Small Foci Research Articles

An extraordinary case of Buschke–Lowenstein tumor: multiple localization, malignant transformation, and clinical insights—a case presentation and literature review

BackgroundBuschke–Lowenstein (B–L) tumors are rare, aggressive warty lesions that can grow to enormous sizes and have a risk of malignant transformation despite their benign histology. These tumors are primarily caused by HPV types 6 and 11, with additional risk factors, including immunodeficiency, multiple sexual partners, poor hygiene, and a history of other genital infections. The typical treatments include topical medications, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Surgery is considered the gold standard, particularly for extensive and infiltrative lesions, as demonstrated in our case.Case presentationWe report a case of a male patient with perianal and penopubic B–L tumors, who had multiple sexual partners and no history of homosexual relationships, presenting with refractory classic condyloma. The perianal tumor exhibited malignant transformation, while the penopubic tumor remained histopathologically benign. Upon admission, the patient showed unusual biochemical blood results, including hypercalcemia and anemia of chronic illness. The operation and postoperative period were managed by a multidisciplinary team. The patient was satisfied with both the cosmetic and functional outcomes. Histopathological examination confirmed the suprapubic lesion as a B–L tumor, whereas the perianal specimen revealed a small focus of squamous cell carcinoma arising from a B–L tumor.ConclusionsWith an experienced multidisciplinary team, excision of the tumor is still the standard treatment for BL tumor. Achieving a negative surgical margin for any SCC foci is of utmost importance to prevent recurrence. Close and careful follow-up is essential due to the high recurrence rate associated with these tumors. Further research is needed to clarify existing controversies and to enrich the literature on this rare phenomenon.

Speech recognition technology in prehospital documentation: A scoping review

ObjectivesThe nature of paramedic workflows, where paramedics are responsible to provide care and chart concurrently, can result in incomplete or non-existent patient care reports on patient handover to the emergency department (ED). Charting delays and retrospective recollection of care may lead to patient information gaps, which can increase ED workload, cause care delays, and increase the risk of adverse events. Speech recognition documentation technology has the potential to produce complete patient care reports quicker and improve paramedic-to-ED handover. We performed a scoping review to determine paramedic perceptions and user requirements for speech recognition documentation technology. MethodsMEDLINE, Google Scholar, IEEE Explore, ProQuest, and CINAHL were searched from 2014 to March 2024. Criteria included studies focused on paramedics’ use or perceptions of speech recognition documentation technology. This review included studies conducted in the prehospital environment and adjacent agencies (i.e., ED, fire, police, military). ResultsThe review identified eight articles that met inclusion criteria. All eight articles were small focus group-based studies in laboratory settings published on or after 2020. Five studies were conducted in the United States, two in Switzerland, and one in Japan. Of the eight studies, five recommended further live environment testing of the technology examined, and three underscored the importance of a user-centred design. The top user requirements for speech recognition adoption was hands-free use, noise reduction technology, battery life, and word accuracy. All eight studies recommended further research and development of speech recognition documentation technology in the prehospital workflow. ConclusionThis scoping review has highlighted that while there is a growing interest in speech recognition documentation technology in the paramedicine workflow, more research is needed, especially with larger samples in a live environment. The user requirements and perceptions of speech recognition documentation technology in paramedicine must be better understood to design systems with high adoption rates.

18F-FDG PET/CT Findings of Isolated Renal Metastasis From Squamous Cell Lung Cancer.

We present the 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of a 64-year-old man with isolated renal metastasis. He had a history of radical surgery for squamous cell lung cancer 14 months ago, followed by chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The renal metastasis presented as a small focus of increased FDG uptake in the restaging 18F-FDG PET/CT scan, which was regarded as renal cortical tracer retention. The renal metastasis was more prominent on the second PET/CT performed 5 months later. The patient subsequently underwent radical nephrectomy, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of renal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis.

