Small Receptacle Research Articles

A new species of Drymaeus endemic from Currais Archipelago, Paraná, Brazil (Pulmonata, Bulimulidae)

The new bulimulid species, Drymaeus currais sp. nov., is described based on shell and anatomical features. It is endemic of Guapirá Island, belonging to the Currais Archipelago, a small protected area off Paraná coast. The species is thus, based at least on endemicity, endangered. It has as closest species D. castilhensis, another endemic species of Castilho Island, ~70 km northwards. Its main exclusivities are a banded shell (except for periumbilical area); a ureter ~1/3 opened (furrow); an external anus; a slightly different buccal and intestinal arrangement; a penis lacking internal chambers; a small receptacle with a genital appendix. Zoobank Register: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:25B25A8B-CED0-4284-A799-5383998BE481.

Histomorphological investigation of the mature externa of Heterosaccus dollfusi (Crustacea, Rhizocephala)

The present investigation is the first in Egypt to give histomorphological data about Heterosaccus dollfusi, a rhizocephalan parasitic barnacle of the brachyuran crab Charybdis longicollis, collected from the eastern Mediterranean coast of Egypt at shallow depths (10–20 m). The structure of the mature externa and its male organs are essential for perception of both the taxonomy and reproductive biology of these specialized parasites. We use scanning electron microscopy and histological methods coupled with morphological description to investigate the anatomy of mature externa. The mature externa is distinguished by a visceral mass which comprises the ovary, paired colleteric glands, paired male receptacles and paired receptacle ducts. Attention is focused on the developmental stages of male organs and/or tracing of spermatozoa after settlement of male cypris implantation of the trichogon during fertilization process. For the first time, the lateral tube that connects the left male receptacle with the right, smaller receptacle was observed in sagittal section and illustrated in the diagrammatic figure of male organs. This tube is probably the generator of sperm ribbons. As well, the existence of the spermatozoa inside the lumen of this connecting tube may indicate their free movement between the two receptacles. Moreover, strips of sperm that drag from the sperm ribbon ball, and surround the developing ovules can also be seen in the mantle cavity.

5 ways to explore… Tiny containers

Small receptacles provide a plethora of opportunities, says Julie Mountain

Abstract ID: 44 Evaluation of skin doses during manipulation of radioactive sources in nuclear medicine: A comparison between Varskin code and Geant4 simulations

The assessment of dose equivalents, Hp(0.07), to the skin of the hands during manipulation of radioactive sources for radiopharmaceutical preparations is a critical task in radiation protection. During these preparations, alpha-, beta- and gamma-emitting radionuclides in liquid solutions are contained in vials, syringes or other small receptacles, eventually inside plastic or metal shields, and hands are protected against contamination with gloves. Accidentally, some contamination of gloves or even of the naked skin can happen. Estimation of skin doses to fingertips can be carried out exploiting pre-calculated tables of dose rates in standardized geometries [1] , or using softwares based on analytical calculations such as Varskin [2] . We compared systematically, for 20 radionuclides commonly emlpoyed in nuclear medicine, Hp(0.07) in mSv/MBq for point-like and extended sources, either in contact or in presence of different thicknesses of interposed material (glass, plastic), as resulted from severeal releases of Varskin (mod2, 4, 5.3) with the output of Monte Carlo simulations in Geant4. Results indicate that the most recent version of Varskin gives the best agreement with Monte Carlo simulation, having implemented a more accurate treatment of both photons and electrons. A good agreement was found for all nuclides for a point source in contact with skin. When a material is interposed, however, the disagreement between analytical and Monte Carlo results increases with material thickness for some nuclides, particularly for pure beta emitters and low-energy electron emitters. These results can be explained by the deterministic approach in which electron energy deposition is treated in the analytical code and its influence in proximity of electron range, and to the neglection of bremsstrahlung emission. Another source of discrepancy, for some nuclides, is the difference in radionuclide emission spectra. When the accuracy of estimation of skin doses is critical, as after an anomalous exposition event with high activities in extended sources or with a thin layer of interposed material, Monte Carlo simulation is the most accurate calculation approach.

