Small Section Research Articles

RNA Extraction from Rice Immature Embryo Using Laser Capture Microdissection.

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) enables the selective isolation of organs, tissues, and cells from surrounding tissues. Total RNA extracted from small tissue sections can be used for a variety of subsequent analysis such as RNA-seq analysis. Here, we describe a method for isolating embryos from rice ovary sections using LCM and extracting total RNA. We successfully obtained sufficient amount of total RNA from a single rice embryo at the globular embryo stage for RNA-seq analysis.

The Status of Liver Margin in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multicenter Study.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in the liver margin (LM) of resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) and establish a method for LM examination. LM is the largest margin in resected pCCA with undefined status and assessment method. 227 pCCA cases underwent major hepatectomy were divided into a discovery cohort (n=101) assessed using serial whole-mount digital large sections (WDLS) combined with small sections, and a control cohort (n=126) assessed using only small sections. The LM R1 resection rate was 38.6% (39/101) in the discovery cohort and 5.6% (7/126) in the control cohort. WDLS identified more LM R1 cases compared to the small section in the discovery cohort (38.6% vs. 5.9%, P<0.001). R0 patients in the discovery cohort had better overall survival and recurrence-free survival than those in the control cohort (both P<0.05). Additionally, 95% of carcinoma was found within 20mm of the proximal ductal margin (DM). A proximal DM distance of<5mm was an independent risk factor for LM R1 resection. Patients with which are more likely to experience R1 compared to those with ≥ 5mm (P<0.001). Positive LM was the significant cause for R1 resection of pCCA and the utilization of WDLS improved the diagnostic accuracy of LM. An examination methodology was established, highlighting the necessity of examining LM within a 20mm radius around the proximal DM, especially in patients with a proximal DM of<5mm.

Theatre in film as intensification of senses. Othello in R. Eyre’s Stage Beauty

The article considers the phenomenon of theatre in film, associated with the effects of sensory intensification. In her analysis of R. Eyre’s drama Stage Beauty (an adaptation of J. Hatcher’s play Compleat Female Stage Beauty), the author shows that a theatrical performance within a film proves to be especially effective in engaging various perception modalities and bringing the audience in touch with their own sensations. A fragment of Act V Scene II of Othello constitutes the structural core of Eyre’s film. Affectively charged with fear of death, jealousy, and revenge, this fragment makes five appearances in the film. The viewers learn about a reconstruction of a historic theatre, as well as the emergence of a new and more naturalistic tradition. The essay is divided into small sections according to the logic of sensory focuses, which, Rybina argues, reveal themselves at each new staging of the fragment. Tracing how the perception modalities (visual, auditory, and kinesthetic) are activated, the author proves that the main goal of theatre in film is to enhance the viewers’ sensory awareness.

The beetle fauna (Coleoptera) of the arctic mainland of Norway

This paper is the first attempt to summarize the beetles present in the arctic region of the mainland of Norway since 1946. In 1995 and 1998 beetles were collected by pitfall traps and other methods in Vardø municipality on the Varanger Peninsula in Finnmark county. This area is part of the small section of the Norwegian mainland that belongs to the southern arctic vegetation zone. A total number of 159 species from 18 families were recorded, including earlier findings by others. This probably covers a substantial part of the beetle fauna present in this marginal environment. Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) are the most abundant group and made up 46% of the recorded species, whereas diving beetles (Dytiscidae) and ground beetles (Carabidae) made up 16% and 15% of the species, respectively. Considering the regional distribution of these species in Norway, 8% are found only in northern Norway (Nordland/Troms/Finnmark), 19% have mainly an alpine distribution, 27% are mainly restricted to boreal areas, whereas 53% are common all over Norway. Diacheila polita and Simplocaria elongata belong to a characteristic arctic beetle community, and the present records of these two species are the only ones from Scandinavia. The study indicates that there are very few beetles that belong entirely to the arctic mainland of Norway.