Anaplastic transformation of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes showing a variety of rhabdoid, epithelioid and spindle cell phenotype

Abstract Introduction/Objective Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare undifferentiated tumor of thyroid follicular cells with a dismal prognosis. Most ATCs derive from pre-existing, well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas, most commonly papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In nearly all instances, ATC arises within the thyroid gland. Completely divergent morphologies of this tumor between the bilateral cervical nodes as well as the almost exclusive presence of ATC in the metastatic and nodal locations are very unusual and are reported here. Methods/Case Report A 67-year-old man presented with a rapidly enlarging left cervical mass, hoarseness, dry cough, and drooping left eye. MRI demonstrated bilateral enlarged cervical lymph nodes spanning levels II to V, and nodules in thyroid lobes. Subsequent total thyroidectomy with bilateral radical neck dissection was performed. Histologically, the left lateral cervical masses revealed undifferentiated tumor cells with rhabdoid, epithelioid and spindle cells features. Conversely, the tumor within the thyroid lobes and the right cervical lymph nodes exhibited PTC with tall cell features. All undifferentiated tumor components stained positive with AE1-3, CK7, PAX8, and negative with thyroglobulin, EMA, CD34, S100, Melan-A, Sox 10, desmin, myogenin, and P40. INI-1 staining is retained. Only the spindle cell component stained positive with TTF1. Based on the morphology and immunoprofile, a diagnosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma was rendred. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Diagnosing anaplastic thyroid carcinoma outside the thyroid lesion can be challenging. In our case, only extensive sampling of the surgical specimen identified a small focus of well-differentiated PTC, staining positive for thyroglobulin, in the left cervical anaplastic carcinoma component, identifying its origin. This case adds to the scarce literature documenting unilateral anaplastic transformation in the left cervical metastatic lymph nodes, while the right cervical lymph nodes contained pure well differentiated PTC. This represents a significant potential pitfall in presurgical fine needle aspiration (FNA) evaluation of patients with ATC.

The political economy of school exclusion in Northern Ireland: the intersection of perspectives from mainstream education, alternative provision and an official education body

ABSTRACT This paper examines the context of school exclusion in Northern Ireland. In doing so, we explore the political economy of exclusion, focusing in particular on the intersection of perspectives between four key stakeholder groups: principals (n = 7) and teachers (n = 31) in mainstream schools, representatives from an official education body (n = 8), and staff from Education Other Than at School (EOTAS) Centres (n = 4) who provide alternative education for young people who have been permanently excluded from mainstream schools or who have social, emotional, behavioural and well-being needs that cannot be met in mainstream schools. The study used qualitative data from individual and small group interviews and focus groups with the stakeholders mentioned above. School exclusion has been under-researched in Northern Ireland and this paper addresses this gap. Additionally, official exclusion data point to relatively low levels of temporary and permanent exclusions compared with the other jurisdictions of the UK, though why this is so remains unclear. The analysis draws attention to the use and prevalence of informal or unofficial school exclusions; claims of limited official support for schools; restricted collaboration between mainstream schools and alternative education; and a general consensus around limited resources to support pupils at risk and to train teachers.

7708 Navigating Thyroid Cancer With Differences in Thyroglobulin Assessment Techniques

Abstract Disclosure: M.S. Shah: None. S. Humayon: None. N.A. Mungo: None. This case report delves into the diagnostic journey of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, emphasizing the importance of precise thyroglobulin measurement methods. The case highlights the differences between immunoassay and mass spectrometry in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.A 42-year-old female with a family history of thyroid-related issues, was found to have a thyroid nodule on physical exam. She underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) revealing papillary thyroid carcinoma, Bethesda category VI. Lymphatic invasion was present necessitating total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection. Left level 3 and 4 lymph node excision showing 2 of 15 positive for metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma without extranodal extension. Left superficial jugular lymph node excision showing 1 of 3 lymph node being positive for metastatic thyroid carcinoma without extranodal extension. RAI therapy and post-ablative scan showed focal moderate increased activity adjacent to the left hyoid bone. CT scan of the neck later showed stable appearance of the thyroidectomy bed with no new suspicious soft tissue mass. A small crescentic focus of enhancing soft tissue medial to the left common carotid artery is favored to represent residual thyroid tissue. Multiple small enhancing lymph node in the left neck at level llB and junction of levels ll and lll. Several of these are new or increased in size from prior examination and somewhat acidly enhanced. Although these are within normal limits by size criteria, recurrent diseases cannot be excluded. She underwent another surgical neck dissection with no cancer found. Given the negative findings, a shift from checking thyroglobulin (TG) from immunoassay to mass spectrometry was ideal.Patient was found to have persistent thyroglobulin elevation with Immunoassay, thyroglobulin level (60.5 ng/mL, n<35 ng/ml), without the presence of TG antibodies, whereas liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showing (<0.5 ng/mL), highlighting the methodological divergence. To date she has no imaging concerns and repeat testing from different labs similarly demonstrated undetectably Tg by LC-MS/MS and varying levels when tested by Immunoassay. Her levels by Immunoassay have trended down to her most recent level of (38 ng/ml).This case emphasizes the critical role of accurate thyroglobulin assessment in thyroid carcinoma follow-up. Immunoassay and mass spectrometry present divergent results, with LC-MS/MS proving more reliable in monitoring disease progression but more expensive and time consuming. Clinicians should consider the implications of methodological choices on patient management, particularly in cases of persistent elevation despite treatment. The potential discrepancies between these methods should be emphasized considering the impact on treatment decisions. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Golden Horizons: Investigating Shariah-Compliant Gold Investment Awareness Among Youth

