Smart Card Reader Research Articles

Best of two worlds: Efficient, usable and auditable biometric ABC on the blockchain

In García-Rodríguez et al. 2024, two generic constructions for biometric-based non-transferable Attribute Based Credentials (biometric ABC) are presented, which offer different trade-offs between efficiency and trust assumptions. In this paper, we focus on the second scheme denoted as BioABC-ZK that tries to remove the strong (and unrealistic) trust assumption on the Reader R, and we show that BioABC-ZK has a security flaw for a colluding R and Verifier V. Besides, BioABC-ZK lacks GDPR-compliance, which requires secure processing of biometrics, for instance in form of Fuzzy Extractors, as opposed to (i) storing the reference biometric template aBio in the user’s mobile phone and (ii) processing of biometrics using an external untrusted R, whose foreign manufacturers are unlikely to adjust their products according to GDPR.The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we review efficient biometric ABC schemes to identify the privacy-by-design criteria for them. In view of these principles, we propose a new architecture for biometric ABC of Sarier 2021 by adapting the recently introduced core/helper setting. Briefly, a user in our modified setting is composed of a constrained core device (a SIM card) inside a helper device (a smart phone with dual SIM and face recognition feature), which – as opposed to García-Rodríguez et al. 2024 – does not need to store aBio. This way, the new design provides Identity Privacy without the need for an external R and/or a dedicated hardware per user such as a biometric smart card reader or a tamper proof smart card as in current hardware-bound credential systems. Besides, the new system maintains minimal hardware requirements on the SIM card – only responsible for storing ABC and helper data –, which results in easy adoption and usability without loosing efficiency, if deep face fuzzy vault and our modified ABC scheme are employed together. As a result, a total overhead of 500 ms to a showing of a comparable non-biometric ABC is obtained instead of the 2.1 s in García-Rodríguez et al. 2024 apart from the removal of computationally expensive pairings. Finally, as different from García-Rodríguez et al. 2024, auditing is achieved via Blockchain instead of proving in zero-knowledge the actual biometric matching by the user to reveal malicious behavior of R and V.

Enhancing e-IDs authentication with NFC

In the modern times, the heavy footprint of Information and Communication Technologies in the everyday life brings multiple challenges to the ordinary citizen, like having a digital profile on numerous services and institutions. The spread of authentication services that need to be verified to perform simple tasks is thus overwhelming. Many countries hence developed elaborated solutions to unify some of the authentication services around a single e-ID card to help performing different everyday tasks. The burden associated with carrying a smartcard reader to authenticate, or the time spent and complexity of the authentication using Mobile Digital Tokens represent an adversity for citizens who are not so digitally educated. NFC is a technology that is growing in usage every year and is widely adopted now. It is easy and fast to use. This paper proposes a safe, easy, and fast way to implement NFC-based authentication in an e-ID card and discusses its benefits.

SMART TECHNOLOGY AS A VERITABLE TOOL FOR CREDIBLE ELECTION: A STUDY OF NIGERIA

Election is a key component of democracy. Since Nigeria gained its independence in 1960, the conduct of election in the political history of Nigeria has been marred by fraudulent practices, corruption and violence. In spite of series of electoral reforms, the country has not succeeded in reducing incidences of voter intimidation, ballot box snatching and stuffing, multiple voting, falsifications of results and other associated electoral malpractices. In fact, the country failed to conceive and implement free, fair, transparent and credible electoral process. Admittedly, part of the efforts made towards the conduct of 2015 general elections is the introduction and use of Smart Card Reader (SCR) in the quest to ensure free, fair and credible election. Building on the gains of Smart Card Reader in the 2015 elections, INEC introduced an advance level of smart technology in elections conducted outside the election circle in the year 2021 known as Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS). It is against this background therefore; the paper investigated the impact of smart technology in the electoral process. The study adopted quantitative research method as data were gathered through primary sources. David Easton’s system theory was deployed for analysis. The study found amongst others that the introduction of smart technologies – Smart Card Reader and the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System have reduced incidence of electoral fraud, and enhanced free, fair and credible elections in Nigeria. The study recommends adequate facility, including legal framework for full adoption and operation of smart technology across all the facet of electoral process including voting in Nigeria.

