Slow Growth Research Articles

Giant cavernous aneurysms occluded by aneurysmal thrombosis, calcification, parent artery occlusion: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Patients with giant intracranial aneurysms (GIAs) are at a high risk of rupture, morbidity, and mortality even after surgical or endovascular treatment. We described a case of a spontaneously occluded GIA secondary to gradual growth of the GIA, continuously progressed aneurysmal thrombosis, complete aneurysmal calcification and complete occlusion of the parent artery-the right internal carotid artery (RICA). CASE SUMMARY A 72-year-old female patient complained of sudden pain in her right eye upon admission to our hospital. She had been diagnosed with a GIA [30 mm (axial) × 38 mm (coronal) × 28 mm (sagittal)] containing an aneurysmal thrombus located in the cavernous sinus segment of RICA diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), enhanced MRI, and magnetic resonance angiography more than 14 years ago. Later, with slow growth of the cavernous carotid GIA, aneurysmal thrombosis progressed continuously, spontaneous occlusion of the RICA, complete aneurysmal calcification, and occlusion of the GIA occurred gradually. She had no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage but missed the chance for endovascular therapy at an early stage. As a result, she was left with severe permanent sequelae from the injuries to the right cranial nerves II, III, IV, V1/V2, and VI. CONCLUSION The risk of rupture of the cavernous carotid GIAs was relatively low and possibly further be reduced by the stasis flow and spontaneous occlusion of the parent artery internal carotid artery (ICA) induced by the mass effect of the cavernous carotid GIAs and the extremely rare aneurysmal calcification. However, nowadays, it is advisable to recommend early endovascular treatment for the cavernous carotid GIAs to prevent injuries to the surrounding intracranial nerves and occlusion of the ICA, mainly caused by the mass effect of the cavernous carotid GIAs.

Arrangement of Nondestructive Tests for Technical Inspection Process of Electrofusion Weld in Gas Polyethylene Pipe

Due to the reduction of operational costs, Non-corrosiveness, and ease of implementation, polyethylene pipes are a suitable replacement for steel pipes in gas distribution networks. Considering the irreversible events of gas leakage, effective and feasible non-destructive testing of electrofusion welding is an essential factor to avoid the hazards of gas leakage. To control the quality of welds, the nature of the electrofusion structure leads us to manufacture vacuum boxes, internal pressure devices, and Tapping Saddle Connector for testing polyethylene joint leakages. This article focuses on the sequence of these non-destructive tests to monitor the health of polyethylene electrofusion joint structures under gas network project implementation conditions. To examine the testing chain and the proposed sequence of non-destructive tests, the data gathering process was performed, and with respect to the sensitivity of the electrofusion weld to the operator's skill, welding process, and the condition of the pipe and fittings, in each case the influential factors to find the key parameters were evaluated. The results of laboratory tests in cases of short tests and long-life tests using artificial defects such as slow crack growth with defective samples of on-site joints and defects reported in projects were compared. To validate leak detection, leak location, and leak measurement, weld simulation with finite element and CFD software analysis conforming to real conditions was considered. The test sequence, acceptance criteria, and calibration method of the tools according to EN 1555 standard were argued for performing the final inspection steps. In this perspective, for each leak testing technique, the average type, pressure level, test duration, and finally the acceptance criteria were proposed. The main outcome is the technical specifications for electrofusion weld assessment and baseline risk- based inspection scheme in gas supply projects. In this regard, a database software based on the proposed ITP (Inspection and Testing Plan) has been developed, which is fundamental for monitoring the whole project from the first stage of polyethylene granule control, pipe and fitting manufacture, and gas injection to the final stage in network and commissioning. Operations to determine failure causes and suitability for performance assessment. Another proposed idea is standardizing the recent technical specifications internationally. This idea will be implemented when management realizes that non-destructive testing can lead to cost savings, protection of humans and the environment, and when codes and standards encompass such requirements.

The House of Representatives Needs to Expand

In 1929, the United States limited the number of congressional districts for the House of Representatives to 435 seats through the Permanent Apportionment Act. At the time, the average number of people within a congressional district stood at around 280,000 persons. In the 2020 census, this number has risen to 761,000 people per district. As a result, the voting power of citizens has been diminished. Representatives also face issues including logistical challenges in providing aid and information to constituents due to large populations. Importantly, the 435-seat limit dilutes the voting power of the electorate by reducing representation in states that have disproportionately large populations. This article argues that the 435 limit enacted by the 1929 Permanent Apportionment Act and the current method of apportioning districts to each state conflicts with precedent set by the Supreme Court from the cases Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964) and Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964). The 1929 Permanent Apportionment Act also violates the Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection of residents who live in states with slow growth rates. This article will advocate for Congress to repeal the 1929 Permanent Apportionment Act and return to the practice of expanding the number of House seats every ten years, as well as lowering the size of each congressional district. 