Gold has long been regarded as a reliable medium of exchange and a store of value, owing to its inherent traits and functions associated with money. In the context of Malaysia, gold investment emerges as a lucrative and secure asset category for investors. They have the option to either physically possess and safeguard gold or opt for a more modern approach by establishing a gold investment account. Over recent years, there has been a noticeable growth in awareness among the public and seasoned gold investors in Malaysia. However, this upward trend has not been as pronounced among the younger demographic. This research aims to investigate the extent of awareness regarding Shariah-compliant gold investment among the young Muslim population in Terengganu, Malaysia. Utilizing a quantitative research methodology, data was collected through a survey administered by researchers via a Google Form, disseminated across various social media platforms. The study successfully obtained data from a sample of 120 respondents. The findings of this study reveal that, on the whole, the young Muslim generation in Terengganu exhibits a high level of awareness regarding Shariah-compliant gold investment. The significance of this research lies in shedding light on the dynamics of gold investment awareness, particularly within the context of Shariah compliance, among the youth in a specific region of Malaysia. The results provide valuable insights for financial institutions, policymakers, and educators seeking to tailor their strategies to enhance financial literacy and promote Shariah-compliant investment practices among the younger population. As Malaysia continues to evolve as a financial hub, understanding and addressing the investment preferences and awareness levels of its diverse demographic groups become crucial for fostering a robust and inclusive financial landscape. Since this study was conducted with small sample size and focusing in Terengganu only, it is strongly recommended to expand the research to other states in Malaysia.

210 A project to promote the teaching of independent cycling to children with ambulant Cerebral Palsy in Ireland

Abstract The purpose of this project is to promote the teaching of cycling to children with ambulant Cerebral Palsy (CP). Research in Australia has shown that a lower proportion of children with ambulant CP can ride compared to typically developing peers and those that could, learn later. For children with CP, there are numerous health benefits to independent cycling such as overall cardiovascular fitness and weight-management, sense of empowerment and achievement of a common childhood goal. It can be an additional mobility option and a great family activity option. It is possible that balance could improve and it may be beneficial to have exercise options which are low-impact and reduced weight-bearing. The mental health benefits also include improved sense of self-esteem and confidence alongside opportunities for social interaction and friendships. The target group for this project are a wide range of stakeholders, from therapists working with children with CP; sports inclusion officers; Cycle Right trainers and families of children with ambulant CP. Project aims to target a broad spectrum of ways for people to access support for learning to cycle. During the development of this project, a small focus group was formed with parents and children with CP who had learnt independent cycling. Cycling can be an activity which fits into a family and child-centred approach to therapy. The benefits of their new skills was discussed under the themes of the ‘F words’ of disability. An initial teaching You-Tube video was made for children with milder co-ordination difficulties. A further video is planned teaching the more specific points when working with children with hemiplegia or asymmetrical diplegia. A workshop was developed for physiotherapists focusing on how to teach cycling skills to children with CP. Further links are being established with other stakeholders to maximise roll-out of the resources and workshops. Cycling is such a fun and important activity and some specific skills are required when teaching, especially when the children have hemiplegia. This project aims to spread these teaching skills to a wide audience in the hope of as many children with CP in Ireland learning how to cycle as possible.