Smart Billing System Using Arduino

Abstract: The modern technology has increased the standard of living for the humans. With the advancement of technology, the level of acceptance of people of all ages towards electronic gadgets is increasing steadily. Electronic gadgets such as barcode scanner smart card reader and RFID scanner are gaining more and more usage in various kinds of industries. So with the help of these we came up with this innovative project is of an automated billing system which can be placed at a side where the customer is flexible to use at any time. This automated payment system consists of a RFID reader which is controlled by Arduino. So, whenever the customer places the tag it is detected by the RFID module and is displayed on LCD along with the price of the item. As the customer goes on adding items, all items are detected by the module and therefore the price will increase accordingly. In case if customer changes his/her mind and doesn’t want any item added to the bill he/she can remove it and the price added will be deducted automatically. At the end of the entire process the total amount to be paid will be displayed. We can also pay the bill using the mobile application in the app itself. The mobile application is operated by the Wi-Fi module used in the hardware implementation. After the payment the bill will generate successfully. Hence this technique is an appropriate method to be used in places like hotels so this will help in reducing manpower and helps in making a better billing experience for customers.

Digitization of Electoral Process and` Democratic Consolidation: A Case of Ekiti and Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria

Liberal Democratic theorists have established a strong link between Democracy and Election. A high premium is thus placed on the integrity of election in the democratic project. In Nigeria, attempts at strengthening and consolidating democracy have always been frustrated by electoral fraud ranging from rigging, ballot snatching, unauthorized announcement of elections, illegal thumb-printing and most recently, vote buying. To arrest this she nanigan, the Country’s electoral rules introduced the use of Smart Card Reader as a technological innovation into the electoral process in 2015. A further step in this initiative was the introduction of the use of Bimodal Voters Accreditation System and Electronic Transmission of Result in the Electoral Act, 2022. This paper examines the use and consequences of the technology on Nigeria’s democratic future as demonstrated in the 2022 Ekiti and Osun governorship elections. It relies principally on secondary data generated from documented evidence of local and international election observers, archival materials, journals and texts. The content analyses revealed that there was effective deployment of Bimodal Voters Accreditation System (BVAS) in the conduct of the two 2022 gubernatorial elections with minimal challenges in their functionality. This facilitated prompt release of the election results. Digitization and transmission of election results, if properly administered have the prospect of guaranteeing increased security of election and encouraging increased voters’ turnout as a result of perceived guarantee of electoral integrity. This portends good prospect for Nigeria’s democratic stability and institutionalization in future polls.

Penerapan Sistem Informasi Presensi Pengunjung Perpustakaan Berbasis RFID di SMA Negeri 1 Pamekasan

SMA Negeri 1 Pamekasan is one of the favorite schools in Pamekasan Regency which was the International Standard School Pioneer (RSBI) in 2009-2014. However, library activities are still carried out completely manually. Visiting library members are not properly recorded, many problems occur during the circulation process, difficulties in searching for books, book collections are not completely recorded and without labeling, they are only stored in excel form. This will hinder the process of reporting and presenting data in statistical form. The solution offered by the Community Service (PKM) team with the 2019 RISTEKDIKTI funding source is to switch to a digital library based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to facilitate visitor recapitulation, book collection searches, circulation processes and bibliography. The digital library is designed with a client server network topology and uses a modified SLIM application so that it can be integrated with the use of RFID cards. The RFID card functions as a library membership card as well as a student card, Teacher and Tu ID card. All library members have used their identity cards to carry out transactions at the library including attendance by sticking the card on the smartcard reader, borrowing and returning reading books

8 - The Role of ICT in Curtailing Electoral Fraud and Violence in Nigeria: A Study of the 2019 General Election in Lagos State

Elections can be described as the hallmark of democracy and integral for a democratic society to remain stable. However, electoral process in Nigeria has been marred with fraud and violence. Electoral violence and fraud remain a major threat to the stability of democracy in Nigeria. To reduce the occurrence of violence and fraud, INEC introduced the Smart Card Reader (SCR) which was used to verify the authenticity of the Permanent Voters Card (PVC). The use of ICT during the 2019 elections limited the extent to which political actors can intimidate or harass INEC officials to commit electoral fraud, it also reduced the number of electoral petitions and in Lagos State, there was a reduction in violence experienced during the elections. Ifeanyi .U. Chukwuma, Researcher, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Email: ify.chukwuma@yahoo.com

The smart card Authentication system

This paper provides details on smart card authentication software. The software uses the smart card, smart card reader/writer device, NFC (Near Field Communication), data card printer, and web application. The data collected from the user through the web application will be stored in the smart card in encrypted format using a smart card writer during registration and also basic details of the user will be printed on the smart card using the data card printer. When the user produces the card for authentication the smart card reader, reads and decrypts the details stored in the smart card. Keywords: NFC, Data card printer, Encryption, Decryption, ACR122U, APDU.