Indigenous Turkic-Speaking Peoples and the Urbanization of Southern Siberia (20<sup>th</sup> – Early 21<sup>st</sup> Century)

Purpose. This article integrates studies relating to the history of urban communities of the Southern Siberian indigenous peoples (Altaians, Chelkans, Khakasses, Kumandins, Shors, Telengits, Teleuts, Tozhu Tuvans, Tubalars, Tuvans). A multidisciplinary approach to urbanization processes was used; their stages, rates, causes, and principal characteristics were analyzed. The database consists of our own field findings, published results of sociological studies, and those of All-Union and All-Russian population censuses.Results. During the 19th century, the prerequisites for the urbanization of the indigenous Turkic-speaking peoples of Southern Siberia were laid. There are three stages of urbanization of the indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia: 10) up to the middle of the twentieth century; 2) the 1950s–1980s (for the Shorians it is 1930s–1980s); 3) from the 1990s to the present. At the first stage of urbanization representatives of the indigenous population of the region moved to the city mainly in order to improve the level of education and within the framework of the policy of forming national personnel. At the next stage, during the period of industrial development of the eastern regions, there was an intensification of urbanization among a number of peoples (Shors, Teleutes and Kumandins) who lived near industrial centers. Industrial development was accompanied, among other things, by the transfer of rural settlements to urban ones, as well as the absorption of villages during the expansion of urban boundaries; since the 1990s, the reverse process began. At the last stage, educational strategies play a decisive role. The liquidation of unpromising villages in the middle of the 20th century affected primarily small populations, contributing to the growth of migration to cities. Cities are beginning to attract representatives of indigenous small-numbered peoples (Telengites, Tubalars, Chelkans and since the 2010s Tuvinians-Todzhins), whose territory of traditional residence is located at a considerable distance from large settlements. The share of townspeople among Altaians, Tuvinians and Khakas during the 20th century grew gradually, which was associated with a relatively less intensive industrial development of their territories of residence.Conclusion. The peculiarities of urban population formation among the indigenous peoples of Southern Siberia are: asynchrony of urbanization; orientation of Aboriginal migrations to the nearest cities and urban-type settlements; incompleteness of urbanization not only in terms of qualitative, but also quantitative characteristics. With the exception of the Shors and Kumandins, the rest of the indigenous peoples of the region remain poorly and medium-urbanized.

Clinical case of genous schwannoma

Schwannomas are benign tumors that arise from Schwann cells and account for approximately 5% of all benign soft tissue tumors, are characterized by slow growth (1–2 mm per year) and are clinically asymptomatic for a long time.Material and methods. A review of literary sources for 2000–2023 was carried out, sources from the Russian scientific electronic library eLIBRARY, RSCI databases, and PubMed were used. A clinical case of patient with geniculate ganglion schwannoma is presented.Results. Schwannomas can occur at any age, no gender specific characteristics have been identified, the incidence most often occurs between the third and sixth decades, and there is an association with genetic disorders, in particular with neurofibromatosis. The dominant diagnostic methods remain MRI and MSCT of the brain.Conclusion. The presented clinical case demonstrates a long-term, asymptomatic course of geniculate ganglion schwannoma with intracranial spread. The surgical treatment contributed to improving the patient’s quality of life.

The thesan project: Connecting ionized bubble sizes to their local environments during the Epoch of Reionization

Abstract An important characteristic of cosmic hydrogen reionization is the growth of ionized gas bubbles surrounding early luminous objects. Ionized bubble sizes are beginning to be probed using Lyman-α emission from high-redshift galaxies, and will also be probed by upcoming 21-cm maps. We present results from a study of bubble sizes using the state-of-the-art thesan radiation-hydrodynamics simulation suite, which self-consistently models radiation transport and realistic galaxy formation. We employ the mean-free path method, and track the evolution of the effective ionized bubble size at each point (Reff) throughout the Epoch of Reionization. We show there is a slow growth period for regions ionized early, but a rapid ‘flash ionization’ process for regions ionized later as they immediately enter a large, pre-existing bubble. We also find that bright sources are preferentially in larger bubbles, and find consistency with recent observational constraints at z ≳ 9, but tension with idealized Lyman-α damping-wing models at z ≈ 7. We find that high overdensity regions have larger characteristic bubble sizes, but the correlation decreases as reionization progresses, likely due to runaway formation of large percolated bubbles. Finally, we compare the redshift at which a region transitions from neutral to ionized (zreion) with the time it takes to reach a given bubble size and conclude that zreion is a reasonable local probe of small-scale bubble size statistics ($R_\text{eff} \lesssim 1\, \rm {cMpc}$). However, for larger bubbles, the correspondence between zreion and size statistics weakens due to the time delay between the onset of reionization and the expansion of large bubbles, particularly at high redshifts.

