Small Scale Irrigation Project Research Articles

Assessing the Performance of Conveyance System of Jato Small-Scale Irrigation Scheme of Wayu-Tuka District, East Wallaga Zone, Oromia, Ethiopa

The performance assessment of a small-scale irrigation project plays a vital role in evaluating its effectiveness and addressing potential shortcomings in achieving desired outcomes. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Jato small-scale irrigation project, assessing its performance based on various criteria and indicators. The study evaluates the project's infrastructure maintenance and system efficiency. The designed command area of the scheme is seventy-five (75 ha) but the current irrigated area of the scheme is sixty (60ha) only. To achieve the objectives, primary and secondary data were collected. To gather both primary and secondary data, data-gathering techniques include surveys, interviews, field observations, and meteorological data. Before, during, and after an irrigation event, while farmers were carrying out their regular irrigation practices, several field characteristics were measured and/or observed. These data included the type of crop, irrigation water discharge in the canal, and field size. A survey concerning the availability of water was also carried out among farmers. CROPWAT 8.0 Software was used to organize the crop pattern of the study area along with other relevant data, including soil, climate, rain crop, and crop pattern. Water flow measurement results of the Jato small-scale irrigation scheme at the head, middle, and tail of the lined & unlined main canal were found to be 53.6l/s, 45.4 l/s, and 29.9l/s respectively. The average water flow measurement result of the scheme is 43l/s which reduced from required flow by 18.15l/s. From the analyses of the water balance indicators, the canal conveyance efficiency, canal conveyance loss, application efficiency, and overall efficiency were found to be 70%, 30%, 70%, and 50% respectively. The overall average main canal conveyance efficiency and water conveyance loss were below the recommended values. The studies have shown that the effective infrastructure, irrigation ratio, and water surface elevation ratio of the scheme were found to be 66.7%, 80%, and 66% respectively. However, there were certain areas for improvement identified, such as the need for better coordination among project stakeholders and enhanced maintenance practices to ensure the long-term functionality of irrigation infrastructure.

Transforming Arid and Semi-Arid Areas to be Food Secure: The Role of Small-Scale Irrigation Projects

The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the contribution of irrigation-based initiatives towards ensuring food security. The specific objectives encompassed assessing the role of labor within small-holder irrigation projects in bolstering food security, analyzing the impact of external donor assistance on food security outcomes within these projects, and appraising the extent of governmental backing for small-holder irrigation endeavors in the pursuit of food security goals. Employing a descriptive survey methodology, the study was conducted within various small-holder irrigation projects. The research population consisted of 1303 members affiliated with the irrigation schemes, alongside 12 agricultural officers. Utilizing a simple random sampling technique, two agricultural extension officers were selected from the irrigation schemes, while a stratified sampling approach identified 66 irrigation scheme members for participation in the study. Data collection primarily relied on the administration of questionnaires. Findings revealed that the majority of farmers predominantly relied on their labor or that of family members, with minimal utilization of hired labor observed in small-scale irrigation ventures. Consequently, labor scarcity emerged as a notable challenge within these projects. Furthermore, the study highlighted that a significant proportion of small-holder irrigation initiatives benefited from external donor support. To address labor shortages, the research suggested incentivizing specialized labor while recommending collaborative efforts among farmers to engage specialists in crop management, thereby enhancing crop productivity within the schemes.

Impact of climate change on shumbrite small scale irrigation project, South Gojjam subbasin, Ethiopia

Climate change has the potential to affect climate parameters like rainfall and temperature which lead to a change in the irrigation water requirement of the irrigation system. As irrigation water requirement is highly dependent on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, climate change impact studies are necessary. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of climate change on the irrigation water requirement of the Shumbrite irrigation project. For this study, climate variables of precipitation and temperature were generated from CORDEX-Africa simulations downscaled from MPI Global Circulation Model (GCM) under three emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). The climate data covers from 1981 to 2005 for the baseline period and 2021–2045 for the future period for all scenarios. Future precipitation shows a decrease for all scenarios with a maximum decrease under RCP2.6 (4.2%) and temperature show an increase in the future as compared to the baseline period. The reference evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements (IWR) were calculated by using CROPWAT 8.0 software. Results showed that the mean annual reference evapotranspiration is expected to increase in the future by 2.7%, 2.6%, and 3.3% for RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 respectively as compared to the baseline period. Mean annual irrigation water requirement shows an increase of 2.58%, 0.74%, and 8.4% for the future under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 respectively. The Crop Water Requirement (CWR) also increases for the future period under all RCP scenarios, with maximum CWR for tomato, potato, and pepper crops. To ensure the sustainability of the project, crops with high irrigation water requirements should be replaced by other crops with low water requirements.

