Smart Card Applications Research Articles

A Secure Design on Mifare Classic Cards for Ensuring Contactless Payment and Control Services

Today, various contactless smart cards are used to protect our personal information and to perform secure and fast transactions. Many contactless smart card applications are becoming commonplace, from corporate access control cards to electronic passports and financial payment. There is a wide variety of smart cards on the market that differ in size, chasis, memory, computing power, and even the security features they provide. Although MIFARE Classic cards, which are used in many areas due to their price performance, meet certain security and functional needs, the weaknesses of these cards have made the applications and systems they are used in question. The aim of this study is to introduce a new design on MIFARE Classic contactless cards that will eliminate the basic shortcomings with minimum impact, and to perform high-security payment transactions using these cards, which do not support high-security payment transactions in their basic design. By using flexible data organization and storage scheme, their sector structure can be used for different purposes. The proposed new design includes derivation of critical card data by using card- specific information which ensures that the keys that provide access to the sectors of card are different on all cards; protection of card information through a certificate mechanism; usage of a new data structure with mirroring and redundancy methods to ensure data integrity and provide a server-side authentication mechanism for online transactions. It is possible that the proposed new design will pave the way for the secure use of MIFARE Classic cards in new generation payment and control systems.

A Verified Formal Specification of A Secured Communication Method For Smart Card Applications

In remote villages without access to modern IT technology, simple devices such as smartcards can be used to carry out business transactions. These devices typically store multiple business applications from multiple vendors. Although devices must prevent malicious or accidental security breaches among the applications, a secure communication channel between two applications from different vendors is often required. In this paper, first, we propose a method of establishing secure communication channels between applications in embedded operating systems that run on multi-applet smart cards. Second, we enforce the high assurance using an intransitive noninterference security policy. Thirdly, we formalize the method through the Z language and create the formal specification of the proposed secure system. Finally, we verify its correctness using Rushby's unwinding theorem.

Low Power True Random Number Generator through Ring Oscillator for IoT and Smart Card Applications

Low Power True Random Number Generator through Ring Oscillator for IoT and Smart Card Applications

Time-shared AES-128 implementation with extremely low-cost for smart card applications

Time-shared AES-128 implementation with extremely low-cost for smart card applications

Time-shared AES-128 implementation with extremely low-cost for smart card applications

Smart cards have seen tremendous growth in the past few years due to their multiple functions delivering ability. They can be used for personal identification, healthcare applications, financial ap...

Asynchronous AES Crypto-Processor Including Secured and Optimized Blocks

This paper presents the first study of an asynchronous AES architecture compliant with the NIST standard. It exploits the fundamental properties of quasi delay insensitive asynchronous circuits. First, 1 to N encoding is extensively used in order to minimize hardware cost, thus optimizing area and speed. Most importantly, it is shown how the quasi delay insensitive logic style gives the opportunity to design balanced architectures, particularly well suited to improve differential power analysis resistance. Indeed, the proposed design methodology enables the generation of logic circuits which always involve a constant number of logical transitions, independently of data values processed by the circuit. Based on a 32-bit data-path, a balanced and optimized QDI asynchronous architecture of the AES is described. In addition, several architecture trade-offs are considered, and their area and speed estimated. Simulation results show that with the proposed design approach, throughputs ranging from 36 Mbit/s to more than 569 Mbit/s can be achieved, well suited to target smart-card applications.

Penerapan Ice Breaker dalam Strategi Pembelajaran Berbantu Kartu Pintar Terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas I

<p><em>The purpose of this study was to improve student learning outcomes in thematic learning class I SDN Ngarus 02 Pati. This research is a classroom action research (PTK) which is carried out in three cycles, each cycle consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this study were 32 students in grade I SDN Ngarus 02 Pati for the 2019/2020 academic year. Data collection techniques using observation and tests. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Research shows that the application of smart card assisted ice breakers can improve learning outcomes in theme 6 Subthemes 2 learning 1 grade 1 students of SDN Ngarus 02 Pati for the 2019/2020 school year as evidenced by the percentage of learning outcomes completeness in pre-cycle by 25% to 75% in cycle I and becomes 93% in cycle II.</em></p>

Experimentally validated smart card ultra‐high frequency tag antenna for free space and near body scenarios

This investigation primarily promotes a ultra-high frequency radiofrequency identification (RFID) tag antenna for complex environment applications of smart card in free space and near body scenarios. It also considers other high dielectric materials such as water and metallic objects. A dual dipole antenna with T-match structure is chosen due to the advantage of providing high resilience towards change in impedance of high dielectrics, and to ensure the reception of maximum signals at the blind spots of the antenna. The proposed geometry facilitates placement of other off-the-shelf high and low-frequency antennas on the card, enabling more features, higher performance, and minimum field interaction between different frequencies. A presented RLC equivalent circuit model estimates the impact of body layers on antenna impedance. A high read range of 7.7 m in free space, 5.2 m near body and 2.8 m at the blind spots is obtained. The novelty is shown by testing the antenna near metals and water, achieving high read range without any design modifications. The proposed tag aims to provide new RFID applications that demand small size, less volume, low cost and multifunctionality over various constraints while showing good agreement with sensitivity, impedance matching and the read range.