Robust, Reproducible, and Scalable Synthesis of Silver Nanocubes.

It remains a challenge to accomplish colloidal synthesis of noble-metal nanocrystals marked by high quality, large quantity, and batch-to-batch consistency. Here we report a self-airtight setup for achieving robust, reproducible, and scalable production of Ag nanocubes with uniform and controlled sizes from 18-60 nm. Different from the conventional open-to-air setup, the self-airtight system makes it practical to stabilize the reaction condition by minimizing the loss of volatile reagents. The new setup also allows us to easily optimize the amount of O2 (from air) trapped in the system, ensuring burst nucleation of single-crystal seeds, followed by their slow growth into nanocubes. Most significantly, the new setup allows for the production of Ag nanocubes at gram quantities without sacrificing uniformity, corner/edge sharpness, controlled size, and high purity across different batches. The availability of high-quality Ag nanocubes in such a large quantity is anticipated to substantially boost their use in applications related to plasmonics, catalysis, and biomedicine.

Trichoscopy of Lichen Planopilaris in Black Scalp: A Literature Review

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Lichen planopilaris (LPP) manifests as uni or multifocal patches of scarring alopecia across the scalp. Its symptoms include pruritus, trichodynia, and burning. Trichoscopy is a critical tool for early disease detection. In African descendants, LPP poses additional diagnostic challenges, given the black scalp peculiarities. These specific features include lower hair density, slower growth, and structural differences, compared to Caucasians. Moreover, the healthy black scalp may show distinctive features such as a honeycomb-pigmented network and sparse pinpoint white dots. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> In individuals of African descent, the most prevalent scarring alopecia is Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia, an important differential diagnosis for LPP in this population. LPP trichoscopy in the black scalp reveals unique features such as perifollicular erythema in the early stages, which often manifests as hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to review the literature on trichoscopy findings in LPP on black scalp categorizing them into distinct stages and highlighting their unique yet understudied characteristics. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Despite not being as prevalent as nonscarring alopecias and not so frequent in the black scalp, LPP’s aesthetic and devastating psychosocial impact raise concerns. Therefore, early recognition is paramount to halt the progress of LPP, mitigate its psychosocial impact, and prevent misdiagnosis.

Evaluation of CHROMagar™ B. cepacia agar for the detection of Burkholderia cepacia complex species from sputum samples of patients with cystic fibrosis.

Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) are non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria that can chronically colonize the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF), causing a severe and progressive respiratory failure, post-transplant complications and epidemic outbreaks. Therefore, rapid and accurate identification of these bacteria is relevant for pwCF, in order to facilitate early eradication and prevent chronic colonization. However, BCCs are often quite difficult to detect on culture media as they have a slow growth rate and can be hidden by other fast-growing microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and filamentous fungi. We evaluated the sensitivity of CHROMagar™ B. cepacia agar using 11 isolates from a well-characterized BCC collection, using BCA agar (Oxoid, UK) as a gold standard. We also studied 180 clinical sputum samples to calculate positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values. Furthermore, we used three of the well-characterized BCC isolates to determine the limit of detection (LOD). Eleven isolates grew on CHROMagar™ B. cepacia at 37ºC after 48h. The NPV and PPV of CHROMagar™ B. cepacia were 100% and 87.5%, respectively. The LOD of CHROMagar™ B. cepacia was around 1 × 103CFU/ml, requiring a ten-fold dilution lower bacterial load than BCA for BCC detection. CHROMagar™ B. cepacia agar proved to have a very good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of clinical BCCs. Moreover, the chromogenic nature of the medium allowed us to clearly differentiate BCC from other Gram-negative species, filamentous fungi and yeasts, thereby facilitating the identification of contaminants.