Mathematical Modelling of Spatially Inhomogeneous Non-Stationary Interaction of Pests with Transgenic and Non-Modified Crops Considering Taxis

Introduction. This paper addresses a unified spatially inhomogeneous, non-stationary model of interaction between genetically modified crop resources (corn) and the corn borer pest, which is also present on a relatively small section of non-modified corn. The model assumes that insect pests influence both types of crops and are capable of independent movement (taxis) towards the gradient of plant resources. It also considers diffusion processes in the dynamics of all components of the unified model, biomass growth, genetic characteristics of both types of plant resources, processes of crop consumption, phenomena of growth and degradation, diffusion, and mutation of pests. The model allows for predictive calculations aimed at reducing crop losses and increasing the resistance of transgenic crops to pests by slowing down the natural mutation rate of the pest. Materials and Methods. The mathematical model is an extension of Kostitsin’s model and is formulated as an initial-boundary value problem for a nonlinear system of convection-diffusion equations. These equations describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of biomass density changes in two types of crops — transgenic and non-modified — as well as the specific populations (densities) of three genotypes of pests (the corn borer) resulting from mutations. The authors linearized the convection-diffusion equations by applying a time-lag method on the time grid, with nonlinear terms from eachequation taken from the previous time layer. The terms describing taxis are presented in a symmetric form, ensuring the skew-symmetry of the corresponding continuous operator and, in the case of spatial grid approximation, the finite-difference operator. Results. A stable monotonic finite-difference scheme is developed, approximating the original problem with second-order accuracy on a uniform 2D spatial grid. Numerical solutions of model problems are provided, qualitatively corresponding to observed processes. Solutions are obtained for various ratios of modified and non-modified sections of the field. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results regarding pest behavior, depending on the type of taxis, could significantly extend the time for pests to acquire Bt resistance. The concentration dynamics of pests moving in the direction of the food gradient differs markedly from the concentration of pests moving towards a mate for reproduction.

Problematic Ediacaran sail-shaped fossils from eastern Yunnan, China

ABSTRACT This study focuses on a rare sail-shaped macrofossil, Alienum velamenus gen. & sp. nov. from the Jiangchuan Biota in Yunnan Province, China. The new species presented here possesses an unique bipartite body consisting of a wide unbranched, asymmetrical sail-shaped anterior section and a small narrow tail-like posterior section. The macrofossil of the new species is preserved through carbonaceous compression. Its appearance is different from known macroalgae but similar to Vetulicolia from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota. The anterior section of the new species, which is broad and smooth, shows only indistinctly arranged suspected gill slits and a nearly horizontal pharyngeal groove, without significant segmented structures. Owing to lack of samples, the specific biological properties and taxa of the new species are still undefined. The discovery of Alienum velamenus indicates that the Jiangchuan Biota is an exceptional lagerstätte with great potential for the preservation of Precambrian early life through carbonaceous compression. Furthermore, the Jiangchuan Biota shows significant differences in species diversity from the Miaohe Biota of the Doushantuo Formation and the Shibantan Biota of the Dengying Formation in the Three Gorges area of Hubei Province.

Harmonic acoustic pneumatic source (HAPS) to generate sound at very low-frequency

At very low frequency, the loudspeakers face technical issues (size, weight, energy consumption). An alternative to the electrodynamic loudspeaker is the Harmonic Acoustic Pneumatic Source (HAPS) demonstrated efficient in active tonal control. It comprises a high-pressure pneumatic air source, a rotating flow chopper, and an exhaust. The rotation of the flow chopper generates a pulsed flow which radiated noise out from the exhaust. An analytical model of the HAPS is presented to introduce the main challenge associated with its use at very low frequencies: having a high mean flow rate with a relatively small exhaust duct section. To overcome these challenge, a dedicated flexible tube (under light mean pressure) is added to the exhaust circuit to obtain a pulsating sphere activated by a HAPS. This configuration has been experimentally studied in a semi-anechoic room with two flexible tubes and without. The sound pressure level of the first harmonic at 1 meter range from 75 to 95 dB SPL (25 to 160 Hz, plenum pressure from 5 to 20 PSI). Thanks to fluid-structure interaction, the fundamental harmonic sound levels radiated by the compliant tube were free of jet noise. The drawback is the high harmonic distortion observed during the experiments.

MhGeneS: An Analytical Pipeline to Allow for Robust Microhaplotype Genotyping.

