Small Wind Power Plants Research Articles

Relaxation oscillations in the Darie wind power plant model

The article discusses the mathematical model of the Daria small wind power plant. This installation is a type of vertical axis wind turbine named after its inventor, Georges Jean Marie Darrieux. The design consists of a vertically oriented shaft with curved blades or airfoils attached to it, forming a shape similar to an egg whisk. In today’s world, against the backdrop of climate change and steadily increasing energy demand, wind energy acts as a critical pillar of the transition to renewable energy sources. This technology helps reduce carbon emissions and mitigate humanity’s impact on the environment. In this context, wind energy is emerging not only as a means of supplying electricity, but also as a powerful catalyst for building a more sustainable and energy-efficient future. The equation of stationary modes is studied at the value of the external resistance of the dynamic model specified by the simplest equation. Conditions have been found under which relaxation oscillations are observed in the system.

Exploring the capacity and economic viability of green hydrogen production by utilising surplus energy from wind farms and small hydropower plants in Southern Brazil

This study seeks to estimate the potential hydrogen production from the remaining energy in the small hydropower plants (SHPs). SHPs are plants with a reservoir of three-square miles and an installed capacity between 1 and 30 MW and wind plants in the south of Brazil. Subsequently, to evaluate the generation of chemical and electrical energy and the amount of stored hydrogen and to determine possible applications in the transport sector and its injection into the natural gas network of the regional mesh. Moreover, scenarios 1 and 2 represented 5% and 3% of the surplus power for hydrogen production. The results indicated that green hydrogen production from the remaining energy in the small hydroelectric and wind power plants proved viable. There was an average potential of 5.95 MNm3/day in SHPs and 7.66 MNm3/day in wind farms. Furthermore, the wind farms could generate an average of 16,000 MWh/day through H2 production, while the SHPs have the potential to produce an average of 9340 MWh/day. Further, the proposed scenarios were economically viable since the profit estimated ranged from 27.13 to 617.92 U$/kg in wind farms and from 162.87 to 342.42 U$/kg in SHPs.

Feasibility of wind power generation for the reduction of power costs in residential buildings

Introduction: The installation of wind power generators on buildings located in areas with regular winds may be a suitable investment in a renewable power source. Brazil has a high eolic potential, where the annual mean wind speed may reach over eight meters per second. This case study is aimed to assess the economic feasibility of the installation of small wind power plants in urban areas. Methods: This work evaluates a project for the installation of a vertical axis wind turbine in three buildings (15-, 22-, and 26-store) including the following stages: 1) Installation of a real-time power meter in the 15-store unit; 2) Demand analysis of the 26-store building´s power consumption; 3) Winds survey along the coast of the State of Ceará; 4) Analysis of the wind turbines available in the market; 5) Simulation aimed to choose the system. Results: Vertical wind power generators offer better conditions of use in urban areas. The turnover time was established to be between four and six years in the three studied units. Conclusions: The installation of a wind power generator on buildings in regions with an adequate eolic regimen reaches a financial return of the investment before the end of the equipment´s lifespan.

A New Fractional-Order Virtual Inertia Support Based on Battery Energy Storage for Enhancing Microgrid Frequency Stability

Microgrids have a low inertia constant due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources and the limited penetration of conventional generation with rotating mass. This makes microgrids more susceptible to frequency stability challenges. Virtual inertia control (VIC) is one of the most effective approaches to improving microgrid frequency stability. Therefore, this study proposes a new model to precisely mimic inertia power based on an energy storage system (ESS) that supports low-inertia power systems. The developed VIC model considers the effect of both the DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter on the power of the ESS used. This allows for more precise and accurate modeling of the VIC compared to conventional models. Moreover, this study proposes a fractional-order derivative control for the proposed VIC model to provide greater flexibility in dealing with different perturbations that occur in the system. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed fractional-order VIC (FOVIC) is verified through an islanded microgrid that includes heterogeneous sources: a small thermal power plant, wind and solar power plants, and ESSs. The simulation results performed using MATLAB software indicate that the proposed VIC scheme provides fast stabilization times and slight deviations in system frequency compared to the conventional VIC schemes. The proposed VIC outperforms the conventional load frequency control by about 80% and the conventional VIC model by about 45% in tackling load/RESs fluctuations and system uncertainty. Additionally, the studied microgrid with the proposed FOVIC scheme is noticeably more stable and responds faster than that designed with integer-order derivative control. Thus, the proposed FOVIC scheme gives better performance for frequency stability of low-inertia power systems compared to conventional VIC schemes used in the literature.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as a Solution for Renewable Energy Gaps: Spatial Analysis for Polish Strategy

The integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) into energy systems requires a meticulous assessment of various factors, spanning renewable energy potential, legal frameworks, technical considerations, community engagement, and consumer preferences. This article synthesizes a multifaceted discussion on the subject, focusing on the need for comprehensive analyses before deciding to implement SMRs. Drawing insights from geographic information systems (GIS) and lessons from renewable energy development in Poland, this paper underscores the significance of aligning energy strategies with local needs, emphasizing stakeholder participation. This study examines the factors influencing location attractiveness for various energy technologies, including small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs), wind, solar, and hydroelectric power plants, within Poland. Employing 17 indicators sourced from Statistics Poland and URE, coupled with the application of the k-means algorithm, we outline four distinct clusters that delineate the zones of location attractiveness for SMRs and other renewable energy sources. While large and medium-sized cities exhibit optimal location attractiveness, coastal counties in northern Poland emerge as more suitable for renewable energy sources than for SMRs. The study outlines four distinct energy development strategies based on typologies of regions, each tailored to maximize the utility of available resources and minimize environmental impact. The strategies encompass renewable energy utilization, energy efficiency enhancement, energy diversification, and adaptation through innovation. Emphasizing the interplay between renewable energy potential, energy demand, and local conditions, the research suggests the strategic deployment of SMRs as part of an energy mix in areas where renewable energy resources are limited. By leveraging SMRs’ continuous energy production, these reactors can complement intermittent renewables, bolstering energy security.

Voltage Regulators for Small wind Power Plants

Structural and schematic solutions of voltage stabilizers for alternating current and direct current generators of wind power plants, made using direct frequency converters, an intermediate link of increased frequency and a transformer with a rotating magnetic field, are proposed. Their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. To improve energy efficiency and reliability of power supply to autonomous consumers, a block diagram of a combined autonomous power supply system is proposed.

Optimization of wind power plant sizing and placement by the application of multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) in Madhya Pradesh, India

Wind speed forecasting is primary to the dispatching and controllability of the power grid. This paper presents an optimization technique to estimate the optimal size of wind power plants required to fulfill the varying load demand of different districts in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The districts were selected based on the wind Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) and land availability. This article proposes construction of small wind power plants in each district in order to satisfy local energy needs and, if necessary, serve the neighboring districts, thus reducing the dependence on the grid. The losses caused during transmission and distribution are substantially reduced. This article highlights the issue of estimating the size of wind power plants as an objective problem of optimization. The estimate of the energy plant size is considered a multi-objective optimising issue, and three scenarios are chosen as objectives. The first case is to reduce the monthly difference between energy demand and production in every area. In the second case, the cost of each unit generated is minimised. The third case involves reducing the power supply from one district to the other's losses in transmission and distribution. This multi-objective problem is solved via the genetic algorithm. The aim is to minimise the RMS value of demand inaccuracy by considering the cost of power generated, which was reduced at least to INR 3.60. The simulation of the optimization approach suggested indicates that the algorithm's plant size closely follows the targets.

Optimization of a Small Wind Power Plant for Annual Wind Speed Distribution

This article presents a method to adjust the elements of a small wind power plant to the wind speed characterized by the highest annual level of energy. Tests were carried out on the basis of annual wind distributions at three locations. The standard range of wind speeds was reduced to that resulting from the annual wind speed distributions in these locations. The construction of the generators and the method of their excitation were adapted to the characteristics of the turbines. The results obtained for the designed power plants were compared with those obtained for a power plant with a commercial turbine adapted to a wind speed of 10 mps. The generator structure and control method were optimized using a genetic algorithm in the MATLAB program (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA); magnetostatic calculations were carried out using the FEMM program; the simulations were conducted using a proprietary simulation program. The simulation results were verified by measurement for a switched reluctance machine of the same voltage, power, and design. Finally, the yields of the designed generators in various locations were determined.

Интеграция малых ветроэнергетических установок в архитектурную форму малоэтажного жилого здания

The article considers some options of integration of small wind power plants (hereinafter SWPP) into the architectural design of low-rise residential buildings using the effect of strengthening wind flows («draught»). The influence of the architectural form on the creation of this effect emerging near the SWPP location is investigated, the SWPP being regarded as an architectural element of the building. The classification of SWPPs is presented applying the principles of allocation and operation in the most suitable places in the structure of low-rise residential buildings. The «draught» effect emerging in various forms of low-rise buildings is analyzed graphically and on the basis of a software research method envisaging a testing in the form of experimental design. As a hypothesis and goal setting, the authors propose a new architectural morphogenesis of low-rise residential buildings using small wind power plants.