Evaluation of Delbo Small Scale Irrigation Scheme Performance Southern, Ethiopia

Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region have launched a number of small-scale irrigation projects to help farmers achieve food self-sufficiency. However, because their systems' performances have not been assessed, it is unknown what level of performance they are capable of. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Delbo small-scale irrigation system in southern Ethiopia. The result revealed that, the output per cultivated hectare was between 7668.96 and 31585.36 birr/ha, and the output per season's unit command area ranged between 5560 and 21583.33 birr/ha. The irrigation supply output per unit ranges between 1.0 and 3.32 birr/m3. The relative water supply (RWS) and irrigation water supply (RIS) were 2.03 and 2.75, respectively. This indicated that irrigation water was not in limited supply, and more water was diverted to the Delbo irrigation facilities. The average application efficiency of the chosen farmer's field was 53.3%, storage efficiency was 61.73%, distribution uniformity was 75.58%, and conveyance efficiency was 73.4%. Field I was more effective than Field II in terms of irrigation water management, while Field III was the least effective. One issue that must be addressed to ensure the sustainability of the schemes is to increase the management abilities of the users in order to improve the scheme's water use.

Brief Discussion on the Related Factors Affecting the Construction of Small-scale Irrigation Projects

Brief Discussion on the Related Factors Affecting the Construction of Small-scale Irrigation Projects

Determinants of Household Dietary Diversity of Peri-Urban Modern Small-Scale Irrigation Project Beneficiary Female-Headed Households in Kobo Town, Ethiopia

Background: Dietary diversity as a complex and multi-dimensional issue is accredited to a range of interconnected factors. The general objective of this study was to identify determinants of Household Dietary Diversity of peri-urban modern small-scale irrigation project beneficiary female-headed households. Methodology: To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional survey method was used on 333 randomly selected households. Descriptive, inferential, as well as econometrics techniques, were employed to analyse the data. Accordingly, the binary Logit model was used to identify the determinants of Household Dietary diversity. Result: The model output publicized that household dietary diversity was significantly and positively determined by households’ active family labour force, aggregate per capita agricultural produces, bank saving account and access to remittance. On the contrary, the family size was significantly and inversely associated with household dietary diversity. To improve diversified dietary feeding practices, intervention in controlling family size, improving agricultural production and productivity, and diversifying households’ income ought to be strengthened.

From ‘hydrology of hope’ to ‘hydrology of despair’: a feminist review of Mushandike small-scale irrigation scheme in the semi-arid region of Southern Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT The physical and social environmental repercussions of large dam construction have pre-occupied development discourse for some time globally. Literature on dam projects focuses on the displacement of humans and wildlife from their natural habitats and the dam’s contribution to urban and industrial transformation. There is a dearth of literature on small dams and small-scale irrigation projects in communal areas. This article examines the status of Mushandike irrigation scheme, which was designed to transform the lives of rural people located in the semi-arid ecological region of southern Zimbabwe. We used ethnographic principles of data generation guided by a feminist theoretical framework to get to women farmers’ lived experiences. Mushandike small-scale irrigation scheme has been a ‘hydrology of hope’ for women farmers for many years. However, multifarious factors, both natural and human-induced, are turning it into a ‘hydrology of despair’. Although farming is still done from a business perspective, water stress due to an inefficient water and land allocation management system, linked to patriarchal ideological practices, has driven the irrigation scheme onto a difficult trajectory. The article recommends a paradigm shift in the irrigation scheme’s management to ensure that the original ethos – that irrigation farming is equivalent to formal employment – is re-adopted.