Anatomically preserved Cycadeoidea (Cycadeoidaceae), with a reevaluation of systematic characters for the seed cones of Bennettitales

Four anatomically preserved ovulate cycadeoid cones have been recovered from three localities in Upper Cretaceous (Turonian/Coniacian-Late Campanian) sediments of Vancouver and Hornby Islands, British Columbia, Canada. All of the specimens are preserved by calcareous cellular permineralization and are quite similar to seed cones described as several species of Cycadeoidea and Bennettites. These cones, described as Cycadeoidea maccafferyi sp. nov., consist of tightly packed interseminal scales and ovulate sporophylls with terminal ovules. Two specimens also preserve remains of a small receptacle. Interseminal scales and ovulate sporophylls are oriented parallel to one another. Ovules are distinctly stellate at the base of the micropylar tube, and the sarcotesta consists of both longitudinally oriented tubular cells and large radially elongated cells attached to the sclerotesta. The vascular strand below each ovule is highly contorted in a pattern that is characteristic of contractile tissue in the roots of living plants. These specimens are the most recent anatomically preserved cycadeoid cones yet discovered, revealing details of the reproductive biology shortly before extinction of the clade. Superb preservation of the British Columbia cones confirms that Bennettitales lack a cupule, have radial seeds, and have a vascularized nucellus (but no integumentary tracheids), and that no pollen chamber is produced. Together with a new species of Williamsonia preserved at one of the same localities, these specimens reveal a clear set of contrasting systematic characters for differentiating between isolated seed cones of Williamsoniaceae and Cycadeoidaceae.

EARLY ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION: CALODA DELEVORYANA GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW FRUCTIFICATION FROM THE DAKOTA FORMATION (CENOMANIAN) OF KANSAS

A new angiosperm fructification, Caloda delevoryana, is described from the Cenomanian age Dakota Formation of central Kansas. It consists of a long, narrow, main axis with numerous secondary axes arranged helically around the main axis. These secondary axes are each terminated in a small receptacle bearing numerous conduplicate carpels. No evidence of a perianth or androecium was found. This fructification bears some similarity to a number of different modern orders, such as the Hamamelidales, Alismatales, Najadales, and Piperales, and families, particularly the Platanaceae and the Aponogetonaceae, but cannot definitely be assigned to any modern taxon within the angiosperms. C. delevoryana exhibits several characters traditionally assumed to be primitive in the angiosperms, and several other features of this fossil are proposed as primitive in the evolution of angiosperms. This floral axis, with its compact mass of numerous secondary axes bearing very small fruits and seeds, may be the product of reduction through diminished growth of internodes and carpels, and elaboration through increased repetition of floral modules. This record adds to the rapidly growing body of paleobotanical data on early angiosperm reproductive structures, which should prove important in the assessment of the extent and direction of angiosperm evolution.

Observations of birds watering from small receptacles serving as potential mosquito-breeding sites.

Observations of birds watering from small receptacles serving as potential mosquito-breeding sites.

A Micro-Miniature Connector for Intracranial Electrodes

A small receptacle for intracranial electrode leads requiring no direct soldering during implantation is described. The numerous advantages include simplicity of lead attachment; multidirectional, easy plug insertion, and secure fit regardless of number of leads attached. This connector has been used with both restrained and free-moving squirrel monkeys.