Secure forensic data transmission system in cloud database using fuzzy based butterfly optimization and modified ECC

AbstractData forensic is the investigation of digital data which illustrates how it is created and utilized. It is composed of detection, preservation, retrieval, and analyzing digital information. These data are stored in different domains. When storing the data in a cloud database it is ineluctable to circumvent the data leakage. Several deep learning approaches were conducted to resist data leakage. However, optimized security was not obtained. To address the aforementioned issues we have proposed a novel modified elliptic curve cryptography based secure forensic data transmission system (MESFDT) in the cloud database. The conventional ECC selects the keys used for the encryption and decryption process randomly. This might cause the generation of countless keys and can be easily hacked by a malicious user. Therefore we adopted fuzzy based butterfly optimization algorithm (FBOA) for the generation of keys. Thus the ECC is modified to form modified elliptic curve cryptography (MECC). The proposed method is comprised of a MECC integration unit, wireless transceiver, USB interface, MECC unit, smart card reader. This helps to transfer the forensic data from the user to the cloud database securely and also circumvent the duplication of data. The experimental study depicts that the proposed method increases the security of forensic data and mitigates the encryption and decryption time more gently than the other existing approaches.

Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. An Appraisal of the 2019 General Elections

This article presents a detailed appraisal of the administration of the 2019 general elections with a special focus on polling station information, set up, the voting and counting process, conduct of security officials and declaration of results. Findings show an improvement in the conduct of elections and hence a deepening of democracy in Nigeria. These improvements include the use of card readers and greater participation by stakeholders including observer groups, CSOs and the media. Some of the challenges include disruptions occasioned by the postponement of the general elections, low voter turnouts, logistical challenges, late arrivals of materials and officials, the cumbersome voting process for uneducated and rural voters, weak capacity of ad-hoc staff, voter inducement, shortage of materials and personnel, and challenges with smart card readers. Others are lack of special provisions for people with disabilities, inadequate security in some cases, too many political parties listed on the ballot paper, high number of invalid votes, non-adherence to electoral guidelines, uneven distribution of voters and underage voting. Recommendations arising from the paper include reform of the Electoral Act to improve transparency and efficiency through the use of ICT tools, continuing voter education, capacity development for INEC/ad-hoc staff and security officials, improving elections logistics and smart card reader functionality. Similarly recommended are enhanced funding for INEC, ensuring strict adherence to guidelines, continuous civic and voter registration, adequate provision for people living with disabilities and effective security planning. Keywords : Elections administration, Electoral Management Body, Democracy, Governance, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/DCS/12-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Smart transit payment for university campus transportation using RFID card system

In the transportation business, we aim to be cost-efficient and effective in our customer service but with the traditional transit payment system, it is not so. Lately, transit companies all over the world are moving towards superior client service, nimbleness, receptiveness to necessities that diverge at a time scale that was absurd even two decades ago. The aim of this study was to create an electronic transit payment system that will allow for full pliability and solutions functionality that Covenant Universities and Nigerian transit companies should adopt to become more effective and efficient. We achieved this with the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) smart cards and card readers aiding a computer program that was programmed using C#. In addition, the program was simple and not expensive to implement in order to eliminate the mismanagement of ticket funds, loiter paper in bus stations, and so on. Together all this became our payment system.

Formalizing and analyzing security ceremonies with heterogeneous devices in ANP and PDL