Factors Affecting Rural Households’ Participation in Small - Scale Irrigation Scheme: The case of Arba Minch Zuria Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

The development of the agricultural sector in Ethiopia in general and in Arba Minch Zuria Woreda, Southern Ethiopia in particular, is thought to depend on agricultural intensification. To this end, several governmental and non-governmental organizations initiated small-scale irrigation projects all over the nation, including in Southern Ethiopia. Despite these efforts, it is found that smallholder farmers in the study area are reticent to participate in small-scale irrigation schemes. Therefore, the present study is aimed at investigating factors affecting rural households’ participation in a small-scale irrigation scheme in Arba Minch Zuria Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Accordingly, the study employed a multi-stage sampling technique to collect primary data from 379 sample households. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The study identified the major problems associated with small-scale irrigation in thestudy area. Among others, lack of sufficient irrigation water, lack of effective marketing system, lack of input supply and irrigation facilities, presence of pests and diseases, and lack of awareness about irrigation are mentionable for low participation in the scheme in the study area. The econometric model result revealed that the age of the household head and dependency ration has a statistically significant negative effect on rural households’ participation in small-scale irrigation while education, adult equivalence, livestock holding, and land size have a positive and statistically significant effect on the variable of interest. Therefore, providing education services for rural households, arranging field training services and experience sharing to farmers is advisable to alleviate these problems and improve small-scale irrigation utilization in the study area. Keywords: Small-Scale Irrigation; Smallholder farmer; Binary logit model

Implementation empowering communities in small scale irrigation projects during Covid 19 Pandemic in Padang and Padang Pariaman District

During the covid 19 pandemic, development, and economic growth were hampered, so the people’s purchasing power decreased. To overcome this, especially in rural areas, the government combined the P3-TGAI Program (the Acceleration for Irrigation Water Usability Improvement) and the PKT (Cash for work) Program in empowering the community in one way to recovery community income due to the covid pandemic 19. This article presents the P3-TGAI program as an implementation of community-based engagement in empowering communities. P3-TGAI is part of the PKT Program in Padang City and Padang Pariaman District, during the covid pandemic 19, including the covid protocol 19, which was carried out during the project work. This research uses a literature review method to describe the P3-TGAI and PKT program. Descriptive statistics are used to identify the benefits of the programs for the community and the covid 19 protocol performed during project work. The results of the study were that, although the covid 19 protocol was not fully implemented, the program is useful in recovering the community income during the covid 19 pandemics.

Feasibility Study of Irrigation Development for Sustainable Natural Resources Management Under Changing Climate of Jabi Tehnan Woreda, Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia

Irrigation development has been identified as one of the priority investment sectors in Ethiopia and the government has been implementing a number of efforts that enhance the planning and implementation of small-scale irrigation projects in the country. The aim was to identify the potential, feasibility and profitability of irrigation development for spices production mainly pepper in Jabi woreda of West-Gojjam, Amhara region. It has been observed that majority of the population, live in the rural area with crop production as the main livelihood option, arable land constitutes the largest portion of the ‘woreda’ land use type with cultivated land accounting for 49.8% (58,262 ha), uncultivable land 4.4% or 5,208 ha, natural forest 5.5% or 6,502 ha, bush land /scrubland and or natural pasture accounts 17.6% or 20,662 ha, settlement 9.3% or 10,931 ha and others account 13% or 15,389 ha. The altitude varies from 1400 to 2300 m a.s.l. This woreda is mostly characterized by Haplic Nitisols soil type which is highly productive type of soil in Ethiopia. In most of the fields, the slope gradient ranges from 0% to 5%. The project was studied to irrigate the command area through gravity close pipe conveyance system of surface irrigation with head work of wire division from Lah River. It was studied that about 45,595 ha is suitable irrigable land for surface irrigation of which about 45% (20,105 ha) of suitable land under Lah rive. An agronomic cropping pattern and production calendar of the farming system had identified for the sustainable supply of raw material for the agro-processing plant. Therefore, in the dry season using full irrigation 200ha pepper, 40ha rosemary and 10ha moringa had been under production whereas under rainfed with supplemental irrigation chickpea and field pea 130ha, white and black cumin 40ha and garlic 30ha was produced. The total investment cost of the project was estimated about ETH Birr 48.1 million. The implementation of the proposed irrigation project would require diversion of Lah River and 0.365 m³/sec of water was diverted from the river to the project command area. The minimum flow of the Lah River was 1.99 m³/sec at 95% probability. Thus, downstream impact of abstraction by the project was insignificant. Therefore, it could be concluded that there was no severe or immitigable impacts that could prevent the implementation of the proposed irrigation development.