Silver impregnation of ciliated protozoa by the Chatton-Lwoff technic.

he ciliates are manipulated at all stages by means of micropipettes and fine needles, proceeding by the following steps: Fix the material in a small receptacle with Champy's fluid 1–3 minutes following with Da Fano's solution for several hours. Transfer the specimens to a slide, withdraw excess fluid and embed them in warm (35°–45°C.) gelatin containing 0.05% sodium chloride. Refrigerate in a moist chamber until the gelatin has set, and then immerse 10–20 minutes in 3% silver nitrate (aqueous) at 5–10°C. Wash with cold distilled water, submerge the preparation in cold water to a depth of several centimeters and expose to a strong light for 10–30 minutes. Silver is deposited on various pellicular structures which then appear black in the dehydrated and mounted specimens. Neatly revealed are the many longitudinal and transverse fibrils of the “silverline system”, basal granules of the cilia, bases of buccal ciliary organelles, contractile vacuole pores and the cytoproct. None of these structures, which today are considered to be of inestimable value in comparative morphological and taxonomical studies of ciliates in general, is so precisely made evident by any other technic known to the author.

Ein neues Verfahren der Giftentnahme bei Spinnen

A method has been devised for obtaining significant amounts (6.0–1.0 mg, dry weight) of venom from large-sized spiders (Mygalomorphœ). Two platinum thread-like electrodes, with the upper end bent at a right angle, are used to stimulate the spiders' chelicera. The electrodes are conveniently placed in a cylinder made of lucite, 5.0 cm in height, 2.0 cm in inner diameter, which also contains the small receptacle to collect the venom. The spiders' chelicera lie on the upper end of the electrodes, which are connected to a faradic current supply that stimulates the secretion of venom. The same spider can be used again for the same purpose after a fortnight's time.

Geology of the Kochiu Tin‐Field, Yunnan A Preliminary Sketch

RÉSUMÉWith the foregoing brief description of the geological and mineralogical conditions of Kochiu, the geological history of the district and the genesis of the deposits can be interpreted. The structure of the Yunnanese arc or at least that of its western limb is of long standing dated back to pre‐Sinian times. Later movements only strengthen its framework and follow its old tectonic lines. At the close of the Paleozoic era, there was a long period of denudation which swept away most of the Paleozoic formations, thus later Triassic beds are sometimes seen rest uncomformably and directly on the Archean rocks. Simultaneously or slightly subsequent to the period of denudation there came a widespread volcanic eruption as manifested by the basalt layers underlying the Triassic beds.In the Triassic times, the immense Kochiu limestone and the red beds were deposited. Both the Ailao and the Wuliang ranges already rose to high mountains in this period. After this there came another period of orogenic movement and denudation, this brought forth the unconformable contact existing between the Kochiu limestone and the Huopachung Coal Series.Subsequent to these, there was a period of folding, overthrusting and batholithic intrusions belonging to the Yenshanian phase. The tin deposits were formed in the Yenshanian. Due to the granitic intrusions as batholiths there followed a period of readjustment which was materialized as a system of faults giving rise to the numerous lakes and their lacustrine deposits. Finally a concluding uplift gave rise to the present topography.The genesis of the Kochiu tin deposits is by no means an accidental affair. Such development is controlled by various factors. Primarily there must be a tin‐bearing magma; secondly a geotectonicly favorable location for the magma to differentiate; thirdly a good reservoir for the pneumatolytic minerals to deposit; fourthly local small receptacles in the form of anticlines or domes for the deposits to concentrate together into lodes larger enough for economic consideration.Places which are found to fulfil these four qualifications are rarely met with. Here Kochiu seems to be the rare case. The nature of the magma which generates the Kochiu tin deposits is in everyway similar to those of the Hsianghualing and the Kuposhan, as revealed by the characters of the granite and the mineral association of the tin ores. The immense thickness of the Kochiu limestone qualifies another condition, since it constitutes a very favorable receptacle for the tin deposits to form at the right high temperature and pressure. As to the tectonicly favorable location the apices of structural arcs seem to meet the requirement: Kochiu is found just at the apex of the Yunnanese arc, here tectonicly it is the place most disturbed and fractured and batholithic intrusions usually occur. In the tin‐producing areas of Kochiu, the tin lodes are found to localize in the axial portions of small anticlines or domes; the last condition is fulfilled.This short paper represents the effort of the late Dr. V. K. Ting in completion of his unfinished geological work at Kochiu. The writers (Meng and Chern) spent about 6 months in field work in the Kochiu district under Dr. Ting's personal direction. In appreciation of his advise and guidance this short paper is dedicated to his memory.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIA IN DIFFERENT VOLUMES OF STORED SEA WATER AND THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN TENSION AND SOLID SURFACES

