Smart Layer Research Articles

Bending responses of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced sandwich cylindrical micro panel with piezoelectric layers

Bending responses of a nanocomposite-reinforced cylindrical panel are studied in this article. A cylindrical shell panel is assumed in micro scale and sandwiched by piezoelectric layers. In this article, a micro-size dependent theory named as the modified couple stress theory (MCST) is analytically employed and the kinematic relations are extended through employing shear deformable model in order to investigate the electroelastic bending responses of a three-layered micro-shell bonded between smart layers subjected to an applied voltage, external and internal pressures. The micro-shell is assumed rested on a two parametrically elastic foundation. In order to develop constitutive relations, the mixture’s rule as well as Halpin-Tsai model are utilized to compute governing equations. Electroelastostatic responses are analytically obtained through trigonometric functions. A large extended parametric analysis is presented to explore deflection of the micro-shell with a change in applied voltage, thickness of the piezoelectric layer to radius, length to radius ratio, different characteristics of nanoplatelet reinforcement for the both external and internal pressure. The proposed composite electromechanical structure may be used in the smart structures and systems. A controllable system can be suggested through the usage of graphene nanoplatelets because of flexibility and affecting parameters.

Design and analysis of triboelectric energy harvester with an application in self-powered smart mask

The epidemiological information concerning novel corona virus (SARS-Cov-2) seeks attention nowadays to get an overview of global as well as country-based cases and deaths so far. The utilization of face mask has become evident for the protective measure of mankind to filter out the infiltrating virus from outside. In this paper, we have analysed various triboelectric based energy harvester configurations focusing on its application in self-powered smart mask design to combat SARS-Cov-2. Smart mask will comprise of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a smart layer to execute electrocution of the infiltrating virus as well as ensure the safety of human being (I < 10 mA). The theoretical investigations and simulation studies are carried out for different triboelectric materials and a comparative analysis is also portrayed in the context of designing self-powered smart mask under different operating modes. It has been observed that polypropylene-poly methyl methacrylate (PP-PMMA) material combination produces an electrical field of 0.9916 MV/m which is sufficient to electrocute the virus without causing harm to human body. Hence the design and comprehensive analysis is carried out considering PP-PMMA combination for various possible modes of operation like constant velocity, constant acceleration, sinusoidal and generic one. Here, respiration is considered as major mechanical input source for TENG whereas other biomechanical activities like talking, chewing are also discussed in the context of self-powered application of smart mask. It has been demonstrated that the physiological activity like chewing and respiration altogether produce a typical input force of 23.65 N which is sufficient to electrocute the incoming virus without causing any hazard to human health.

Full-field monitoring of the resin flow front and dry spot with noninvasive and embedded piezoelectric sensor networks

Vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) process has been proven to be an effective-cost technology for manufacturing large-scale composite structure with complex geometries and has a broad development prospect in industry fields, especially in aerospace. The resin impregnation, a crucial stage of the VARI process, can easily lead to dry spots and seriously reduce product quality or even lead to scrap due to improper resin flow. The non-invasive piezoelectric sensor (NPS) network and embedded piezoelectric sensor (EPS) network composed of Stanford Multi-actuator Receiver Transducer Layer are employed for full-field monitoring of the resin flow fronts and accurate localization of the dry spot defects. Also, an innovative experimental technique for creating dry spot defects is presented in this research. Based on the analysis of the Lamb wave signals, the A0 mode from the NPS network and the S0 mode of the EPS network are ideal for the monitoring of dry spots. Additionally, by fusing the impact of dry spot defects on the Lamb wave and the probability-based diagnostic imaging algorithm, a new damage index is proposed to precisely locate the dry spot defects. The experimental results further indicate that the method proposed can provide effective full-field monitoring of the resin flow front and dry spot defect locations.

Structural health dynamic monitoring for gear transmission based on guided waves

The rotating machinery has a wide range of applications in many fields. The gear transmission system is one of the key structures of rotating machinery. Once the failure occurs to the gear system, it will destroy the equipment itself and lead the whole industrial production to break. Thus, it is necessary to directly monitor the health condition of the gear system under static and running working conditions. Guided waves method is a technology which has been widely used in the field of structural health monitoring. In this paper, guided waves technology is innovatively applied to the condition monitoring of gear system, which realizes the gear structure direct monitoring for low speed rotating machinery. The piezoelectric transducers integrated with the SMART Layer were placed near the gear mesh region for the direct health monitoring. The feasibility was verified by the guided waves monitoring experiments in a fixed-axis spur gear transmission system. The tooth wear and gear crack were monitored by guided waves under a single working condition. In addition, the stability verification experiment of guided waves was also performed under various low-speed working conditions. To characterize the propagation of gear faults, considering the characteristics of guided waves, a modified health indicator extraction methodology is proposed based on permutation entropy. The results indicated that the guided waves technology has fantastic potential applications in gear transmission system dynamic direct health monitoring.