Microhaplotypes are small linked genomic regions comprising two or more single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are being applied in forensics and are emerging in wildlife monitoring studies and genomic epidemiology. Typically, targeted in non-coding regions, microhaplotypes in exonic regions can be designed with larger amplicons to capture functional non-synonymous sites and minimise insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms. Quality control is an important first step for high-confidence genotyping to counteract such false-positive variants. As genetic markers with higher polymorphism compared to biallelic SNPs, it is critical to ensure sequencing errors across the microhaplotype amplicon are filtered out to avoid introducing false-haplotypes. We developed the MhGeneS pipeline which works in tandem with Seq2Sat to help validate microhaplotype genotyping of the coding region of genes, with broader applicability to any microhaplotype profiling. We genotyped microhaplotype regions of the Zfx (≅ 160 bp) and Zfy (≅ 140 bp) genes, as well as an exon of the prion protein (Prnp) gene (≅ 370 bp) in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) using paired-end Illumina technology. As important quality metrics affecting microhaplotype calling, we identified the sequencing error rate profile related to the overlap or non-overlap of paired-end reads as well as the read depth as significant. In the case of Prnp, we achieved confident microhaplotype calling through MhGeneS by removing small sections of the 5' and 3' amplicons and using a minimum read depth of 20. Read depth and sequence trimming may be locus-specific, and validation of these parameters is recommended before the high-throughput profiling of samples.

A MIL-based approach for welding defect classification

Welding quality plays a prominent role in many fabrication processes, such as those in the automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding, and electronics industries. Deep learning facilitates the automatic classification of welding quality using non-invasive techniques such as X-rays, thermal imaging, and ultrasonic techniques. In this study, we investigate the ability of deep learning to detect welding quality directly from the welded workpieces. Typically, good and bad weld samples can be seen together along with surrounding material as a background, which makes traditional classification based using computer vision difficult. Therefore, we propose a new framework based on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) that reveals the distribution of each small piece of the image and serves as an effective guide for welding quality classification. Furthermore, a new collection of welding image datasets is developed to verify the baseline model and our proposed method. The results show that our proposed method is effective in classifying welding quality in welding workpiece images and identifying welding features in each small section of the welding area in workpiece images. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of incorporating MIL in weakly supervised welding quality classification and reveals the potential for performing quality control on welding in industrial pipelines automatically.

A Multi-criterian Approach to Identify Groundwater Potential Zones in the Subarnarekha River Basin Using Integrated Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geospatial Technology

The intense extraction of groundwater and changing climate patterns have strained global groundwater supplies. As the demand for drinkable water rises worldwide, assessing groundwater availability and aquifer output becomes increasingly important. Geographic information systems (GIS) are being used more frequently for groundwater exploration due to their speed and provision of preliminary data. This study focuses on mapping groundwater availability in a minor tropical river basin in India, using a combination of GIS and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Ten thematic layers were generated and analyzed, including Geology, Geomorphology, Land use and land cover (LULC), Lineament density, Drainage density, Rainfall, Soil type, Slope, Topographic Wetness Index ( TWI), and curvature to delineate groundwater potential zones. AHP was employed to assign weights to each category based on their water retention properties. The resulting map was validated against existing groundwater data, demonstrating an accuracy of approximately 85%. The groundwater potential zones were classified as high, moderate, and, low. The moderate potential zone covered 59% of the basin, while the low and high potential zones constituted 29% and 11% respectively. High and low potential regions were limited to small sections of the basin. In conclusion, this research successfully mapped the groundwater availability in the Rarhu River watershed using GIS and AHP. The findings highlight the distribution of different groundwater potential zones, providing valuable information for sustainable water resource management in the area.

Strandline records of high frequency, low magnitude drops in water level, glacial Lake Agassiz basin, Central Polk County, MN, USA

