Smart Grid Distribution Network Research Articles

The Current State of the Art in Research on Predictive Maintenance in Smart Grid Distribution Network: Fault’s Types, Causes, and Prediction Methods—A Systematic Review

With the exponential growth of science, Internet of Things (IoT) innovation, and expanding significance in renewable energy, Smart Grid has become an advanced innovative thought universally as a solution for the power demand increase around the world. The smart grid is the most practical trend of effective transmission of present-day power assets. The paper aims to survey the present literature concerning predictive maintenance and different types of faults that could be detected within the smart grid. Four databases (Scopus, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science) were searched between 2012 and 2020. Sixty-five (n = 65) were chosen based on specified exclusion and inclusion criteria. Fifty-seven percent (n = 37/65) of the studies analyzed the issues from predictive maintenance perspectives, while about 18% (n = 12/65) focused on factors-related review studies on the smart grid and about 15% (n = 10/65) focused on factors related to the experimental study. The remaining 9% (n = 6/65) concentrated on fields related to the challenges and benefits of the study. The significance of predictive maintenance has been developing over time in connection with Industry 4.0 revolution. The paper’s fundamental commitment is the outline and overview of faults in the smart grid such as fault location and detection. Therefore, advanced methods of applying Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques can enhance and improve the reliability and resilience of smart grid systems. For future direction, we aim to supply a deep understanding of Smart meters to detect or monitor faults in the smart grid as it is the primary IoT sensor in an AMI.

Passive Sliding Mode Controlled UPFC and its Treatment Strategy of Unbalanced Grid Conditions

Modular multilevel converter based unified power flow controller (MMC-UPFC) can provide flexible power regulation and plays an important role in the smart grid and future distribution networks. PI controller is widely adopted in the Unified power flow controller (UPFC) control. However, it is often difficult to figure out a pair of stable control parameters with good dynamic performance. A passive sliding mode control strategy of MMC-UPFC is proposed in this paper to achieve the advantages of both the passive controller and sliding mode controller. The proposed passive sliding mode control strategy has a fast response speed and is not sensitive to system parameter variation. Since unbalance grid voltage conditions are common in the modern distribution networks, an unbalanced grid treatment strategy is also presented with the series side of MMC-UPFC. Negative sequence components of the grid voltages are detected by the cross-decoupling method with second order generalized integrator and then compensated by the series side of MMC-UPFC. The series side converter controls the power flow and treats unbalanced grid conditions simultaneously. The efficiency of the general device is increased thus. A 27-level MMC-UPFC simulation system is built based on the Shanghai UPFC Project and validate the proposed approach.

End-User Privacy Protection Scheme from cyber intrusion in smart grid advanced metering infrastructure

Smart monitoring work as a backbone of a smart grid distribution network. To support the existing grid toward a smart grid scenario, smart metering plays a vital role at the customer end side. The massive deployment of smart meters in the distribution side raises a concern about data loss, privacy loss and False Data Intrusion Attack (FDIA). In order to protect the commercial and non-commercial users “End-User Privacy Protection Scheme (EPPS)” is proposed, which allows smart meters to report correct reading during FDIA/intrusion. In this proposed technique statistical machine learning method based on Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering (GMMC) and Mean Square Error (MSE) using two performance indices, the Data Protection Capability (DPC) and the confidential interval for true measurement against false data injection is evaluated. For performance evaluation of the proposed methodology, a passive distributed network is studied. Using EPPS, customer pattern is reconstructed by eliminating cyber intrusion due to FDIA on a smart metering system. This research validates the proposed method through MATLAB software using the smart meter data taken from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).

Self-Healing Besides Restoration Methods in Smart Grid Distribution Networks

The Smart grid refers to a next-generation power grid which is a two-way information flow where electricity and information switch over between the service and its customer’s. The power system becomes smart by applying intelligence by way of multidirectional flow of electricity and information to create an extensive distribution network through smart grid technology. It made smarter power system by developing a networking communication, controls, automation, new technologies and tools working together to make the great efficient and more secure environment. For an effective integration and quality of the service to the consumer's smart grid technology is needed due to working with the electrical distribution system and quickly to respond digitally for rapidly changing electric demand. At this point, an electricity disruption such as a blackout can affect a series of failures that can affect several areas such as banking, traffic, and security. To address the power restoration, smart grid makes use of self-healing strategy which will allow automatic switching when equipment failure or outages occur. There have been numerous studies in the last decade or so in to even out the fundamental and mathematical challenges of making a smart self-healing grid a reality. In this paper, we explore the Self-healing approach for Smart grid Communications likewise discusses the service restoration methods in Distribution Networks of Smart Grid Environment.