Biodiesel production from microalgae oils: A critical review

The global energy demand is expected to rise due to improved living standards, population growth, and urbanization. It underscores the need to explore alternative energy sources. Biodiesel, derived from renewable feedstock, is considered a promising solution to meet future energy needs while addressing concerns about dwindling fossil fuel reserves and environmental issues. Microalgal oils are identified as third-generation feedstock for biofuels production due to their advantages over conventional edible crops and non-edible oils, which face limitations in availability and yield. Microalgal oils are particularly significant because edible oils serve as food sources, and non-edible oil resources have slow growth rate as well as less oil yields. For biodiesel derived from any feedstock, meeting specific physical and chemical properties to comply with biodiesel standards. Therefore, thoroughly examining the conversion process from microalgal oil to biodiesel is necessary. This study explores various aspects of microalgal oils as biodiesel feedstock, including different microalgal species and their oil content, technologies used for biodiesel production from microalgal oils and biomass, and biodiesel standards and characterization across other countries. Techno-economics and Life Cycle Assessment are applied in this study to evaluate the economic viability and environmental impact of microalgae-based processes, addressing challenges such as data availability, uncertainty, and stakeholder engagement. This review highlights a significant opportunity to produce biodiesel from microalgal feedstock, which could contribute to future biodiesel production and provide a sustainable alternative to conventional diesel fuels.

The Slow Growth of Adventitious Roots in Tetraploid Hybrid Poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra var. italica) May Be Caused by Endogenous Hormone-Mediated Meristem Shortening

The Slow Growth of Adventitious Roots in Tetraploid Hybrid Poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra var. italica) May Be Caused by Endogenous Hormone-Mediated Meristem Shortening

Chemical Peritonitis Due to Ruptured Ovarian Teratoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction: Mature cystic teratomas (MCT) are the most common ovarian tumors in pediatric patients, often asymptomatic due to slow growth, when symptomatic, they can lead to abdominal pain. Spontaneous rupture can result in acute chemical peritonitis (CP), a rare but life-threatening complication. This study presents a clinical case of a patient with spontaneous rupture of an ovarian teratoma and associated acute CP. Clinical Case: 13-year-old female presented with acute abdominal pain, fever, distended and painful abdomen with peritoneal reaction in the right iliac fossa and hypogastrium. Abdominal ultrasound showed a hypoechoic rounded image with an anechoic center in the right adnexal region. Laparoscopic exploration revealed a cystic teratoma of the right ovary with torsion, but no compromise of vitality. Purulent fluid indicated CP due to ruptured and twisted ovarian teratoma. Right ovarian cystectomy was performed, drainage was offered in the Douglas pouch. The patient's condition improved, and she was discharged after recovery. Discussion: Rupture and CP are rare but require emergency surgery. Preoperative diagnosis can be challenging due to their non-specific clinical presentation and the need to rule out malignant complications. Conclusion: Early and appropriate management of MCT is essential to prevent serious complications. Sebum spillage can cause CP, the treatment of choice is teratoma removal, combined with extensive lavage to avoid chronic peritonitis. Laparoscopic surgery stands out as a safe and effective option. A high index of suspicion and comprehensive approach are emphasized in managing this uncommon condition in the pediatric population.

Influence of Inorganic Nitroge N-Nutrients on Copper Toxicity in <I>Anacystis nidulans</I> and Cyanophage As-I Resistant Mutant

The effect of different nitrogen sources on growth and copper toxicity was studied in the unicellular cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans and Gyanophage AS-1 resistant mutant (An/AS-1). The mutant An/AS-1 was characterised by slow growth rate but was more senstitive to copper than its parent. In both the strains, the presence of high nitrate concentrations, which supported better growth of algae, reduced the algicidal effect of copper. However, other inorganic nitrogen sources such as nitrite and ammonium caused more inhibition and reduced the specific growth rate.

Структура, ріст та оптичні характеристики монокристалів сульфанілату гуанідинію (GSA)

Guanidine Sulphanilate (GSA) single crystal was grown by slow evaporation growth method. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies show that the crystal grows in a centro symmetric monoclinic system and its space group is P21/c. Optical studies were carried out using UV visible spectroscopy and the grown crystal shows the the lower cutoff wavelength of 220 nm. Photoluminescence studies show that GSA crystals have good luminescence properties. Laser damage threshold was found to be 0.24GW/cm2. Nonlinear optical studies show green light emission.

Sequence of androgen receptor-targeted vaccination with androgen deprivation therapy affects anti-prostate tumor efficacy

RationaleAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the primary treatment for recurrent and metastatic prostate cancer. In addition to direct antitumor effects, ADT has immunomodulatory effects such as promoting T-cell infiltration and...