Glacial Lake Agassiz strandlines expressed in LiDAR-based digital elevation models are detailed records of past water level change that reflect outlet incision and switching. Detailed 1:24,000 scale surficial geology mapping of a small section of coastline east of Crookston, MN, reveals strandlines of the Lockhart, Emerson, and Nipigon phases. Other than the Campbell and youngest Tintah Beach, the strandlines are not identified using the naming convention established near the southern outlet (Herman, Norcross, Upham, Tintah) because of the increasing number of strandlines northwards. The strandlines, for the most part, naturally exist in elevation clusters, and are assigned to 11 strandline groups (SG). SGs 1–9 are of Lockhart age at elevations higher than the Tintah Campbell Gap (TCGap). Elevation gaps between SGs are ~1–3 m, greater than the 0.5–2 m gap between successive strandlines within a SG. The many (n = 70) small, low-relief strandlines are interpreted to record nearly continuous incision of the southern outlet sill during Lockhart Phase. Beach ridges are estimated to have formed every ~20 years. The TCGap is ~4 km wide in the study area. The Campbell Beach of Emerson Phase age consists of several embayments, beach ridges and the large Melvin Spit. Based on morphological comparison with the modern Gull Point Spit in the Lake Erie basin, the Melvin Spit took ~500 years to form, during which water level dropped 8 m. The Nipigon Phase strandlines are small discontinuous beach ridges. North-south elevation plots of the most continuous strandline in each SG records southward slopes of 1.1 to 0.19 m/km explained by differential glacioisostatic adjustment active during strandline development that decreases through time at lower elevations. The three highest elevation OSL dates agree with published ages for the older strandlines (~14.4 ± 1.5 ka), but younger dated Tintah, Campbell, and sub-Campbell beaches are 2–5 ka older than published ages. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) datasets acquired at 11 sites at frequencies between 100 and 500 MHz, representing a cumulative distance of 11 km, form the basis for a simple beach ridge formation model augmented with hand auger holes and shallow hand-dug pits. Six radar facies (RF) were identified, dominated by RF2 which consists of lakeward-dipping reflections with a downlapping lower boundary recording a depositional regressive system, and RF4 which consists of landward-dipping reflections with a downlapping lower boundary recording overwash deposits from proposed storm events. Spit orientations and GPR data indicate littoral drift was southwards with offshore bars possibly nucleating successive beach ridges upon ~1-m drops in water level. Detailed analysis of strandlines from paleo lakes offer promise for high resolution reconstructions of past water level history.

Comprehensive characterization of nitrogen-related defect states in β-Ga2O3 using quantitative optical and thermal defect spectroscopy methods

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the dominant deep acceptor level in nitrogen-doped beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3), elucidating and reconciling the hole emission features observed in deep-level optical spectroscopy (DLOS). The unique behavior of this defect, coupled with its small optical cross section, complicates trap concentration analysis using DLOS, which is essential for defect characterization in β-Ga2O3. A complex feature arises in DLOS results due to simultaneous electron emission to the conduction band and hole emission to the valence band from the same defect state, indicating the formation of two distinct atomic configurations and suggesting metastable defect characteristics. This study discusses the implications of this behavior on DLOS analysis and employs advanced spectroscopy techniques such as double-beam DLOS and optical isothermal measurements to address these complications. The double-beam DLOS method reveals a distinct hole emission process at EV+1.3 eV previously obscured in conventional DLOS. Optical isothermal measurements further characterize this energy level, appearing only in N-doped β-Ga2O3. This enables an estimate of the β-Ga2O3 hole effective mass by analyzing temperature-dependent carrier emission rates. This work highlights the impact of partial trap-filling behavior on DLOS analysis and identifies the presence of hole trapping and emission in β-Ga2O3. Although N-doping is ideal for creating semi-insulating material through the efficient compensation of free electrons, this study also reveals a significant hole emission and migration process within the weak electric fields of the Schottky diode depletion region.

Assessment of Weld Microstructure Through Sound Velocity Measurements for Power Plant Applications

This research study employed an immersion-based micro-resolution ultrasonic velocity measurement technique (MUVT) to evaluate Grade 91 (9Cr-1Mo-V) steel welds. This process utilized a 20 MHz focused ultrasonic beam with a spot size of 250 µm, a 6 µm laser vibrometer spot size for detection, and an automated 3-axis raster scanner to accurately collect ultrasonic velocity data from two Grade 91 steel welds fabricated using cold metal transfer (CMT) and flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) processes. By analyzing the MUVT data, the Poisson’s ratio (υ) and modulus of elasticity (E), which are important mechanical properties for weldments, were calculated. The correlation between mechanical properties and ultrasonic velocity was examined. The results indicated that longitudinal ultrasonic velocity could effectively identify base metal, heat-affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal areas, showing a strong correlation with hardness. In particular, the distinctive V-shaped dip in velocity and hardness data across the HAZ areas of both samples highlighted changes in the microstructure of creep strength–enhanced ferritic steel welds. Importantly, the immersion-based MUVT demonstrated high accuracy in small sections of the weld, surpassing the conventional contact ultrasonic testing method in spatial resolution detection.