In today's security protocols (also called “security ceremonies” when humans play a key role), different nodes may have different capabilities: computers can encrypt and decrypt messages, whereas humans cannot; a biometric device can capture biometric information, whereas a random number generator used in e-banking cannot; and so on. Furthermore, even if a node has the decryption capability, it must also know the encryption key to decrypt a message. Actor-network procedures (ANPs) are a well-known formal model of heterogeneous security protocols by Meadows and Pavlovic, and their procedure derivation logic (PDL) supports the logical reasoning about ANPs. However, ANPs do not support explicitly specifying node capabilities, and PDL does not support reasoning explicitly about the knowledge of the participants at different points in time. In this paper, we extend ANPs to deal with heterogeneous devices by explicitly specifying the nodes' capabilities, as well as by adding new types of events. We also modify PDL to take into account the knowledge of participants at different points in time, and extend PDL to reason both from a “bird's-eye” view of the system, as well from a “node's-eye” view. All this allows us to reason about secrecy and authentication in security protocols/ceremonies with different kinds of devices and human users. We illustrate the use of our modeling notation ANP-C and our logics PDL-CK and PDL-CKL to specify and reason about a number of scenarios involving different kinds of devices, including: scenarios for updating someone's data in a smart card reader; an SSL/TLS ceremony involving a user, a smartphone with a fingerprint reader, and a remote computer/server; and scenarios involving the YubiKey authentication device used by companies such as Google, Facebook, and Bank of America.

Biometric Technologies, Electoral Fraud and the Management of Elections in Nigeria and Zimbabwe

The introduction of biometric technologies (BT) in Africa’s developing democracies has raised concerns on the BT effect on voter turnout and voter confidence. Questions have also been raised about BT effectiveness as an anti-rigging and anti-fraud solution that would ensure credible elections. Through secondary and survey data, the study used Nigeria and Zimbabwe in Africa as units of analysis, as both countries have similar historical trajectory and conditions like weak institutions, reliance on international donors and the use of BT. The study discovered that at the pre-election stage, BT use enhanced election credibility as evidenced in computerized voter register and Smart Card Readers (SCR). It also discovered that at the election stage, biometric technologies served as an effective anti-rigging measure by eliminating cases of unregistered voting, ballot stuffing and multiple voting. The study further shows that the application of biometric technologies affects voters’ confidence and turn out negatively. For instance, the more biometric technologies (BM) are deployed and used in Nigeria and Zimbabwe, the modest the level of voters’ turnout (43.65% in 2015 elections and 52% 2000 elections respectively), showing the limitations of BT in resolving issues of voters’ confidence, turnout and electoral fraud in Nigeria and Zimbabwe.

Smart card readers and the quality of the 2019 general elections in Nigeria: successes and challenges

ABSTRACT The adoption of smart card technology in many parts of Africa has contributed to the credibility and integrity of elections. As an integral part of the biometric voting system which checks the authenticity of voters and reduces the possibility of electoral fraud and irregularities, the smart card technology has been seen to have improved the integrity of elections since its introduction in Nigeria’s electoral process. However, the application of smart card readers in the 2019 elections nonetheless poses some drawbacks which reflect in the conduct and management of elections. Apart from the malfunctioning of a smart card reader which led to manual voting, the inability of the technological device to authenticate permanent voter cards, the indiscretion of INEC officials to allow unaccredited voters to vote in some voting locations, the structural and systemic failure of the Nigerian state relating to the crisis of election management contributed to the challenges encountered in the use of the smart cards in the 2019 electoral process. This article demonstrates that these factors undermined the integrity of the elections.

Smart Card Reader for Engineering Students [SCR - All in One

Magnetic strip cards have very low storage mainly a few bytes and in general smart cards can store hundred times more information than magnetic. With more space to store information, smart cards can have more use and may be more versatile than magnetic cards, in addition to being a student identification card it could also be used to store monetary values such as a cash card for retail and as an access card to login to computers and enter rooms. Smart cards have the benefits of storing comprehensive records with the advantages of accuracy and reliability, in other words it can he seen as a mobile database.Our implementation will be very useful to trace the students for college gate, Hostel gate, Library, Transport, Academic attendance, Academic scores, Student details, Achievements. Once college administrator will store student details, staff details and authentication details after that student will be traced and information store automatically to concern database. Then the attendance IS sent to parents via SMS. Student’s will store their attendance via biometric fingerprint reader without staff intervention.

Vote Buying: Examining the Manifestations, Motivations, and Effects of an Emerging Dimension of Election Rigging in Nigeria (2015-2019)

Elections provide the platform for the electorate to choose their leaders in modern democracies. In Nigeria, they provide the opportunity for rich corrupt politicians to perpetrate acts of vote buying against both fellow contestants and the electorate. The introduction of Smart Card Readers (SCRs) technology and the permanent voter cards (PVCs) by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) made it difficult for politicians to manipulate election results. In other to game the system, politicians began relying increasingly on vote buying as a means of compromising and influencing the outcome of elections. Hence, vote buying is a fairly new method of election rigging. This paper, therefore, intends to explore the manifestations, motivations, and effects of vote buying on elections conducted between 2015 and 2019, as well as its implications for future elections in the country.