The storage of sea water is accompanied by a great increase in the number of bacteria and a decrease in bacterial species.Appreciably more bacteria per cc. appear in small volumes of sea water than in large volumes of identical water.Although the oxygen content of sea water is a factor which influences the activity of bacteria, it does not account for the denser bacterial populations which appear in the smaller volumes.The favorable influence of small volumes is attributed to the contact of the water with the larger solid surface area in the small receptacles. Between ten and a hundred million bacteria per cc. have been demonstrated in sea water stored in sand which presents an enormous surface area whereas less than three hundred thousand bacteria per cc. appearing similar water stored in 10-liter bottles presenting relatively little surface area.The beneficial effect of small volumes and their large surface areas occurs only in dilute nutrient solutions. Upon the addition of 10 to 100 mgm. of organic matter to sea water, the volume effects disappear. Solid surfaces may serve as a resting place for periphytes, they may help concentrate the nutrients by adsorption or otherwise, or they may favor bacterial enzymatic activity and the absorption of metabolites.

Fluid Vaccin Virus.

McCook, Neb., May 17, 1899. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —At a meeting of the Nebraska State Medical Society, held May 9, I called attention to a new method of handling fluid vaccin virus. The method is simple, quick and efficacious, and will at once appeal to readers of the Journal: Break off both ends of the capillary tube of virus and blow the contents into a sterilizedspoon or other small receptacle. The one or two drops which go to make up the contents of the tube are then drawn into a sterile hypodermic needle, and the needle pushed just under the outer skin, where pressure on the piston of the hypodermic deposits the drop of serum. No dressing is necessary, for the skin furnishes a protection for the virus, and you will find that nearly all, if not all, of your cases thus inoculated will "take." The method takes less time

On the water barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

The author having long considered that a good series of observa­tions with a water barometer would be of great value as throwing light upon the theory of atmospheric tides, of the horary and other periodic oscillations of the barometer, and of the tension of vapourat different temperatures, was desirous of learning whether any such series of observations had ever been made. But he could meet with none having any pretensions to accuracy ; for neither those of Otto Guericke, in whose hands the water barometer was merely a philo­sophical toy, nor the cursory notices of the experiments of Mariotte upon this subject contained in the History of the French Academy of Sciences, can be considered as having any such claim. The difficul­ties which opposed the construction of a perfect instrument of this kind long appeared to be insurmountable; but the author at length proposed a plan for this purpose, which, having been approved of by the late Meteorological Committee of the Royal Society, was ordered by the President and Council to be carried into execution. The author then enters fully into the details of the methods he em­ployed for constructing the whole of the apparatus, and for placing in its present situation in the centre of the winding staircase con­ducting to the apartments of the Royal Society. The tube was very skilfully made by Messrs. Pellattand Co. at the Falcon Glass-house. It was 40 feet long, and one inch in diameter at its lower end; and so nearly cylindrical, throughout its whole extent, as to diminish only by two tenths of an inch at its upper end. A second tube of the same dimensions was also made as a provision in reserve against any accident happening to the first. These tubes were both securely lodged in a square case by means of proper supports. A small ther­mometer with a platina scale, was introduced into the upper end of the tube. An external collar of glass was united to that end by heat­ing it. This was done with a view of giving it additional support, and of preventing it from slipping. This end of the tube was then drawn out into a fine tube ready for sealing with the blowpipe; and a small stopcock was fitted on to it. The cistern of the barometer was formed by a small copper steam boiler, 18 inches long, 11 wide, and 10 deep, capable of being closed by a cock, and having at the bottom a small receptacle for holding the lower end of the tube, so as to allow of the water in the cistern being withdrawn, without dis­ turbing that contained in the tube.