Power Model of a Small Wind Plant

The production of small wind turbines requires constant modification of their designes. One of the main criteria for efficiency is the power of the wind farm. It makes it possible to evaluate the economic effect in simple categories and by simple means. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop a simplified scheme for estimating power flows in a wind farm to assess its main technical and economic indicators. (Materials and methods) The article describes the main operating modes of small wind power plant and correlates them with wind speeds. A small wind turbine with a capacity of 1.8 kilowatt with attack angle control with a nominal wind speed of 8 meters per second was used as the initial sample for testing. The dependence of the power of an operating small wind farm on the wind speed are presented in the article and was used for creating a mathematical model. (Results and discussion) It has been suggested that the efficiency at the nominal wind speed is maximum, but at the starting wind speed it is close to zero. The article presents a power model, the total power output of the installation, the static power loss dynamic power loss of power and aerodynamic limitations. In this case, the power of dynamic losses depends on the overall efficiency of the wind turbine, which is a function of the wind speed. The article presents graphical representation of these power flows. (Conclusions) The theoretical dependence of wind turbine capacity flows is a simple way to determine them in an existing wind turbine. The main characteristics of the model can be calculated from the dependence of power on wind speed, which significantly expands the possibilities of its application for further research. The model can be used in evaluating the effectiveness of the designed structure or changes in it.

Design and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Small Scale Wind Power Plants

Wind energy is one of the primary energy sources that can be used to produce electricity. Indonesia has the potential to harness wind energy to produce electricity due to located on the equator, especially in coastal areas. An alternative to the availability of electricity in remote coastal areas is to use small-scale wind power plants. One component that plays an important role in wind power generation systems is the generator. A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. In small scale wind power plants, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are commonly used as energy conversion machines. In this paper, a PMSG has been designed for small-scale and low-speed wind power generation as an energy conversion machine. PMSG which has been designed has the following specifications: 500 W, three phases, 18 slots, 12 poles, with a rotation speed of 500 rpm. The simulation test results obtained the following data, the output phase-phase maximum voltage of the generator is 38.84 V, and phase maximum voltage is 22.5 V.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEED AND EVALUATION OF WIND POWER DENSITY FOR COLABA, MUMBAI

The fuel energy resources around the globe are declining at a faster rate. The greenhouse gases emitted in the process of harnessing energy from the non-renewable resources such as coal, fossil-fuel and radioactive substances cause the global warming and there is a danger of climate change. All these factors compel the researchers to explore renewable sources for power generation. Wind is a renewable resource, which is available naturally and is practically inexhaustible. In this study, the hourly wind data collected between the years 2013 to 2015 is evaluated. The wind data at the height of 11 m was obtained from a wind station at the Indian Meteorological Department, Colaba (Mumbai, India). The highest monthly wind speed measured was 5.11 m/s and the yearly average was found to be 2.72 m/s. various distribution functions were statistically analyzed and it was observed that the Two-parameter Weibull distribution gives the best fit to the actual data. The mean wind power density was 73.013 W/m2. The maximum wind speeds can be observed between the months of June and September. The wind data analysis shows that if a domestic wind turbine is installed at this site, it will generate enough energy for power saving. This paper aims to promote the growth of small wind power plant in a developing country like India.

Voltage and frequency regulation for autonomous induction generators in small wind power plant

Voltage and frequency regulation for autonomous induction generators in small wind power plant

Designing, Developing, and Implementing a Forecasting Method for the Produced and Consumed Electricity in the Case of Small Wind Farms Situated on Quite Complex Hilly Terrain

Accurate forecasting of the produced and consumed electricity from wind farms is an essential aspect for wind power plant operators. In this context, our research addresses small-scale wind farms situated on hilly terrain, with the main purpose of overcoming the low accuracy limitations arising from the wind deflection, caused by the quite complex hilly terrain. A specific aspect of our devised forecasting method consists of incorporating advantages of recurrent long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, benefiting from their long-term dependencies, learning capabilities, and the advantages of feed-forward function fitting neural networks (FITNETs) that have the ability to map between a dataset of numeric inputs and a set of numeric targets. Another specific element of our approach consists of improving forecasting accuracy by means of refining the accuracy of the weather data input parameters within the same weather forecast resolution area. The developed method has power plant operators as main beneficiaries, but it can also be successfully applied in order to assess the energy potential of hilly areas with deflected wind, being useful for potential investors who want to build this type of wind farms. The method can be compiled and incorporated in the development of a wide range of customized applications targeting electricity forecasting for small wind farms situated on hilly terrain with deflected wind. The experimental results, the implementation of the developed method in a real production environment, its validation, and the comparison between our proposed method and other ones from the literature, confirm that the developed forecasting method represents an accurate, useful, and viable tool that addresses a gap in the current state of knowledge regarding the necessity for an accurate forecasting method that is able to predict with a high degree of accuracy both the produced and consumed electricity for small wind power plants situated on quite complex hilly terrain with deflected wind.