Stability of Envelope Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Could Be a Choice of New Drug Target

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the worst viral pandemics during the past few years. As reported by the World Health Organization, around 77,56 49 520 cases and 70 51 720 deaths were reported from all over the world, which includes approximately 3500 patients reported during the recent past only. Currently, circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 are KP.3, JN.1, BA.2.86 and KP.2. Mass vaccinations have been provided since the end of December 2020, which led to 5.47 billion people vaccinated till date. However, the disease continues in small foci all over the world. Development of an effective drug target and mutation independent vaccine thus becomes essential research priorities. Owing to the unavailability of a specific drug molecule, the present study has focused on the development of an effective drug target to treat COVID-19. In-house primers were designed for four essential structural genes viz., Spike protein, ORF1ab, Nucleocapsid gene, and Envelope gene. Samples of different waves were amplified using these primers employing the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. A total number of 86 SARS-CoV-2 RT PCR positive samples were studied, and results showed the most frequent appearance (80.2%) of Envelope (E) protein in all the samples. This suggests that during transmission across numbers of human hosts, it is the Envelope protein that was the most stable one. The most severe Delta variant showed the presence of E proteins in all the samples assayed. Blocking E protein as a new drug target to intervene intracellular replication of virus could be an effective drug development strategy.

Endurance Exercise Does Not Exacerbate Cardiac Inflammation in BALB/c Mice Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination.

The mechanism underlying myopericarditis associated with mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, including increased susceptibility in young males, remains poorly understood. This study aims to explore the hypothesis that engaging in physical exercise at the time of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination may promote a cardiac inflammatory response, leading to the development of myopericarditis. Male BALB/c mice underwent treadmill running or remained sedentary for five weeks. Subsequently, two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine or vehicle were administered with a 14-day interval, while the exercise regimen continued. The animals were euthanized days after the second vaccination. Vaccination was followed by body weight loss, increased hepatic inflammation, and an antigen-specific T cell response. Small foci of fibrovascular inflammation and focal cell loss were observed in the right ventricle, irrespective of vaccination and/or exercise. Vaccination did not elevate cardiac troponin levels. Cardiac tissue from the vaccinated mice showed upregulated mRNA expression of the genes IFNγ and IL-1β, but not IL-6 or TNFα. This pro-inflammatory signature in the heart was not exacerbated by endurance exercise. Ex vivo vascular reactivity remained unaffected by vaccination. Our data provide evidence for the cardiac safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. The role of exercise in the development of pro-inflammatory cardiac changes post mRNA vaccination could not be established.

Quantitative diagnosis of carotid blowout syndrome with CT perfusion: Carotid blowout syndrome CTP quantitative diagnosis

Background and purposeCarotid blowout syndrome (CBS) is a potentially fatal disease. The CBS diagnosis mainly relies on subjective observations and the quantitative diagnotic method was not well established. This study aimed to diagnose CBS severity by computed tomography perfusion (CTP) parameters with different region-of-interest (ROI) models. Materials and MethodWe prospectively recruited CBS patients between February 1, 2018 and July 31, 2023 in a tertiary medical center, and CTP was performed using the same 128-detector CT machine. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and elective endovascular intervention were performed within 3 days post-CTP for diagnosis confirmation and treatments. CBS severity was classified into ongoing (threatened + impending) or acute CBS based on DSA findings and clinical features. Pericarotid soft-tissue (PCST) CTP parameters, including blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and flow extraction product (FEP), were evaluated and correlated on DSA. We depicted models A, B and C for the small focal lesion in 1 cm of PCST, 1 cm around PCST and the whole PCST respectively. ResultsCTP images of 110 patients (77 ongoing (45 threatened + 32 impending); 33 acute) were analyzed. Pericarotid BV (1.8 ± 1.2vs.3.5 ± 2.0; p < 0.001) in Model A and BF in Model B (42.6 ± 11.0vs.50.9 ± 20.4; p = 0.031) were lower in acute-CBS than in ongoing-CBS patients. Subgroup analysis demonstrated lower BV in acute (1.8 ± 1.2) compared with threatened (3.7 ± 2.3; p < 0.001; p < 0.001) and impending (3.2 ± 1.6; p = 0.009) CBS patients in Model A. ConclusionCBS severity can be quantitatively diagnosed by pericarotid soft-tissue CTP parameters. In Model A (small focus), BV was capable of differentiating acute CBS from other subtypes, demonstrating its potential role as a CBS imaging biomarker.