The Fears, Anxieties, Speculations and Hope Amidst Uncertainties: Nigerian 2019 General Election in Periscope

General elections in Nigeria are often controversial and are perceived as elections with challenges and issues of legitimacy because of irregularities and malpractices that bedevilled the process of the elections’ conduct. The 2019 General Election is anticipated to be an election of greater interest and challenges accruing to the permutation of many factors that are manifesting currently within the political arena of Nigerian politics. This paper is a succinct examination of the predictive analysis of the prospects and the challenges that the 2019 General Election might produce. The problem is that despite the significant improvement recorded in the 2015 General Election, there are still challenges that are yet to be addressed in the electoral process. The paper is a descriptive and analytical work which relies on the use of secondary data such as books, journals and internet sources for data collection. The data collected was analysed using thematic analytical interpretations. The paper discovered that the 2019 General Election would be less challenging than the immediately previous one due to a weak opposition but some of the hitches that were encountered before might likely reoccur particularly the efficiency of the card readers and the violation of electoral regulations in addition to money politics. The paper recommends that the electoral body should re-strategised in making the smart card readers effective and the body needs to be vigilant in monitoring parties’ and candidates’ financial activities right from now in order to ensure compliance, transparency and a fair election.

NFC Solutions for Purchasing Public Transport Tickets at Babahoyo Terrestrial Terminal

Buying tickets at the Babahoyo terrestrial terminal can become a slow process, causing delays and costs for users to queue to be able to mobilize to the different destinations on o er. The objective of the project is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the computer system that implements NFC technology through mobile phones and smart cards that allow to speed up the purchase process, all for frequent travelers who must use this service. The data presented in this article were obtained through an exploratory study of qualitative and quantitative nature. The people who participated in the study were the users of the Babahoyo terrestrial terminal transport, who answered questions to determine their level of acceptance to a computer system using NFC technologies and the results determined that a large majority were available to use telephones and smart card readers. About 90% of respondents believe that the software will have a positive impact on the ticketing process at the Babahoyo terrestrial terminal. Even in the country, the advantages of NFC have not been seen, however, it is expected that by 2018 will have a high impact by the use of applications that make use of the benefits provided by this technology. NFC technology emerged about 15 years ago, however, in Ecuador has not yet become popular the use of it.

E-Voting in Nigeria: Barriers to Full Implementation

Over the years, Nigeria has been desirous of a credible voting system due to the irregularities that hampered previous elections which include: ballot stuffing, intimidation of voters, hijacking of ballot boxes, violence and manipulation of election results. Hence, the Independent National Electoral Commission introduced Direct Data Capture Machine technology in 2007 which produced the Electronic Voters’ Register and smart card readers which has since been used for all elections. Though the introduction of Electronic Voters’ Register and smart card readers improved the electoral process, research reveals that it is yet to achieve the desired results. Hence, this paper aims at studying the required e-voting system in Nigeria and the barriers to its full implementation as well as the way forward. It is believed that the full implementation of e-voting system in Nigeria would save the country from the awful experiences of the past as it promises free, fair, transparent, convenient and confidential elections as well as the speedy processing of results.

The Impact of ICT in the Conduct of Elections in Nigeria

There is no gainsaying that technology has drastically reduced incidences of electoral malpractices such as: ballot stuffing, result sheet mutilation, manipulations, over voting, alteration of result sheets and hijacking of ballot boxes in the history of Nigeria elections. The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has employed a number of innovative approaches to improve the management and conduct of elections in the country. As years pass by, INEC gets more sophisticated with its technologies in order to meet up with international standard. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of these technologies and the effect they have on election activities in Nigeria from 1999 general election to 2017. Results show that the introduction of these technologies: Electronic Voters Register(EVR), Automatic Fingerprints Identification System (AFIS) and Smart Card Reader (SCR) have reduced the incidence of multiple registration and multiple voting to the barest minimum while the development of e-collation support platform has drastically reduced incidence of result manipulation at collation centres. Hence, it is believed that the incorporation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigeria electoral process has reduced excessive electoral fraud to the barest minimum and foster credible elections.