Thermal modeling of variable process parameter effects in powder bed fusion using electron beam

Purpose This study aims to develop a novel thermal modeling strategy to simulate electron beam powder bed fusion at part scale with machine-varying process parameters strategy. Single-bead and part-scale experiments and modeling were studied. Scanning strategies were described by the process controlling functions that enabled modeling. Design/methodology/approach The finite element analysis thermal model was used along with the powder bed fusion with electron beam experiments. The proposed strategy involves dividing a part into smaller sections and creating meso-scale models for each subsection. These meso-scale models take into consideration the variable process parameters, including power and velocity of the moving heat source, during part building. Subsequently, these models are integrated to perform partscale simulations, enabling more realistic predictions of thermal accumulation and resulting distortions. The model was built and validated with single-bead experiments and bulky parts with different features. Findings Single-bead experiments demonstrated an average error rate of 6%–24% for melt pool dimension prediction using the proposed meso-scale models with different scanning control functions. Part-scale simulations for three different geometries (cantilever beams with supports, bulk artifact and topology-optimized transfer arm) showed good agreement between modeled temperature changes and experimental deformation values. Originality/value This study presents a novel approach for electron beam powder bed fusion modeling that leverages meso-scale models to capture the influence of variable process parameters on part quality. This strategy offers improved accuracy for predicting part geometry and identifying potential defects, leading to a more efficient additive manufacturing process.

Continuous Slag Discharge Construction Technology for Shield Tunneling in Narrow Space Environment

The shield tunneling method is the main construction method in subway tunnel construction, which has the characteristics of safety, efficiency, mechanization, and high degree of automation. However, the shield tunneling equipment is huge, the supporting facilities are numerous, and the site requirements are high. In response to the problems of slow slag removal speed and low construction efficiency in shield tunneling under the construction conditions of small wellhead shield tunneling sections in urban subways, taking the shield tunneling section of Guangzhou Metro Line 13 Phase II as the background,This article introduces the main components, working principles, installation and transportation processes, fault handling, and benefit analysis of the continuous belt conveyor slag removal system,This article elaborates on the method of using a continuous belt conveyor in the tunnel combined with a vertical lifting system at the wellhead to achieve continuous slag removal during underground shield tunneling construction in a narrow wellhead construction site. This not only improves excavation efficiency but also reduces construction costs, solves construction problems, and provides reference for similar projects in the future.

CTDUNet: A Multimodal CNN-Transformer Dual U-Shaped Network with Coordinate Space Attention for Camellia oleifera Pests and Diseases Segmentation in Complex Environments.

Camellia oleifera is a crop of high economic value, yet it is particularly susceptible to various diseases and pests that significantly reduce its yield and quality. Consequently, the precise segmentation and classification of diseased Camellia leaves are vital for managing pests and diseases effectively. Deep learning exhibits significant advantages in the segmentation of plant diseases and pests, particularly in complex image processing and automated feature extraction. However, when employing single-modal models to segment Camellia oleifera diseases, three critical challenges arise: (A) lesions may closely resemble the colors of the complex background; (B) small sections of diseased leaves overlap; (C) the presence of multiple diseases on a single leaf. These factors considerably hinder segmentation accuracy. A novel multimodal model, CNN-Transformer Dual U-shaped Network (CTDUNet), based on a CNN-Transformer architecture, has been proposed to integrate image and text information. This model first utilizes text data to address the shortcomings of single-modal image features, enhancing its ability to distinguish lesions from environmental characteristics, even under conditions where they closely resemble one another. Additionally, we introduce Coordinate Space Attention (CSA), which focuses on the positional relationships between targets, thereby improving the segmentation of overlapping leaf edges. Furthermore, cross-attention (CA) is employed to align image and text features effectively, preserving local information and enhancing the perception and differentiation of various diseases. The CTDUNet model was evaluated on a self-made multimodal dataset compared against several models, including DeeplabV3+, UNet, PSPNet, Segformer, HrNet, and Language meets Vision Transformer (LViT). The experimental results demonstrate that CTDUNet achieved an mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 86.14%, surpassing both multimodal models and the best single-modal model by 3.91% and 5.84%, respectively. Additionally, CTDUNet exhibits high balance in the multi-class segmentation of Camellia oleifera diseases and pests. These results indicate the successful application of fused image and text multimodal information in the segmentation of Camellia disease, achieving outstanding performance.

Therapeutic potential of platelet rich plasma against experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infection: in vivo study in immunosuppressed mice.