Utility of PRAME Immunohistochemistry in the Detection of Subtle Melanoma Microsatellites.

Microsatellitosis is well established as a prognostic factor in malignant melanoma. Its identification leads to subsequent upstaging with implications for further management. We describe 6 cases in which immunohistochemical staining for PReferentially expressed Antigen in MElanoma facilitated detection of small foci of micrometastasis on scanning magnification, which may be potentially missed in routine sections.

Significance of scattered small echogenic foci floating in urinary bladder as ultrasonography finding in dogs

BackgroundDespite the prevalence of echogenic foci floating in the urinary bladder seen in ultrasonography in dogs, surprisingly little has been written on its significance, including its potential association with urinalysis. The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic value of the echogenic foci floating in urinary bladders in dogs.Results- Cystosonography was performed on 45 dogs. Bladder contents were examined and divided into positive (containing echogenic particles) and negative (absent echogenic particles) groups according to the presence and absence of floating echogenic particles. Five mL of urine was collected via cystocentesis. Urine analysis and culture were done and the relationship between ultrasound evaluation and urinalysis results was investigated. In dogs with bladder echogenic particles in ultrasonography, the prevalence of hematuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, and lipiduria were 88.9%, 92.6%, 29.6%, and 70.3%, respectively. However, in dogs in which echogenic particles were not observed in their bladders, the prevalence of hematuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, and lipiduria was 77%, 50%, 5.5%, and 77%, respectively. There was a significant association between bladder debris and positive urine culture, with an odds ratio of 7.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.81–63.28) compared with matched controls. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the presence of floating echogenic particles with pyuria, and urine color ( p ≤ 0.05).ConclusionIn conclusion, the present results showed the detection of bladder debris on ultrasound can be a predictor for pyuria and positive urine culture in dogs.

Transforming Education in Coastal Indonesia: A Survey of Digital Literacy and Competence Among Educators

This research explores the digital literacy and competence of educators in coastal areas of Indonesia, focusing on technology access, usage patterns, and challenges in integrating digital tools into teaching practices. Utilizing a quantitative survey method, data was collected from 235 educators teaching in coastal area schools. The study found a generally positive trend in technology access, with reliable availability of computers, laptops, and internet connection supporting educators' professional tasks. However, gaps in access to up-to-date software highlight the need for improved resources and support to ensure equitable technology use. Educators demonstrated a strong trend towards integrating digital tools in lesson planning and communication with students. Despite this, the uneven adoption of these tools suggests a need for broader and more equitable technology integration. Significant challenges include difficulties in keeping up with technological advancements and managing technical issues, emphasizing the need for comprehensive professional development and targeted training on advanced digital tools and troubleshooting. While the study provides valuable insights, it is limited by its small sample size and geographic focus, potentially not fully representing the diverse experiences of educators across Indonesia. Future research should expand the sample size and geographic range to offer a more comprehensive understanding of technology integration challenges and to support more effective recommendations for enhancing technology use in education.

Rare case of aspergillosis with solitary renal involvement: micro-fungus ball in graft kidney.

Kidney transplant recipients are at an increased risk of various infections due to immunosuppressive medications. Among them, fungal infections are associated with high mortality and morbidity. This report presents the case of a 54-year-old kidney-transplant recipient who was diagnosed with aspergillosis with solitary renal involvement. He was diagnosed by kidney biopsy with the micro-fungus ball. In the biopsy sample, consisting mostly of the medulla, a small focus consisting of an aggregate of fungal microorganisms was identified. The micro-fungus ball, which was also present in serial sections, was characterized by slight pigmentation and septate hyphae with acute angle branching, highlighted by the silver stains. The patient was examined for invasive fungal infection. In CT scans, there were no signs of invasive fungal infection. Due to the unexpected kidney biopsy finding, the patient underwent a repeat allograft biopsy from which a culture was sent. Aspergillus fumigatus complex was detected in tissue fungal culture of this repeat biopsy. The patient was started on voriconazole treatment and was successfully treated. It should be kept in mind that fungal infections with isolated subtle renal involvement may be possible in KTR under immunosuppressive treatment without an obvious fungal focus being demonstrated by imaging methods.

