A novel non-intrusive thermal diffusion measurement (TDM) method has been proposed for measuring the phase flowrates of gas–liquid slug flows in our previous research. Since the structure of TDM was arbitrarily designed and needed to be optimized for accurate measurement, the effect of the heat flow distribution and the thermophysical properties of the pipe wall and fluid on the wall temperature response to a rising Taylor bubble (TB) is further investigated by using the CFD tool in this paper. The wall temperature and temperature rise are used to describe the wall temperature response, and their variation rules with heat flow distribution and the thermophysical properties of the pipe wall and fluid are presented and analyzed based on heat transfer. The simulation results indicate that the optimal heating length for a large wall temperature rise and small power consumption is 0.6D, and the optimal pipe material should be with small density and specific heat and a suitable thermal conductivity of about 15 W/(m·K). Moreover, the wall temperature response is obvious, especially for TBs moving in the liquid with large fluid thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat, and small viscosity. The paper can clarify the wall temperature response mechanism of the heated pipe wall and provide a theoretical basis for the development of the TDM method.