Maintenance Management Practices Using Digital Twins Framework: Oil Extraction Pumping System Case Study

Conceptually, the digital twins’ framework is a virtual representation of an object, system, or process. However, one of its significant contributions has been to merge certain features into a single framework: updating the system modeled from real-time data, using simulation, machine learning, and reasoning to aid decision-making. Specifically, in the maintenance management field and its associated decision-making, the contributions have been prominent, and in this paper, we intend to contribute in the same direction. Here, we describe an adaptive digital twin model designed to coordinate maintenance activities in an oil extraction pumping system. The model is a digital representation of the maintenance decision-making process and cognitive management. The adaptability comes from a self-calibration of the distributed operating parameters of the modeled system under study using a machine learning approach with smart layers in the data management filtering and synthesis. Given the nature of a maintenance modeling process, where randomness and planning are merged, the Monte Carlo method emerges as an easy way to convolute the stochastic degradation due to the system operation and the planning of maintenance activities to keep it working with the required standards. This paper discusses the conceptual model implementation for an oil extraction pumping system using the digital twins’ framework and proposes the first exposure of the modeling results in practice as a study case. The modeling results justify the improvements introduced by implementing the digital twins’ framework.

A Framework Towards Realization of Smart Manufacturing Systems

Germany’s National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech) published its proposals for implementing the key initiative Industry 4.0 in 2013, requiring horizontal integration and vertical integration within and across multiple enterprises and end-to-end digital integration across the product lifecycle. Likewise, a smart manufacturing system emphasizes enhancing the capabilities of manufacturing enterprises considering multiple objectives, like resource utilization and productivity, necessitating the realization of the business cycle for supply chain management, product development lifecycle, and production system lifecycle. However, realizing these individual lifecycles and integrating them as part of a smart manufacturing system is not straightforward due to manifold reasons (e.g., difficult to define the interface points necessary to interact with the various systems associated with these lifecycles). The current article elaborates a systematic framework considering these lifecycles to realize a smart manufacturing system. The framework is divided into different layers starting from the process layer at the bottom all the way up to the smart layer at the top. Finally, a use case from the end-to-end additive manufacturing process has been discussed that employs the previously elaborated framework.

Customizable Encryption Algorithms to Manage Data Assets Based on Blockchain Technology in Smart City

The adoption of blockchain technology can provide data asset management’s high security, privacy, and traceability. After a comprehensive investigation of the present blockchain-based data asset management mechanism, it was determined that it is only relevant to a portion of the blockchain system design. To address this issue, a new model of data asset management based on blockchain technology is being developed, which incorporates applications at all levels of the blockchain system. This model implements a network layer node authority control mechanism, a consensus layer consensus mechanism with customizable attributes, improved data query efficiency at the data layer by optimizing the structure and building indexes, intelligent data management, and smart contract layer management. Furthermore, at the transaction layer, sharing information encryption using customizable encryption algorithms is introduced. The experimental results reveal that, when compared to the traditional paradigm, the new blockchain-based data asset management strategy enhances the efficiency of on-chain data queries by 2.33 times.

Influence of LPRE on the size‐dependent phase velocity of sandwich beam including FG porous and smart nanocomposite layers

AbstractThis article evaluates the wave velocity of a leptadenia pyrotechnica rheological elastomer (LPRE) microbeam surrounded by micro piezoelectric and porosity of functionally graded materials' (FGMs) layers. Different models of graphene nano plates (GPLs) for reinforcing the face sheet are assumed by adopting Halpin–Tsai modified micromechanics theory to obtain the Poisson's ratio and Young modulus of the smart layer. The material properties of the whole system as a viscoelastic state are hypothesized using the Kelvin–Voigt theory. The motion final equations are gained by utilizing the theory of Timoshenko and the couple stress model. An analytical solution method is adopted for computing the velocity of wave, cutoff frequency, and escape frequency from the motion final equations. The influences of different distribution and volume percent of GPLs, FGM properties as well as gradient index, the numeral parameter of any layer, damping of structure, and exerted voltage on the velocity of wave microbeam are studied. Moreover, it has been seen that a rise in the FGM index leads to reduced phase velocity, cutoff, and escape frequencies. Meanwhile, enhancing the volume percent of GPLs increases the wave velocity of the microstructure beam.