IDENTIFYING SUITABLE AREAS FOR SMALL FARM RESERVOIR IN AGUSAN DEL NORTE USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Abstract. The Philippines, as a part of Southeast Asia, falls into the zone categorized with agricultural areas prone to drought. Mitigating the concerns due to such vulnerability and also catering the needs of small-time farmers, rainfall harvesting with the use of agricultural structures called Small Farm Reservoirs (SFRs) used for storing water for irrigation are being used and deployed. This study aims to identify ideal locations for SFR which is essential due to the concerns of its geographical appropriateness and its vulnerability to environmental and other concerns such as seepage, sustainability, and optimizing yield. Geographic Information System through the ArcMap software is a modern tool for decision making, especially in the concerns of suitability and vulnerability assessment and was used in creating the suitability map for SFR in this study. The suitability map was created with the use of pre-processed raster data sets for precipitation, soil texture, slope, irrigation status. Weights for the weighted overlay were acquired from the standardized protocol for Small Scale Irrigation Project (SSIP) standardized protocol for site suitability identification from the Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Soil and Water Management (DA-BSWM) Philippines. Existing SFRs in the study area were validated through site visitation and were evaluated for usability and performance. The suitability map created accurately identified suitable zones for establishing SFRs with a result of 7 out of 7 existing SFRs are within the suitable zones, six (6) sites in the moderately suitable and one (1) on marginally suitable.

Identifying suitable sites for pump irrigation system from open source and shallow tube well in selected areas of Davao Del Sur through geographic information system-based water resources assessment

This paper features the Geographic Information System (GIS) in identifying suitable sites for small scale irrigation projects (SSIP) particularly pump irrigation system from open source (PISOs) and shallow tube well (STW) through water resource assessment. The development of GIS-based assessment model for SSIP and resource map in aid of SSIP planning and development is limited in some municipalities. To develop a reliable GIS-base framework, the ArcGIS tool and spatial method was used in compiling specific factors with field analysis and developing regional resource map for SSIP. The results showed that STW in Digos City and Municipality of Hagonoy is 117 units and 17 units respectively. The average water depth in existing STW is within the 6.5 meters with capacity to irrigate 3 to 5 hectares per unit, low investment with high water use efficiency and simple to operate. It was found out that most STW is provided by Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office XI and Local Government Units. The STW is suitable for Digos City with an area of 379.32 hectares. While the PISOS were identified with different range of pump horsepower. There are 10 units of PISOS in Digos City and 15 units in Hagonoy mostly provided by National Irrigation Administration-XI. It was found out that in Digos City the 1,855.53 hectares are highly suitable and 14,377.55 hectares are not suitable for PISOS. The results of this study may assist the decision making processes for planning and development of SSIP using the developed protocol and tools for different purpose in agricultural production in Davao del Sur, Region XI and the whole country.

Sediment Estimation and Assessment of Hydraulic Structure of Hirna Small Scale Irrigation Scheme, West Hararghe Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Accelerated soil erosion and sedimentation is a serious concern worldwide problem and the problem of sedimentation is clearly felt in the irrigation canals, in dry years when there is scarcity of rain more silt-laden water is diverted to the canals which cause high reduction of canal capacity discharge. Hirna watershed at which Hirna small scale irrigation project found is one of the most erosion-prone watersheds in the eastern highland of Ethiopia which little attention is given. The objectives of this study were to estimate Hirna river watershed sediment loss and to evaluate the design concept of Hirna small scale irrigation canals in view of water and sediment transport. This study spatial predict soil loss rate of the watershed using Geographic Information System, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was used to estimate potential soil loss. Based on the analysis, the mean and total annual soil loss potential of the study watershed was 26.61 ton/ha/yr and 140,569.99 tons/yr respectively. About 36.60% (1,933.42 ha) of watershed was classified under high to very high soil loss class while the remaining 63.40% (3349.17 ha) of watershed categorized under slow to moderate soil loss class. The total soil loss at the outlet of watershed or at the weir site estimated as 25,311.80 tons. Beside spatial estimation of soil loss, field soil loss measurement by runoff controlling point was also done. The estimated mean annual soil loss from watershed with runoff pot method was 22.30 ton/ha/yr. which that the two value of soil loss estimated with runoff plot and spatial estimated with the help of the model was almost the same. Assessment of irrigation project and structural problem by measuring bed load, structural problem observation, and redesigning of the Hirna small scale irrigation were done to relate the capacity of the structure with the designed discharge and sediment deposited. As the assessment show the project have a problem of sedimentation due to improper design of flow velocity and canal slope. Finally the result show 116.80 tons of sediment was deposited in irrigation canal which have dramatically reduced the quantity of designed water depth into 41.67% and reduced designed discharge with 50.2%. Keywords: - GIS, RUSLE, hydraulic structure, Design, Hirna, Ethiopia DOI : 10.7176/ISDE/10-3-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019