A Compact Low-Voltage True Random Number Generator Based on Inkjet Printing Technology

Printed electronics (PE) is a fast-growing field with promising applications in wearables, smart sensors, and smart cards, since it provides mechanical flexibility, and low-cost, on-demand, and customizable fabrication. To secure the operation of these applications, true random number generators (TRNGs) are required to generate unpredictable bits for cryptographic functions and padding. However, since the additive fabrication process of the PE circuits results in high intrinsic variations due to the random dispersion of the printed inks on the substrate, constructing a printed TRNG is challenging. In this article, we exploit the additive customizable fabrication feature of inkjet printing to design a TRNG based on electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors (EGFETs). We also propose a printed resistor tuning flow for the TRNG circuit to mitigate the overall process variation of the TRNG so that the generated bits are mostly based on the random noise in the circuit, providing a true random behavior. The simulation results show that the overall process variation of the TRNGs is mitigated by 110 times, and the generated bitstream of the tuned TRNGs passes the National Institute of Standards and Technology - Statistical Test Suite. For the proof of concept, the proposed TRNG circuit was fabricated and tuned. The characterization results of the tuned TRNGs prove that the TRNGs generate random bitstreams at the supply voltage of down to 0.5 V. Hence, the proposed TRNG design is suitable to secure low-power applications in this domain.

Authentication Process in Smart Card Using Sha-256

Smart cards are related to the issues of security. The applications of smart card are manipulated in hardware, software and telecommunications which appears to be a big issue. In this paper we introduce a new design which is a secured 2 level processing in authentication which uses the number of the pin as 1st authenticated level by the use of SHA-256. OTP is brought as a 2nd authenticated processing level. The project is to generate an OTP using the sha-256 hashing algorithm. As the program initiates, ‘local host: 8080/view’ is typed in the web browser to bring up the front end of the application. Client and server nodes are created in the client node, the column for the username, credentials, messages and the trust values created while on server node, name and user credentials are created.

A real time face emotion classification and recognition using deep learning model

Facial Detection and recognition research has been widely studied in recent years. The facial recognition applications plays an important role in many areas such as security, camera surveillance, identity verification in modern electronic devices, criminal investigations, database management systems and smart card applications etc. This work presents deep learning algorithms used in facial recognition for accurate identification and detection. The main objective of facial recognition is to authenticate and identify the facial features. However, the facial features are captured in real time and processed using haar cascade detection. The sequential process of the work is defined in three different phases where in the first phase human face is detected from the camera and in the second phase, the captured input is analyzed based on the features and database used with support of keras convolutional neural network model. In the last phase human face is authenticated to classify the emotions of human as happy, neutral, angry, sad, disgust and surprise. The proposed work presented is simplified in three objectives as face detection, recognition and emotion classification. In support of this work Open CV library, dataset and python programming is used for computer vision techniques involved. In order to prove real time efficacy, an experiment was conducted for multiple students to identify their inner emotions and find physiological changes for each face. The results of the experiments demonstrates the perfections in face analysis system. Finally, the performance of automatic face detection and recognition is measured with Accuracy.

Pengembangan dan Implementasi Smart Campus Berbasis Smart Card Di Institut Agama Islam Negeri Bone

The purpose of this service is to develop and implement Smart Card-based Smart Campus at the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) Bone. This application platform was developed using the standard Indonesian Smart Card Consortium (KSCI) with a smart card and reader chipset from PT Xirka Silicon Technology and PT. INTI. This application serves to receive, process, and visually display data sent by a card reader. Processing this data is very necessary so that the data collected can be used to facilitate the campus in recording student data electronically and use it for various campus interests. In addition, this application allows access to interoperability with applications on other campuses, for example with fellow KSCI member campuses or other campuses in this case the IAIN Bone campus. When this smart card system is running and stable, the system can be developed to enter various other applications such as ticketing, loyalty cards in various communities, and close loop payments. The implementation of community service was divided into 2 stages, namely the socialization stage about smart campus, especially smart cards and the Smart Card-based Smart Card application training phase on the IAIN Bone campus. The implementation of this activity received a positive response from the campus and has implemented two smart card systems in the campus of IAIN Bone.