Tumor Growth Kinetics Based on Initial Tumor Volume Doubling Time in Active Surveillance of Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

During active surveillance (AS) of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), the majority remain stable, while some exhibit either increase or decrease in tumor diameter or tumor volume (TV). We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and relevant parameters influencing tumor growth kinetics of low-risk PTCs. This retrospective cohort study evaluated clinical parameters of 402 patients with low-risk PTC sized <2 cm, with a follow-up duration over 3 years. Changes in maximum tumor diameter, TV, and initial TV doubling time (i-TVDT) calculated within 3-year were assessed. A significant change in TV was defined as a change of 75% or more. Of the 402 patients with low-risk PTC, 93.3% (375/402) were diagnosed with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. During a median follow-up of 5 years, 3.4% (14/402) of patients developed new cervical lymph node (LN) metastasis, and 8.2% (33/402) experienced maximal diameter increase of ≥3 mm. The i-TVDT of <5 years emerged as an independent risk factor for both maximal diameter growth and new LN metastasis (p<0.001 and p=0.04, respectively). Based on TV changes and i-TVDT during AS, we identified four statistically significant tumor kinetic patterns (p<0.001): Stable (±75% change in TV), Rapid growth (TV increase >75% and i- TVDT <5 years), Slow growth (TV increase >75% and i-TVDT ≥5 years), and Shrinkage (TV decrease >75%). Most of the PTCs remained stable (67.7%), but 17.2% were rapidly growing, with a median onset of growth of 2.0 years. Slowly growing PTCs, comprising 10.9%, grew at a median of 4.3 years. A minority, 4.2%, exhibited shrinkage. In total, 115 (28.6%) patients underwent delayed surgery >12 months after initiating AS. The reasons for delayed surgery included patient preference (51/115, 44.3%), disease progression (31/115, 27.0%), and suspected disease progression, which was referred to as tumor growth not meeting the criteria of an increase of ≥3 mm in maximal tumor diameter (17/115, 14.8%). An i-TVDT of <5 years serve as an important prognostic indicator for disease progression, including tumor growth and new LN metastasis. The four tumor kinetic patterns based on TV changes and i-TVDT assist in guiding personalized decisions early in AS.

Multi-Scale Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Carbon Emissions in Yangtze River Economic Belt and Study of Decoupling Effects

An in-depth, longitudinal examination of carbon emissions and decoupling within the Yangtze River Economic Belt, supplemented by a dynamic assessment of its evolutional trajectory, provides a scientifically grounded framework and pragmatic value for the drafting of regional carbon emission mitigation strategies. Using the Yangtze River Economic Belt as a context, this study formulates a carbon emission model spanning provincial, city, and county levels. The model serves to uncover the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon emissions within the Yangtze River Economic Belt from a multi-scalar vantage point. The Tapio decoupling model is then invoked to examine the extent and nature of decoupling between economic advancement and carbon emissions across these disparate scales. The outcomes divulge the following: (1) At the provincial echelon, the progression of carbon emissions born from energy consumption within the Yangtze River Economic Zone presents an escalating then stabilizing trend line. The carbon emissions growth rate transitions from a swift ascension of 8.44 percent initially, subsequently tapering to a moderate increment of 0.42 percent at the period’s culmination. The trajectory of carbon decoupling at the provincial scale tends to be generally propitious. (2) At the municipal scale, the overall carbon emission level shows a gradual upward trend, and then gradually forms a pattern of centripetal aggregation and peripheral diffusion. The decoupling status during the study period is mainly weak and strong decoupling, with the number of weak decoupling showing a fluctuating change in increasing and then decreasing, while the strong decoupling shows a slow and orderly growth trend, and is mainly distributed in most of the municipalities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. (3) At the county scale, centripetal aggregation and peripheral diffusion were already present at the beginning of the study period, followed by the gradual expansion and formation of several carbon emission centers of different sizes. The temporal evolution of county-level decoupling is more significant, with weak and strong decoupling dominating the county-scale decoupling during the study period, especially in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, but the overall trend shows signs of gradual decoupling.