The present study was designed to assess the possible effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) when used individually and in combination with nitazoxanide (NTZ) on experimental Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) infection. It was conducted on 100 male albino mice, laboratory bred in Theodore Bilharz Research Institute. Starting from the 7th day post infection (p.i), therapeutics were given to immunosuppressed infected mice, which were divided as follows; oral NTZ treated group (0.2 mg/g/day for 6 consecutive days), six-PRP-treated groups (0.5 μl/g/week) to be administered intravenously (IV) in 1st, 2nd, 3rd week as PRP alone in (3 groups) and combined with oral NTZ (0.2 mg/g/day for 6 consecutive days) in (3 groups). Parasitological, histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments of therapeutics under study were done. Fecal pellets collected from groups at different intervals were stained using modified Ziehl-Neelsen and examined under microscope. Among PRP-treated groups, the highest significant percentage of oocyst reduction (89.96%) was observed in the group received 3 doses of PRP in combination with NTZ on the 35th day post infection. Likewise, the histopathological examination of small intestinal tissue sections showed improvement in villous architecture with mild to moderate stunting and moderate inflammatory infiltrates in lamina propria. Immunohistochemical staining of small intestinal tissue sections showed moderate increase in the expression of TGF-β1. Therefore, PRP can be a novel strategy in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis particularly when combined with NTZ.

Broadband Near-Infrared Light Excitation Generates Long-Lived Near-Infrared Luminescence in Gallates.

Persistent luminescence describes the phenomenon whereby luminescence remains after the stoppage of excitation. Recently, upconversion persistent luminescence (UCPL) phosphors that can be directly charged by near-infrared (NIR) light have gained considerable attention due to their promising applications ranging from photonics to biomedicine. However, current lanthanide-based UCPL phosphors show small absorption cross sections and low upconversion charging efficiency. The development of UCPL phosphors faces challenges due to the lack of flexible upconversion charging pathways and poor design flexibility. Herein, we discovered a lattice defect-mediated broadband photon upconversion process and the accompanying NIR-to-NIR UCPL in Cr-doped zinc gallate nanoparticles. The zinc gallate nanoparticles can be directly activated by broadband NIR light in the 700-1000 nm range to produce persistent luminescence at about 700 nm, which is also readily enhanced by rationally tailoring the lattice defects in the phosphors. This proposed UCPL phosphor achieved a signal-to-background ratio of over 200 in bioimaging by efficiently avoiding interference from autofluorescence and light scattering. Our work reported a lattice defect-mediated photon upconversion phenomenon, which significantly expands the horizons for the flexible design of UCPL phosphors toward broad applications ranging from bioimaging to photocatalysis.

Microtremor Analysis to Identify Fissure Vulnerable Zones in Demak, Central Java, Indonesia

Demak Regency, located in Central Java, Indonesia stands out among the regencies for its rapid development and regional growth, leading to a significant reliance on groundwater. This is thought to be caused by low precipitation and the geological characteristics of Demak Regency, which is mostly located on alluvial plains. To address these concerns, this study aimed to pinpoint regions vulnerable to ground fractures resulting from excessive groundwater extraction compounded by seismic activity. The research encompassed 191 locations, including 177 single station microtremor measurement points and 14 array microtremor measurement points. Single station microtremor measurements utilized the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method, while array measurements employed the Spatial Autocorrelation (SPAC) method. Ground shear strain values spanning from 32.12 × 10-6 - 96.39 × 10-6. Notably, areas exhibiting heightened values are concentrated in Wonosalam Subdistrict and the Southwest of Karangtengah Subdistrict. The morphology of the bedrock within the study area tends to mirror the sedimentary layer's thickness, reflecting relatively minimal surface height discrepancies at the measurement points. Vulnerability to fissures resulting from excessive groundwater extraction and seismic activity is concentrated on the north side of Wonosalam District, the eastern sector of Demak District, and a small section of Mijen District.

Molecular Fingerprinting of Mouse Brain Using Ultrabroadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microspectroscopy Empowered by Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS).

The Raman fingerprint spectral region provides abundant structural information on molecules. However, analyzing vibrational images within this region using coherent Raman imaging remains challenging due to the small Raman cross section and congested spectral features. In this study, we combined ultrabroadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy across the spectral range of 500-4000 cm-1 with multivariate curve resolution-alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS) to reveal hidden Raman bands in the fingerprint region. Applying this method to mouse brain tissue, we extracted information on cholesterol and collagen, leveraging their distinctive molecular signatures, as well as on key molecules such as lipids, proteins, water, and nucleic acids. Moreover, the simultaneous detection of second harmonic generation facilitated label-free visualization of organelles, including arachnoid membrane and Rootletin filaments.