Improved generic construction of chameleon hash to group elements

ABSTRACTChameleon hash functions are trapdoor one-way functions with many applications as, for example, off-line/on-line signatures and chameleon signatures. Chameleon signatures are useful to protect privacy of signatures in some business systems where signatures are not allowed to be verified universally, and off-line/on-line signatures are particularly suitable for systems with limited computing resources on-line, but enough computation power off-line, such as in smart card applications. Previous research focused on concrete constructions based on different assumptions, as well as schemes without the key-exposure problem. The main contribution of this paper is a generic construction method of structure-preserving chameleon hash from quasi-adaptive noninteractive zero-knowledge (QANIZK) and two concrete constructions from adaptive sound and simulation sound QANIZK for witness sampleable (WS) distributions proposed by Kiltz and Wee in Eurocrypt 2015, with/without key-exposure respectively. Compared with the constructions from linearly homomorphic structure-preserving signature (LHSPS), our constructions improve the efficiency, the assumptions, as well as the security guarantees.

Design and FPGA Implementation of a Pseudorandom Number Generator Based on a Four-Wing Memristive Hyperchaotic System and Bernoulli Map

Random numbers are widely used in the fields of computer, digital signature, secure communication and information security. Especially in recent years, with the large-scale application of smart card and the demand of information security, the demand for high-quality random number generator is increasingly urgent. With the development of the theory of non-linear systems, the design of pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) for chaotic behavior of non-linear systems provides a new theoretical basis and implementation method. This paper presents a PRNG based on a no-equilibrium four-wing memristive hyperchaotic system (FWMHS) and its implementation on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board. In order to increase the output throughput and the statistical quality of the generated bit sequences, we propose the PRNG design which uses a dual entropy sources architecture with FWMHS and Bernoulli map. Simulation and experimental results verifying the feasibility of the FWMHS are also given. Then, the proposed PRNG system is modeled and simulated on the Vivado 2018.3 platform, and implemented on the Xilinx ZYNQ-XC7Z020 FPGA evaluation board. The maximum operating frequency has been achieved as 135.04 MHz with a speed of 62.5 Mbit/s. Finally, we have experimentally verified that the binary data obtained by this dual entropy sources architecture pass the tests of NIST 800.22, ENT and AIS.31 statistical test suites with XOR function post-processing for a high throughput speed. The security analysis is carried out by means of dynamical degradation, key space, key sensitivity, correlation and information entropy. Statistical tests and security analysis show that it has good pseudorandom characteristics and can be used in chaos-based cryptographic applications at hardware or software implementation.

A greedy particle swarm optimization (GPSO) algorithm for testing real-world smart card applications

Software testing continues to be regarded as a necessary and critical step in the software development life cycle. Among the multitudes of existing techniques, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, in particular, has shown superior merits for automatically generating software test cases for its easy implementation and for relying on fewer parameters that require tuning. Hence, several state-of-the-art PSO-based algorithms have been successfully used as a test data generator. On the other hand, greedy-based algorithms, which are commonly used to solve complex and multi-step combinatorial problems, are starting to gain momentum as a solution for the complexity problem of software testing. Greedy algorithms favored over other techniques when the solution of the problem is guaranteed to be near-optimal. As a result, the utilization of both greedy and PSO algorithms in a single solution for automatically generating test data represents a strong candidate if designed carefully. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid greedy and PSO algorithm (GPSO) that jointly guarantees the effectiveness and close to optimality results for generating a minimum number of test data. Compared with the widely employed genetic algorithm (GA), our proposed GPSO outperforms the GA in terms of the average number of iterations, execution time, and coverage percentage. Experimental trials with six different typical Java card applications show that the use of the proposed GPSO as a test data generator results in an outstanding performance.

An ADPLL-Based PSK Receiver for VHBR 13.56-MHz Contactless Smartcards and NFC Applications

This brief proposes an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) used as the phase-shift keying (PSK) receiver for a very high bit rate of 13.56-MHz smartcards. A detailed implementation from system to circuit level is presented. This ADPLL-based PSK demodulator mainly consists of a high dynamic range time to digital converter (TDC) without pulse shrinking effect, a dual-path digital loop filter, and a fine resolution digital controlled oscillator based on capacitor division without dithering. This design is fabricated by GF CMOS 40-nm technology with a core area of only 0.035 mm2. The measurement results show low current consumption of 40 mA for phase locking and 70 mA for PSK demodulation with 1.2-V supply. Both integral non-linearity and differential non-linearity of our TDC are smaller than 0.6 LSB. This prototype can demodulate 8-PSK at a symbol rate of 6.78 MHz, corresponding to a data rate of 20.34 Mb/s, with an energy efficiency of 4.1 pJ/bit.