Perioperative Staff’s Experiences of Premedication for Children

PurposeProviding perioperative care for children who express anxiety or react with negative anxiety-associated consequences can be a challenge. The use of premedication is established as an important intervention for young children before surgery, yet research into care providers’ experiences of premedication is limited. The aim of this study was to explore perioperative staff’s experiences of premedication for preschool-age children. DesignA descriptive inductive qualitative study was performed based on focus group discussions. MethodsA purposive sample of a team from the operating department with experience in anesthetizing and caring for children in the perioperative period was interviewed in small focus groups: five preoperative and postoperative care nurses, five nurse anesthetists, and five anesthesiologists. The transcribed text was categorized using qualitative content analysis. FindingsThe content analysis revealed three themes: a matter of time, do not wake the sleeping bear, and on responsive tiptoes. ConclusionsCare providers must adapt their work to the child’s emotional state of mind and needs, allowing time for the child to trust and accept the premedication and for the premedication to reach its peak effect. Premedication provides light sleep preoperatively, which requires careful treatment of the child to avoid emotional reactions, and the postoperative path is most peaceful when the premedication supports a long duration of sedation. Our findings highlight the need for safety precautions and a permissive and flexible organization with the goal of achieving a smooth and safe journey for the child in the perioperative path.

Investigation of the Biosafety of Commercially Available Natural Rubber Latex and Synthetic Polyurethane Condom Materials

To investigate the biological safety of commercially available natural rubber latex and synthetic polyurethane condoms. Natural rubber latex condom brands of A1 and A2 and polyurethane condom brands of B1 and B2 were purchased from large chain pharmacies in Chengdu, with three packages randomly selected for each brand. The study assessed the toxic effects of condom extracts on L-929 mouse fibroblasts according to GB/T standards. Gross observation and histopathological evaluation were conducted to assess the irritation reactions of condoms on the vagina and penis of rabbits (3 rabbits were used for each brand), as well as their sensitization effects on guinea pig skin. Additionally, the impact of continuous perfusion of condom extracts of the vaginas of SD rats for 30 days on their reproductive systems was evaluated, following GB/T standards (5 rats were used for each brand). Extracts from natural rubber latex condom brands A1 and A2, at concentrations of 100% and 50%, exhibited significant cytotoxicity, with optical density (OD) values being significantly lower than those of the blank control group and the polyurethane condom brands B1 and B2 (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in cell morphology and OD values between the extracts of B1 and B2 and the blank control group (P>0.05). Vaginal congestion was found in 3 rabbits from A1 group and 1 rabbit from the A2 group, while no obvious congestion was noted in rabbits from the B1 and the B2 groups. Histopathological examination showed scattered inflammatory cell infiltration in the vaginal tissue of 3 rabbits from the A1 group and 2 rabbits from the A2 group, and slight congestion in the blood vessels of the lamina propria. No obvious pathological changes were observed in the vaginal tissue of polyurethane brand rabbits. Two rabbits from the A1 group and 1 rabbit from the A2 group showed transient and mild erythema on the penis during the experiment. Histopathological examination showed that 1 rabbit from A1 group had small foci of pericapillary lymphocytes in the dermis of the penis, while no significant pathological changes were observed in the penile tissue of A2, B1, and B2 groups. After 30 days of continuous vaginal perfusion with condom extract, 3 rats in A1 group and 2 rats in the A2 group had uterine congestion, with the degree of congestion being lower in the A2 group. No significant congestion or pathological changes were observed in the vaginal and penile tissues of rabbits, or in the uterine tissues of rats from the polyurethane groups. None of the 4 groups of guinea pigs showed significant skin allergic reactions to the condom extracts. Significant differences in biosafety exist among condoms of various materials and brands. To ensure product safety, it is crucial to strengthen quality control and regulatory oversight after condoms become commercially available.