Vibration smart control analysis of sandwich porous nanoshell with GPL-reinforced smart layers using surface-visco-piezo-elasticity theory

Smart nanostructures have many practical application in nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) as sensor and actuator. Present research deals with the vibration and damping of advanced sandwich smart nanoshells. This nanostructure comprised of porous nanoshell coated by nanocomposite piezoelectric layers as sensor and actuator. The nanocompisite layers are reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs) with various distributions based on Halpin-Tsai model. In order to presume this sandwich structure much more realistic, Kelvin model will be utilized and it is surrounded by visco-Pasternak foundation. Further, non-local surface piezoelasticity theory is employed for considering the small scale and surface effects. On the basis of zigzag shear-deformation theory and Hamilton principle, the motion equations are derived. Differential cubature method (DCM) is used as numerical method for calculating natural frequency and damping ratio. In order to validate the results, this paper is compared by another simplified cases and ABAQUS commercial software. Finally, the influences of porosity and its distribution, volume percent and distribution of GPLs, surface stresses, small scale parameter, and external voltage are shown on natural frequency and damping. The results show that the damping ratio and frequency of system considering surface effect with symmetric porosity distribution decrease and increases about 17% and 25% compared to the without surface effect case and asymmetric porosity respectively. In addition, the nanostructure in critically damped state can be turned into underdamped state by applying negative voltage. Furthermore, the dispersion of GPLs near the bottom and top surface of nanocomposite layers is the best choice due to high stiffness and frequency.

Polyborosiloxane-based, dynamic shear stiffening multilayer coating for the protection of composite laminates under Low Velocity Impact

This work presents a novel shear-dependant, smart layer consisting of a polyborosiloxane (PBS)-based Shear Stiffening Gel (SSG), encapsulated in crosslinked vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (VPDMS), acting as a protective layer on the surface of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates reducing impact damage. The frequency-dependant reversible network structure of the PBS smart layer acts as a dynamic responding energy absorption medium (DrEAM), able to autonomously stiffen in response to an external stimulus. Low Velocity Impact (LVI) tests were employed to assess the energy absorption characteristics of the smart layers which were compared to a VPDMS film and an uncoated CFRP laminate. Results indicated that DrEAM smart layers are able to modify the way the energy is distributed due to the dynamic phase transition of the embedded SSG. These were further confirmed by Non-Destructive Testing analyses, where DrEAM coatings allowed for an average reduction of 65% of the extent of the internal damage in comparison with the CFRPs and outperformed VPDMS by showing a further reduction of 33% at low energy (10 J) and by more than 50% for higher energy (20 J), providing a complete low-cost solution for the protection of CFRP laminates subjected to out-of-plane impacts such as in aerospace or railways components.

Hygrothermal vibration of a laminated sandwich plate with magnetostrictive faces and a homogeneous core

AbstractHygrothermal forced vibration and damping analyses of a simply supported symmetric laminated composite plate with homogeneous core and magnetostrictive layers are examined using the exponential displacement model in this article. Three hygrothermal environment distribution types are investigated: uniform, linear and nonlinear rises in the present analysis. The equations of motion for laminated rectangular plates subjected to hygrothermal loads and in‐plane forces in x and y directions are developed through Hamilton's principle. The closed‐form solution is arrived at based on Navier's technique to analyze the hygrothermal effect on the vibrational behavior of the structure. Some parametric examples are presented to discuss the effects of the smart layer location, lamination schemes, mode number, aspect ratio, thickness ratio, feedback gain control value, in‐plane forces, core thickness‐to‐fiber reinforced layer thickness ratio, magnetostrictive layer thickness to fiber‐reinforced layer thickness ratio, temperature and moisture changes on vibration response of the proposed model. The study results illustrate that the high hygro ratio weakens the plate stiffness, and accordingly, the amplitude of the deflection increases with raising the moisture and/or temperature. The numerical results emphasize the strong role of the feedback control gain values and the smart layer position in controlling the system vibration. The largest deflections and highest damping time interval happen in the uniform temperature distribution and moisture concentration case. Moreover, the vibration frequencies of the thin smart plates are smaller than the thick ones.

Quasi-3D theory for the vibration and deflection of a magnetostrictive composite plate resting on a viscoelastic medium

In this study, the vibration and deflection of a multilayered composite plate are investigated based on simple and refined sinusoidal shear deformation plate theories. The plate’s core is made of a homogeneous material. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the dynamic system of equations. The interaction between the smart composite sandwich plate and the surrounding medium is simulated by the visco-elastic foundations model. The analytical solution for the vibration problem of the simply supported plate is obtained by Navier’s approach. Influence of the magnitude of feedback control gain, magnetostrictive layer location, half-wave numbers, lamination schemes, thickness ratios, aspect ratios, core-thickness ratios, magnetostrictive-thickness ratio, and viscoelastic foundations on eigenfrequency values and deflections of the sandwich plate are discussed. Numerical results illustrate that the vibration behavior of the smart sandwich plate is dependent on the stiffness of the viscoelastic foundations, the feedback control gain value, and the magnetostrictive-thickness ratio. Also, the vibration suppression process can be improved by changing the location of the smart layers in the structure.