Abstract IA001: Cellular and molecular underpinnings of field cancerization and progression to invasive carcinoma in bladder cancer

Abstract Two major concerns in clinical management of bladder cancer are: (i) the high frequency of recurrence; and (ii) the morbidity and mortality associated with progression to invasive disease (invasive urothelial carcinoma, IUC). To gain a better understanding of these issues we have used the murine BBN (N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxylbutyl) nitrosamine) experimental model of bladder cancer, as well as tissue samples from normal human bladders and from bladders of patients at various stages of bladder cancer formation and progression. We have documented in the BBN model a CIS-like stage, prior to invasion, in which clonal expansion from a single cell occupies a significant fraction of the urothelium. With this experimental murine model alongside observations from patient samples and data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we have ascertained that a key event in progression of pre-invasive to invasive carcinoma is the silencing of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) member of the Hedgehog gene family. Silencing-associated invasion appears due to the loss of SHH-induced differentiation signals, which when present slow growth and block invasion. Despite the consistent loss of SHH expression in invasive murine and human bladder cancers, however, TCGA data show few if any mutations in the SHH gene of IUC cells. Instead, our studies of patient samples and cancer-derived cell lines reveal that the loss of SHH expression is due to tighter chromosomal packaging and reduced accessibility of a bladder-specific enhancer located ~200 kb upstream of the SHH transcription start site. We have found that inhibitors of certain chromatin-modifying enzymes, including an FDA-approved drug, are capable of re-activating SHH expression, and are testing the possibility that these drugs may block or reverse invasion of urothelial carcinoma. The high frequency of bladder cancer recurrence is thought to result from field cancerization, that is, an increased probability of new cancer formation in apparent normal urothelium, even after successful resection of the primary tumor. To understand the basis for this field effect, we compared apparent normal urothelium from cancer patients to truly normal urothelium from bladders never affected by malignancy. We found that apparent normal samples display a dramatically increased basal character in transcriptomic assays, using as a metric of basalization an index constructed from single cell RNA-seq analysis of normal urothelium. We and others have demonstrated previously by lineage tracing and cell ablation studies in the BBN model that IUC arises from basal stem cells of the urothelium. The basalization of urothelium distant from the primary tumor that we observe thus may account for the increased probability of cancer formation in the apparent normal urothelium of bladder cancer patients. We have found that several FDA-approved antagonists of EGF signaling can reverse this basalization in the mouse BBN model as well as in organoid culture, and that these drugs dramatically reduce the formation of tumors following BBN exposure. Citation Format: Philip A. Beachy, Kris B. Prado, Aaron M. Kershner, Karim Mrouj, Bernard M. Kiss, Hua Dong, Ozgu Aydogdu, Ye Tian, Joseph C. Liao. Cellular and molecular underpinnings of field cancerization and progression to invasive carcinoma in bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2024 May 17-20; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(10_Suppl):Abstract nr IA001.

How total mRNA influences cell growth

Experimental observations tracing back to the 1960s imply that ribosome quantities play a prominent role in determining a cell's growth. Nevertheless, in biologically relevant scenarios, growth can also be influenced by the levels of mRNA and RNA polymerase. Here, we construct a quantitative model of biosynthesis providing testable scenarios for these situations. The model explores a theoretically motivated regime where RNA polymerases compete for genes and ribosomes for transcripts and gives general expressions relating growth rate, mRNA concentrations, ribosome, and RNA polymerase levels. On general grounds, the model predicts how the fraction of ribosomes in the proteome depends on total mRNA concentration and inspects an underexplored regime in which the trade-off between transcript levels and ribosome abundances sets the cellular growth rate. In particular, we show that the model predicts and clarifies three important experimental observations, in budding yeast and Escherichia coli bacteria: i) that the growth-rate cost of unneeded protein expression can be affected by mRNA levels, ii) that resource optimization leads to decreasing trends in mRNA levels at slow growth, and iii) that ribosome allocation may increase, stay constant, or decrease, in response to transcription-inhibiting antibiotics. Since the data indicate that a regime of joint limitation may apply in physiological conditions and not only to perturbations, we speculate that this regime is likely self-imposed.

Investigations on synthesis, growth and characterisations of a NLO material: L-Tryptophanium phosphite (LTP)

The nonlinear optical material L-Tryptophanium phosphite (LTP) was synthesised and grown by the process of slow evaporation solution growth. Characterisations like single crystal XRD, FT-IR, and H1 NMR spectral measurements were done to find the crystal structure and functional groups. The crystal was found to possess good transparency for the whole visible region from the UV-Vis-NIR spectral analysis. The thermal behaviour like stability and breakdown of the crystal were assessed using TG-DTA analyses. The hardness of the crystal was determined using Vickers micro hardness study. The KurtzPerry approach was used to study the nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics of the crystal. A good value of conversion efficiency in second harmonic generation (SHG) makes the generated crystal suitable for frequency conversion.