Understanding public transit patterns with open geodemographics to facilitate public transport planning

ABSTRACTPlentiful studies have discussed the potential applications of contactless smart card from understanding interchange patterns to transit network analysis and user classifications. However, the incomplete and anonymous nature of the smart card data inherently limit the interpretations and understanding of the findings, which further limit planning implementations. Geodemographics, as ‘an analysis of people by where they live’, can be utilised as a promising supplement to provide contextual information to transport planning. This paper develops a methodological framework that conjointly integrates personalised smart card data with open geodemographics so as to pursue a better understanding of the traveller’s behaviours. It adopts a text mining technology, latent Dirichlet allocation modelling, to extract the transit patterns from the personalised smart card data and then use the open geodemographics derived from census data to enhance the interpretation of the patterns. Moreover, it presents night tube as an example to illustrate its potential usefulness in public transport planning.

Study on Smart Card Recharging System Based on External Intelligent Devices Using Bluetooth Communication

Traditionally, transportation smart card user needs to take cards with them. It could be inconvenience when user forgets to bring cards or card loss. As the development of intelligent device which communicates with smart phone using Bluetooth, it is possible to load application of smart card into intelligent device. By wearing intelligent device with smart card application, user does not need to bring smart with them. Our paper discusses the implement of smart card recharge based on the characteristic of Bluetooth communication and intelligence devices.

Identifying and Prioritizing of Data Elements for the Ophthalmology Health Smart Card.

Background:Recently, with the development of information and communication technology in the healthcare industry, the tools of this technology have different applications such as Health Smart Card in this area. The main application of health smart card in the field of ophthalmology is providing demographic and clinical information for different people. Therefore, this study was done to identify and prioritize the data elements of the ophthalmology health smart card.Methods:This study was a descriptive-development one that was done in 2017. A review was conducted in relevant databases including PubMed, Web of knowledge, Science direct, and Web of Science to identify appropriate related sources. In the second phase, the ophthalmology specialists and health information managers (20) in RassolAkram, Farabi and Noor Eye Hospital consulted by a questionnaire for health smart card requirements. This study carried out in Iran. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive methods in SPSS software version 19.Results:Two categories of demographic and clinical data requirements for health smart card were determined. Patient ID, Occupation, and National Code were the most important demographic requirements of ophthalmology health card. Furthermore, clinical data elements of the ophthalmology health smart card were identified in three categories: Corneal Tests, Retinal Tests, Glaucoma Tests, and Associated Conditions.Conclusion:Using the identified data elements, it is possible to design and implement an ophthalmology health smart card. Developing an ophthalmology health smart card is expected to progress of information retrieve, facilitate communication of healthcare organizations and improve healthcare quality.

Effectivness of Health Information System Applications: Clinical Information and Diagnosis-Treatment Systems in Turkey

The distinctive quality of the new social structure is that information becomes the only factor of production. In today's organizations, public administrators are directly responsible for applying information to administrative processes. In addition to his managerial responsibilities, a knowledge based organization requires every employee to take responsibility for achieving efficiency. This has increased the importance of information systems in the decision-making process. Information systems consist of computer and communication technology, data base management and model management and include activity processing system, management information system, decision support systems, senior management information system, expert systems and office automation systems. Information systems in the health sector aim at the management and provision of preventive and curative health services. The use of information systems in healthcare has the benefits of increasing service quality, shortening treatment processes, maximizing efficiency of the time, labour and medical devices. The use of information systems for clinical decision making and reducing medical errors in the healthcare industry dates back to the 1960s. Clinical information systems involve processing, storing and re-accessing information that supports patient care in a hospital. Clinical information systems are systems that are directly or indirectly related to patient care. These systems include electronic health/patient records, clinical decision support systems, nurse information systems, patient tracking systems, tele-medicine, case mix and smart card applications. Diagnosis-treatment systems are information-based systems used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It consists of laboratory information systems, picture archiving and communication system, pharmacy information system, radiology information system, nuclear medicine information system. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of health information system applications in Turkey. The first part of the study focuses on the concept of information systems and the types of information systems in organization structures. In the second part, clinical information systems and applications for diagnosis-treatment systems in Turkey are examined. Finally, the study evaluates applications in the health sector qualitatively from the new organizational structure, which is formed by information systems.