Investigation of the dynamic behavior of CFRP with an embedded smart layer based on fiber-optic sensors

Currently, special interest arises in the use of various systems for monitoring the state of structures during operation. Structures during operation, as a rule, experience dynamic loads. As a result, the monitoring system must correctly and accurately record this response. Most modern monitoring systems use fiber-optic sensors. Embedding fiber optic sensors directly into the structure of composite structures is a difficult task due to the fragility of the fiber. The team of authors has developed a prototype of the Smart-layer, which allows for safe implementation into structures made of carbon fibre reinforced polymer. However, the issue of decrypting the data obtained from the Smart layer is an urgent and laborious task. The paper presents the results of studies on the registration and interpretation of the dynamic response obtained from the Smart-layer embedded in carbon fibre reinforced polymer specimens under dynamic loading of the specimens. The results of field experiments on dynamic loading of samples were compared with model values. In the course of the study, good agreement was found between the model and experimental results.

Smart control and seismic analysis of concrete frames with piezoelectric layer based on mathematical modelling and numerical method

The dynamic analysis of a concrete frame with smart layer under earthquake load is investigated in this paper. The optimization analysis of this structure is based on Grey Wolf algorithm (GWO) which obeys form the leadership hierarchy and hunting mechanism of grey wolves. The mathematical theory of hyperbolic shear deformation (HSDT) is used for modelling the planar frame. The structure energies include kinetic energy, potential energy, and external works are obtained by strain–displacement and stress–strain relations. Then, the governing equations of the frame are derived using the Hamilton's principle. applying these relations, the response of the concrete frame under earthquake load is investigated using the numerical methods of differential quadrature (DQ) and Newark. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the external voltage, thickness of smart layer, boundary conditions; geometrical parameters of frame and structural damping on the seismic displacement of the frame. The results shown that by applying negative external voltage, the maximum dynamic displacement of the frame lessens. It can be found that with applying the positive voltage, the optimum deflection of the system increases.

Creation of a SMART Layer prototype with fiber-optic sensors for monitoring the stress–strain state of structures fabricated from polymeric composite materials and an estimation of its technical characteristics

This article describes research on the creation of a SMART Layer that makes it possible to solve problems concerning the incorporation, protection, and determination of the actual site of fiber-optic sensors with Bragg gratings. Various configurations are considered for the creation and utilization of SMART Layers based on polyurethane, polyamide, and a reinforced polymer grid. We demonstrate the possibility and correctness of the decryption of the information obtained from fiber-optic sensors incorporated in a SMART Layer when samples with such layers undergo uniaxial stretching. We discuss how the actual site of various configurations of embedded SMART Layers can be determined by radiation methods of non-destructive testing. It is established that the prototypes of SMART Layers developed here make it possible to solve questions associated with variation of the placement of fiber sensors after structures are formed from polymeric composite materials. The advantages and disadvantages of various configurations of SMART Layers are described, along with the possibility of using them for various monitoring tasks.

Di-ANFIS: an integrated blockchain–IoT–big data-enabled framework for evaluating service supply chain performance

AbstractService supply chain management is a complex process because of its intangibility, high diversity of services, trustless settings, and uncertain conditions. However, the traditional evaluating models mostly consider the historical performance data and fail to predict and diagnose the problems’ root. This paper proposes a distributed, trustworthy, tamper-proof, and learning framework for evaluating service supply chain performance based on blockchain and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) techniques, named Di-ANFIS. The main objectives of this research are as follows: (1) presenting hierarchical criteria of service supply chain performance to cope with the diagnosis of the problems’ root; (2) proposing a smart learning model to deal with the uncertainty conditions by a combination of neural network and fuzzy logic; and (3) introducing a distributed blockchain-based framework due to the dependence of ANFIS on big data and the lack of trust and security in the supply chain. Furthermore, the proposed six-layer conceptual framework consists of the data layer, connection layer, blockchain layer, smart layer, ANFIS layer, and application layer. This architecture creates a performance management system using the Internet of Things, smart contracts, and ANFIS based on the blockchain platform. The Di-ANFIS model provides a performance evaluation system without needing a third party and a reliable intermediary that provides an agile and diagnostic model in a smart and learning process. It also saves computing time and speeds up information flow.

