting with EC should be developed.

Fiber Based Devices for Sensing and Actuating Applications

The importance of multifunctional smart medical devices increases constantly during the last decades, fuelled by socio - economic challenges such as population aging and high costs of the healthcare system. Consequently, numerous research teams are focused on developing such devices with multiple functionalities in terms of both diagnostic and therapeutical approaches.Wearables become ubiquitous since computing and communication devices got smaller and more powerful, new functions being constantly added to consumer products such as smart watches or fitness monitors. Physical or chemical parameters including pulse, blood pressure or oxygen saturation are easily measured. Employing complex architectures based on nanostructures and materials with tailored properties represents an important path in developing a new generation of wearable medical devices which may both monitor chemical parameters (sweat or blood composition) and deliver various therapies.The present report focuses on describing such architectures with the potential of incorporating both health monitoring, transdermal drug delivery and other therapeutic functions in a relatively straightforward manner. As functional elements microscopic fibers are employed as both electrodes for electrochemical sensors, as microscopic heaters for the drug delivery function or, as building blocks for other specific functions. The fibers are fabricated using electrospinning or centrifugal/force spinning and functionalization (e.g. electrical conductivity) is achieved through physical and electrochemical deposition. Therefore, the fibers can be covered with thin metal layers and rendered conductive, oxidic or polymeric layers making them responsive to various stimuli. Heating is achieved in a straightforward manner through Joule effect and the use of a temperature responding hydrogel enables a controlled release of specific drugs while simultaneously improving epidermal permeation.These fiber-based systems can be easily employed on cheap, biocompatible substrates such as paper or textile materials and therefore can be mass produced with reasonable costs leading to a new generation of medical devices with increased functionality.

Access Control and Privacy-Preserving Blockchain-Based System for Diseases Management

In many developing countries, the healthcare sector is facing several challenges, mainly due to the lack of personal, institutions, and medications in public health systems. Over the past decade, information and communication technology has proved its ability to improve medical quality, reduce costs, and promote data security. Developing countries can exploit these technologies to improve the healthcare process and ensure remote health monitoring, especially in rural areas. The Internet of Things and smart medical devices are widely used to provide remote patient monitoring. Current systems are based on centralized communication with cloud servers. However, this architecture increases several security and privacy risks. The adoption of a distributed architecture is required to overcome these issues. In this article, we describe a Blockchain-based system for securing Internet-of-Things (IoT) healthcare devices. In addition to data encryption, we propose to use Blockchain technology to enhance security and privacy in healthcare systems. The system is intended to allow remote patient monitoring, particularly for chronic diseases that necessitate regular monitoring. Three important characteristics were taken into account: security, scalability, and processing time. The security concerns are ensured by using the re-encryption proxy in conjunction with Blockchain to encrypt data and control access to it. To ensure Blockchain scalability, data are stored in an InterPlanetary file system (IPFS) off-chain database. We use an Ethereum Blockchain based on proof of authority (PoA) to speed up the data storage. In comparison to existing methods, the experimental system has shown a significant improvement in the security of healthcare systems.

Pelatihan pembuatan sensor medis berbasi IoT sebagai pengenalan smart medical devices

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death globally, resulting in approximately 17.9 million deaths each year (WHO, 2017), with estimates projecting a rise to 23.3 million deaths by 2030 (Pusdatin Kemenkes RI, 2014). Early detection of heart disease plays a crucial role in CVD prevention, with heart rate (bpm) being a key indicator to assess heart function, ranging from 60 to 100 beats per minute. To address the need for early detection, a practical heart rate monitoring device utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Medical Devices (SMDs) was developed. This research aimed to provide training on IoT-based heart rate detection to high school students in Trenggalek. The training encompassed lectures and hands-on practice, successfully enhancing participants' knowledge of IoT, as demonstrated by improved test scores. Moreover, the training resulted in a prototype of an IoT-based heart rate monitoring system that utilizes Arduino and a heart rate sensor. Post-training evaluations showed the majority of participants were satisfied with the quality of materials and organization, indicating the positive impact of this engagement on the partners. The results support the potential of this IoT training to equip high school students with essential skills, fostering self-reliance in medical device production and reducing dependence on imports in the face of ASEAN Economic Community challenges. Ultimately, this initiative contributes to building a competent healthcare workforce in Indonesia

Regulating photosalient behavior in dynamic metal-organic crystals

Dynamic photoactuating crystals have become a sensation due to their potential applications in developing smart medical devices, molecular machines, artificial muscles, flexible electronics actuators, probes and microrobots. Here we report the synthesis of two iso-structural metal-organic crystals, [Zn(4-ohbz)2(4-nvp)2] (1) and [Cd(4-ohbz)2(4-nvp)2] (2) {H4-ohbz = 4-hydroxy benzoic acid; 4-nvp = 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridine} which undergo topochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition under UV irradiation as well as sunlight to generate a dimerized product of discrete metal-complex [Zn(4-ohbz)2(rctt-4-pncb)] {rctt-4-pncb = 1,3-bis(4′-pyridyl)-2,4-bis(naphthyl)cyclobutane} (1′) and one-dimensional coordination polymer (1D CP) [Cd(4-ohbz)2(rctt-4-pncb)] (2′) respectively, in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) process. The Zn-based compound demonstrates photosalient behaviour, wherein crystals show jumping, splitting, rolling, and swelling upon UV irradiation. However, the Cd-based crystals do not show such behaviour maintaining the initial supramolecular packing and space group. Thus the photomechanical behaviour can be induced by choosing a suitable metal ion. The above findings are thoroughly validated by quantitative density functional theory (DFT) calculations which show that the Zn-based crystal shifts towards an orthorhombic structure to resolve the anisotropic UV-induced mechanical strain. Furthermore, the mechano-structure-property relationship has been established by complimentary nanoindentation measurements, which are in-line with the DFT-predicted single crystal values.