Optical performance of a solar dish concentrator formed by the same size mirror located on parabolic frame

Solar dish concentrator with low cost and meeting the flux distribution is always pursued for the efficient utilization of concentrated solar energy. This paper investigates the optical performance of a solar dish concentrator formed by using a number of identical square mirror units arranged on a parabolic surface frame. The manufacturing of the mirror surface of this concentrator requires only one kind of mold, which has the significant advantage of low-cost manufacturing. Three common types of mirror units including the parabolic mirror (focal length fm), spherical mirror (radius Rm) and plane mirror are considered. The influence of key geometric parameters including the mirror width d (250–750 mm) and dimensionless parameters such as f1/D, fm/f1 and Rm/f1 (f1 is the focal length of parabolic frame) on its optical performance indexes such as the focused spot size (i.e., intercept width w), average local concentrator ratio (LCR), peak LCR and flux uniformity is analyzed using ray-tracing method, and the correctness of optical model and concentrator optical function is verified by outdoor concentrating experiments. The results show that the concentrator composed of parabolic or spherical mirrors can easily obtain a small circular focusing spot with high LCR and the intercept width can be easily controlled within 200 mm, the peak LCR can reach 34457 (average LCR is 12898), and average LCR reaches 14794 (peak LCR is 29497) at the smallest spot with w = 38.4 mm, which can be a low-cost alternative to parabolic dish concentrator. The concentrator with plane mirrors are easier to obtain square focusing spots with excellent flux uniformity, w can be controlled from 180 to 380 mm and uniform LCR is between 100 and 1400, which is very suitable for concentrating photovoltaic field.

The Impact of Authenticity and Credibility Factors on Consumer Behavior in the Sustainable Fashion Industry on Weibo--Taking Micro-Influencers and Mega-Influencers as Examples

This study investigates the comparative influence of micro-influencers against mega-influencers on consumer behavior within the sustainable clothing industry on Weibo, and tries to reveal how authenticity and credibility factors shape purchasing decisions. This study utilizes qualitative research through semi-structured interviews with 8 participants (influencers and consumers) to highlight the integral key functions of influencers authenticity and marketing strategies in the sustainable fashion sector. It is found that micro-influencers who are believed to be genuine and more trustworthy, affect consumer buying decisions more than macro-influencers who have a wide reach but may not be seen as genuine enough. The study emphasizes the significance of strategic relationships with influencers, highlighting the imperative process of aligning with influencers whose values resonate with the brand and the audience. Nonetheless, the research realizes the limitations, namely, the small sample size and focus on a specific social media platform and proposes other studies to consider a wide population and different social media platforms.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONSUMER AWARENESS AND PERCEPTION OF HOSPITALS' DIGITAL MARKETING EFFORTS

This study explores consumer awareness and perceptions of digital marketing strategies employed by hospitals, focusing on social media presence, email newsletters, online advertisements, and their impact on understanding hospital services. As hospitals increasingly turn to digital platforms to reach patients, understanding consumer responses to these strategies is critical for effective engagement. The research utilizes a quantitative approach, with a sample of 65 respondents. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, measuring awareness and perceptions of hospital digital marketing initiatives. The study tests three hypotheses related to consumer awareness of hospitals on social media, email communications, and online advertisements using one-sample t-tests. The results reveal a high level of consumer awareness regarding hospitals' social media presence and online advertisements, with mean scores significantly above the neutral value of 3. However, awareness through email newsletters and digital communication channels showed no significant difference from the neutral point, indicating a lower engagement level. These findings align with previous research indicating the increasing role of digital marketing in healthcare but suggest that certain channels, like email marketing, may require more attention. The study contributes to the literature on healthcare marketing by highlighting the importance of targeted digital strategies to improve patient engagement and awareness. Managerial implications suggest hospitals should strengthen their digital presence, particularly in underutilized channels, and develop personalized marketing approaches. Limitations of the study include the small sample size and geographical focus, with recommendations for future research to examine broader populations and the impact of digital marketing on patient decision-making and hospital choice.