Simplified design of low speed electric permanent magnet generator for small wind power plant

Wind power plant is one of the renewable energy where energy utilization is ± 3-5% from potential existing of wind power. Wind power plant requires a generator to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, mostly the generators available in the market is a kind of high speed induction generator which requires high rotational speed and an electricity to generate a magnetic field. While in wind power plant needs low speed generator and without initial electricity. Hence, a radial flux generator is designed in this project to have low speed rotation using permanent magnet type Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB). Finite Element Method (FEM) Magnet software is used for designing the generator model. Several modifications are applied to get optimum result by changing generator diameter, number of coils, the copper wire diameter, number of poles, and used slots. The simulation results obtained generator speed 500 rpm, the average series voltage is 185.44 Volt. Generator requires 18 cm diameter, number of turn for each coil is 55, diameter of the copper wire used is 0.6 mm, and number of poles is 8 pairs and 12 unit slots.

Production of Electric Energy by Use of Wind Energy

Taking advantage of the wind is one of the oldest ways to acquire energy. Traditional wind power sources are classic windmills. Nowadays, we are trying to focus more on generating electricity from alternative sources and one of these sources is also the energy of the wind. The most often uses of the potential of wind power is to generate electricity. In addition, this energy is attractive today because its use does not produce any waste, does not pollute the air and does not have a negative impact on human health. Recently, we can recognize using of so-called "small wind power plants” in households. This paper provides an overview and technological solutions to be taken into account for designing and realizing the construction of a wind power plant. This paper proposed rotor with a horizontal axis which bears the designation of Savoni rotor. This paper represents a contribution to the development of the use of small wind power plants, as contains a large number of illustrations

UKŁAD STEROWANIA MAŁĄ ELEKTROWNIĄ WIATROWĄ Z GENERATOREM ASYNCHRONICZNYM

Artykuł przedstawia układ sterowania elektrownią wiatrową z generatorem asynchronicznym klatkowym o mocy 11 kW. Generator asynchroniczny w porównaniu do generatora synchronicznego cechuje niższy koszt i większa niezawodność, jednak ze względu na zjawiska związane ze wzbudzeniem, konieczne jest stosowanie bardziej złożonego układu przekształtnikowego oraz dodatkowej aparatury wspomagającej działanie elektrowni wiatrowej w rzeczywistych warunkach. W rezultacie układ sterowania przekształtnika energoelektronicznego sprzęgającego generator z siecią energetyczną wymaga dodatkowego rozbudowania o możliwość zarządzania całą elektrownią. W artykule omówiono zagadnienia i wyniki eksperymentalne związane ze stanami pracy systemu małej elektrowni wiatrowej oraz pętlami sterowania procesem przetwarzania mocy.

Impact Wind Turbines Implementation in Municipalities in the Context of Sustainable Urbanism with Focus on Dynamic Pedestrian Comfort

The article, in the context of sustainable urbanism, reflects current tendencies of small urban wind power plants implementation into municipalities. There is an emphasis on wind as one of the aspects of architectural design and urbanism. Due to extensional interdisciplinarity of the examined phenomenon, the article captures a wider framework of the issue. The sustainability objectives in the creation of settlements - housing environment are emphasized. By the overview of wind turbines and selected research papers article demonstrates the current state of the subject. Yet the research points out that dynamic pedestrian comfort is not being taken into account and chosen geometries are not suitable. The article outlines visions and possibilities of implementation of small urban wind power plants while correctly using tools, techniques and qualitative and quantitative parameters.

Dual stator winding variable speed asynchronous generator: magnetic equivalent circuit with saturation, FEM analysis and experiments

The authors carried out a theoretical and experimental study of dual stator winding squirrel cage asynchronous generator (DSWA) behaviour in the presence of saturation regime (non-sinusoidal) due to the variable speed operation. The main aims are the determination of the relations of calculating the equivalent parameters of the machine windings, FEM validation of parameters and characteristics with free FEMM 4.2 computing software and the practice experimental tests for verifying them. Issue is limited to three phase range of double stator winding cage-asynchronous generator of small sized powers, the most currently used in the small adjustable speed wind or hydro power plants. The tests were carried out using three-phase asynchronous generator having rated power of 6 [kVA].

Dual stator winding variable speed asynchronous generator: optimal design and experiments

In the present paper is carried out a theoretical and experimental study of dual stator winding squirrel cage asynchronous generator (DSWA) behavior in the presence of saturation regime (non-sinusoidal) due to the variable speed operation. The main aims are the determination of the relations of calculating the equivalent parameters of the machine windings to optimal design using a Matlab code. Issue is limited to three phase range of double stator winding cage-induction generator of small sized powers, the most currently used in the small adjustable speed wind or hydro power plants. The tests were carried out using three-phase asynchronous generator having rated power of 6 [kVA].