The study of the possibility of X-ray inspection of fiber-optic sensors embedded into the structure of a polymer composite material

Annotation. Currently, during the operation of structures, it is important to use the so-called systems for monitoring the state of structures, which in real time allow you to monitor changes in temperature and deformation fields. To diagnose the condition in such systems, various sensors are used, for example, strain gauges, fiber-optic, piezoluminescent. Most modern monitoring systems use fiberoptic sensors because they have more advantages and fewer disadvantages than other sensors. When monitoring the state of a structure, fiber sensors are mounted on the surface of the structure, however, when monitoring structures made of composite materials, it is possible to introduce fiber lines directly into the structure of the composite material at the stage of manufacturing the structure. When fiber lines are introduced into the structure of a composite material, a number of difficulties arise, namely, due to the fragility of fiber lines, breaks are possible both at the exit from the structure and inside. When considering polymer composite materials, the problem of the location of fiber sensors arises due to the resin flow during the process of forming structures. The solution to the problems described above can be the creation of the so-called Smart-layer, in which the fiber lines will be rigidly fixed, which will protect the fiber from breaking, and limit the movement of the fiber during the formation of structures. Thus, within the framework of this work, we investigate the issue associated with the assessment of the location of fiber sensors in the Smart layer after the formation mode. The location of the sensors after the structure is formed is investigated by radiation methods of non-destructive testing.

Hygrothermal forced vibration of a viscoelastic laminated plate with magnetostrictive actuators resting on viscoelastic foundations

The article presents a vibration analysis of a laminated composite sandwich plate containing viscoelastic layers in the core and faces of the plate. The sandwich plate includes magnetostrictive actuating layers, rests on a three-parameter viscoelastic medium, and undergoes to hygrothermal environmental conditions and in-plane forces in $$x$$ and $$y$$ directions. The viscoelastic layers are considered as Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic model. The partial differential equations system is deduced according to the dynamic version of the principle of virtual displacements and is based on a theory that accounts for the exponential distribution of transverse shear deformation. The analytical Navier’s solution type is obtained to investigate the parametric effect of the location of smart layers, lamination schemes, modes, the feedback gain control value, viscoelastic structural damping, thickness ratio, the aspect ratio, viscoelastic layer thickness-to-magnetostrictive layer thickness ratio, foundation, in-plane forces, temperature and moisture on vibration characteristics of the sandwich plate. The outcomes show that the deformation and vibration in the structure can be controlled by changing the smart layer position and value of the feedback gain control parameter as well as the studied system stability can be affected by the value of viscoelastic structural damping and foundation constants. Besides, the absorption of moisture in matrix material increases the deflection of structure and increases the damping time. The results of this study can contribute to the development of the design of smart structural applications, especially those that require foundations to support them and deal with their dynamic response as well as provide a reference framework for studies of the impacts of humid environments on such structures in the presence of in-plane forces, especially, in the applications subjected to various forces and environmental conditions. Many of these systems require foundations to support the structures and deal with their dynamic response such as civil and mechanical structural applications and the aerospace and aeronautical vehicles.

Создание прототипа Smart-слоя для контроля напряжённо-деформированного состояния конструкций из полимерных композиционных материалов и оценка его технических характеристик

Создание прототипа Smart-слоя для контроля напряжённо-деформированного состояния конструкций из полимерных композиционных материалов и оценка его технических характеристик

Quasi-3D theory for the vibration of a magnetostrictive laminated plate on elastic medium with viscoelastic core and faces

The vibration of a magnetostrictive laminated composite sandwich plate with a viscoelastic core and faces rested on the two-parameter elastic medium is analyzed in the present article. The laminated sandwich plates are designed wherein consist of three kinds of composite materials: magnetostrictive material, fiber-reinforced material, and viscoelastic material in the core and faces. The viscoelastic core and faces are modeled as a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model. The partial differential equations of motion are derived by implementing Hamilton’s principle. The analytical Navier’s solution type is obtained to analyze the behavior of the damping coefficient and the damped natural frequency coefficient. The influence of significant parameters is examined on vibration characteristics of the plate and discussed in detail, especially, location of smart layers, lamination schemes, elastic foundation coefficients, modes, the magnitude of the feedback coefficient, viscoelastic structural damping, thickness ratio, the aspect ratio, and viscoelastic layer thickness-to-magnetostrictive layer thickness ratio. Numerical results illustrate that the location of smart layers is an important element in the design of the plate to be more stable. It is anticipated that the findings reported in the study can be utilized to develop the adaptive structural applications and the solutions to future smart structure problems.