Self-Healing Besides Restoration Methods in Smart Grid Distribution Networks

The Smart grid refers to a next-generation power grid which is a two-way information flow where electricity and information switch over between the service and its customer’s. The power system becomes smart by applying intelligence by way of multidirectional flow of electricity and information to create an extensive distribution network through smart grid technology. It made smarter power system by developing a networking communication, controls, automation, new technologies and tools working together to make the great efficient and more secure environment. For an effective integration and quality of the service to the consumer's smart grid technology is needed due to working with the electrical distribution system and quickly to respond digitally for rapidly changing electric demand. At this point, an electricity disruption such as a blackout can affect a series of failures that can affect several areas such as banking, traffic, and security. To address the power restoration, smart grid makes use of self-healing strategy which will allow automatic switching when equipment failure or outages occur. There have been numerous studies in the last decade or so in to even out the fundamental and mathematical challenges of making a smart self-healing grid a reality. In this paper, we explore the Selfhealing approach for Smart grid Communications likewise discusses the service restoration methods in Distribution Networks of Smart Grid Environment

Problems and Solutions in Integrated Regulation and Control of Smart Grid Distribution Network

Problems and Solutions in Integrated Regulation and Control of Smart Grid Distribution Network

A voted based random forests algorithm for smart grid distribution network faults prediction

ABSTRACT In this paper, we focus on fault prediction in the smart distribution network. modified version of voted random forest algorithm (VRF) is proposed for enhancing the predicting accuracy of the faults. We change the decision process by redesigning the voting algorithm by introducing multiple SVM models for voting model training. Based on the trained models, a simple NSGA algorithm is applied to find the best voting model. Results showed that the new algorithm could improve the accuracy and recall rate of the fault prediction, especially for the recall rate of the negative samples.

A Bilevel Model for Optimal Bidding and Offering of Flexible Load Aggregator in Day-Ahead Energy and Reserve Markets

With the development of smart grid and active distribution network, the flexible load recourse would play a key role in the electricity market. In this paper, we proposed a framework that the distributed storage energy systems, electric vehicles, and temperature control loads are aggregated in the flexible load aggregator, trading in day-ahead energy and reserve markets. The framework is modeled as a bilevel optimization model. In the propose model, the operation problem of the FLA is modeled in upper-level problem, which is to maximize the profit of the aggregator. The biding and offering strategic of Gencos and flexible load aggregator in the independent system operator are presented in lower-level problem, which aim at improving the social benefits. Karush–Kuhn–Tucker and dual theory are used to transform the nonlinear bilevel problem to a mixed-integer linear programming of single-level model. Finally, the numerical studies based on modifying PJM-5bus power system, showing the effectiveness of the proposed framework and bilevel model.

基于业务优先级的智能配用电通信网流量调度方法

无线公网通信技术是智能配用电通信网关键技术之一。为了避免网络中由于流量并发而出现拥塞现象，本文提出了一种基于业务优先级的流量调度方法。首先通过分析智能配用电通信网中传输的不同业务信息呈现从上到下层级树的流量模型，接着将不同种类的流量根据业务重要性和通信需求划分优先级，最后，提出了基于业务优先级的流量调度和排队方法。结果显示，本文提出的流量调度和排队方法能够有效地减小网络时延。 Wireless public network communication technology is one of the key technologies of smart grid distribution and consumption communication network for smart grid. To avoid the congestion in the network due to concurrent traffic, this paper proposed a traffic scheduling method based on service priority. Firstly, the traffic model from top to bottom level tree was presented by analyzing the different service information transmitted in the smart distribution network. Then, the traffic of different types was classified according to their importance and communication demand. Finally, the method of traffic scheduling and queuing based on service priority was proposed. The result showed that the proposed method can effectively reduce the network delay.

Distributed Alarming in the On-Duty and Off-Duty Models

Decentralized monitoring and alarming systems can be an attractive alternative to centralized architectures. Distributed sensor nodes (e.g., in the smart grid's distribution network) are closer to an observed event than a global and remote observer or controller. This improves the visibility and response time of the system. Moreover, in a distributed system, local problems may also be handled locally and without overloading the communication network. This paper studies alarming from a distributed computing perspective and for two fundamentally different scenarios: on-duty and off-duty. We model the alarming system as a sensor network consisting of a set of distributed nodes performing local measurements to sense events. In order to avoid false alarms, the sensor nodes cooperate and only escalate an event (i.e., raise an alarm) if the number of sensor nodes sensing an event exceeds a certain threshold. In the on-duty scenario, nodes not affected by the event can actively help in the communication process, while in the off-duty scenario, non-event nodes are inactive. We present and analyze algorithms that minimize the reaction time of the monitoring system while avoiding unnecessary message transmissions. We investigate time and message complexity tradeoffs in different settings, and also shed light on the optimality of our algorithms by deriving cost lower bounds for distributed alarming systems.

Open-phase operating modes of power flow control topologies in a Smart Grid Distribution Network

The power flow regulating circuit node in an alternating current system is reviewed. The circuit node is accomplished based on a thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR) with controlled thyristor switch. Research results of the individual phase control of the output voltage for the TCPAR are presented. Analytical expressions for the overvoltage factor calculation in the thyristor switch circuit for open-phase operating modes are received. Based on evaluation of overvoltage in operational and emergency modes, the implementability conditions of the individual phase control of the output voltage are determined. Under these conditions, maximal performance and complete controllability are provided.

Assessing survivability of smart grid distribution network designs accounting for multiple failures

SUMMARYSmart grids are fostering a paradigm shift in the realm of power distribution systems. Whereas traditionally different components of the power distribution system have been provided and analyzed by different teams through different lenses, smart grids require a unified and holistic approach that takes into consideration the interplay of communication reliability, energy backup, distribution automation topology, energy storage, and intelligent features such as automated fault detection, isolation, and restoration (FDIR) and demand response. In this paper, we present an analytical model and metrics for the survivability assessment of the distribution power grid network. The proposed metrics extend the system average interruption duration index, accounting for the fact that after a failure, the energy demand and supply will vary over time during a multi‐step recovery process. The analytical model used to compute the proposed metrics is built on top of three design principles: state space factorization, state aggregation, and initial state conditioning. Using these principles, we reduce a Markov chain model with large state space cardinality to a set of much simpler models that are amenable to analytical treatment and efficient numerical solution. In case demand response is not integrated with FDIR, we provide closed form solutions to the metrics of interest, such as the mean time to repair a given set of sections. Under specific independence assumptions, we show how the proposed methodology can be adapted to account for multiple failures. We have evaluated the presented model using data from a real power distribution grid, and we have found that survivability of distribution power grids can be improved by the integration of the demand response feature with automated FDIR approaches. Our empirical results indicate the importance of quantifying survivability to support investment decisions at different parts of the power grid distribution network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

State Estimation and Voltage/VAR Control in Distribution Network With Intermittent Measurements

Reactive power injection in smart grid distribution networks via distributed generators is envisioned to play a vital role in voltage/VAR support. In this paper, we integrate the three aspects of voltage/VAR support: modeling, state estimation and network control in a single framework. Firstly, we develop an input to state nonlinear dynamic model that incorporates power flow equations along with load and distributed generation (DG) forecasts. Then, considering an extended Kalman filter (EKF) approach for nonlinear state estimation, we analyze the impact of dropped packets on stability of estimation process. Finally, we apply separation principle locally around some known state estimates, to design a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) based voltage/VAR support strategy. The control problem aims to minimize the aggregate reactive power injected by DG with the following constraints: 1) voltage regulation; 2) phase imbalance correction; and 3) maximum and minimum reactive power injection by individual generators. Considering computational complexity incurred in search for the optimal solution for large scale nonlinear control problems, we propose a successive time varying linear (STVL) approximation to our voltage/VAR control problem. The control framework approach and the analytical results presented in this paper are validated by simulating a radial distribution network as an example.

Smart Gird Distribution and Consumption Communication Network Architecture

Smart grid distribution and consumption communication network is one important part of smart gird communication network and the crucial technology field of smart grid. Smart grid distribution and consumption communication network due to its existing features such as large coverage, enormous number and irregular distribution of the network nodes and difficulty of network construction, has been lack of suitable communication technology and network construction mode, and become the negative factors of the development of smart gird communication network and the constraints of the application and development of smart grid distribution and consumption business. This paper makes great efforts on the research about lots of power communication technologies and the existing scheme of power communication network construction, considers the characteristics of business needs, technical prospects and economic cost, and then proposes a widely applicable smart gird distribution and consumption communication network architecture, including smart grid distribution and consumption communication network model, layered network structure, and a series of applicable networking programs. 

Communication security for smart grid distribution networks

The operation and control of the next generation electrical grids will depend on a complex network of computers, software, and communication technologies. Being compromised by a malicious adversary would cause significant damage, including extended power outages and destruction of electrical equipment. Moreover, the implementation of the smart grid will include the deployment of many new enabling technologies such as advanced sensors and metering, and the integration of distributed generation resources. Such technologies and various others will require the addition and utilization of multiple communication mechanisms and infrastructures that may suffer from serious cyber vulnerabilities. These need to be addressed in order to increase the security and thus the greatest adoption and success of the smart grid. In this article, we focus on the communication security aspect, which deals with the distribution component of the smart grid. Consequently, we target the network security of the advanced metering infrastructure coupled with the data communication toward the transmission infrastructure. We discuss the security and feasibility aspects of possible communication mechanisms that could be adopted on that subpart of the grid. By accomplishing this, the correlated vulnerabilities in these systems could be remediated, and associated risks may be mitigated for the purpose of enhancing the cyber security of the future electric grid.