Performance Assessment of Community Managed Irrigation Practices in the Wesha Small-Scale Irrigation Project, Southern Ethiopia

Performance Assessment of Community Managed Irrigation Practices in the Wesha Small-Scale Irrigation Project, Southern Ethiopia

Food Security Status of Peri-Urban Modern Small Scale Irrigation Project Beneficiary Female Headed Households in Kobo Town, Ethiopia

This study has attempted to evaluate the household food security status of peri-urban modern small scale irrigation project beneficiaries. To attain this objective, a cross sectional survey method using structured questionnaire was employed on randomly selected 333 households. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Food Consumption Score (FCS) and Per Capita Net Food Availability (NAF) were employed to evaluate the household food security status of the sample households. Furthermore, FGT family of indices were also computed. The HDDS result of this survey revealed that seven food groups were reported to be consumed with the mean HDDS value of 3.42, 3.84 and 3.21 for total samples, participants and non-participants respectively. The calculated FCS value for total samples, participants and non-participants was 42.74, 44.89 and 41.64 respectively. Furthermore, the computed NAF value revealed that of the total samples, 198 and 135 households were found to be food secure and food insecure respectively. This study illustrated household food insecurity, low dietary diversity and food consumption to be far more noticeable in non-participants than participants.

Effects of Continuous Flushing on the Sediment Removal Efficiency in Settling Basins of Small Scale Irrigation Projects; A Case Study of Kiriku-Kiende Irrigation Project, Embu County, Kenya

Reservoir based irrigation schemes present sediment problems of various types These problems affect the performance of the settling basin in sediment deposition One of the major problems is the deposition of sediment in the basin and consequent loss of storage capacity The design of settling basin involves determination of a combination of width depth and length of the basin for desired removal efficiency of sediment above a given size The aim of this study was to compare the effect of continuous removal of sediment from a basin to that of periodic removal A physical model that was sized to resemble the settling basin of Kiriku Kiende irrigation project was set up in the Civil Engineering laboratory of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology The physical processes for this research involved five experiments on sediment settling in different settling time and same inflow rate The results obtained shows that settling tanks with continuous sediment removal have a higher sediment removal efficiency of against for those without a flushing component

Agronomy Study on Small Scale Irrigation Project

Agronomy Study on Small Scale Irrigation Project

Geological study of Gondoro Small Scale Irrigation Project

Geological study of Gondoro Small Scale Irrigation Project

Design of Jigessa Small Scale Irrigation in Dara Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

The artificial application of water to land to aid crop production has enabled man to increase his ability to produce food and cash crops. All-the-year round crop production is now possible instead of the previous restriction to rain fed agriculture. However, conserving water and delivery it to the fields in an efficient manner has continued to be a challenge. The design of small-scale irrigation project will provide supplementary irrigation for many farmers. This paper presents design of small scale irrigation in Dara Wereda by assessing irrigation agronomy, analyzing hydrological condition of the area and designing different engineering structures like the headwork structure, main canal, cross drainage structure, etc. and also analyzing the stability of the structure which already designed. The structure we design in this project will resist the 50 year return period peak flood. Design considerations of canals naturally vary according to the type of soil. Again, the velocity of flow in the canal should critical. The canals cross the natural drain or gullies so suitable structure must be selected and designed. Finally, we put our conclusion and the necessary recommendation for the government, society, university and stakeholders.

Health Impact Assessment for Sustainable Water Management

Health Impact Assessment for Sustainable Water Management is a pioneering international text, exploring and developing this emerging discipline. It is the first to take an international perspective seeking to draw generic lessons from both the developed and developing nations’ experience in this new area of activity. The approach is being applied in policy development to strengthen the ‘evidence-base’ and across a wide spectrum of resource developments, industrial and urban infrastructure projects and in ‘aid’ projects in developing countries. This book illustrates the importance of considering health in water management developments and demonstrates the role of health impact assessment (HIA) in this process. Case-studies illustrate a range of management approaches to different system implementation issues and scale factors, ranging from domestic rainwater harvesting for the supply of non-potable water to a large-scale hydroelectric project. The concept, objectives, terminology and challenges of HIA are introduced and illustrated by case studies including rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, sustainable drainage and evaluations of the health impacts of flooding. Developing country case studies include a small-scale irrigation project in Zimbabwe, a large hydro-electric scheme in Lao (Peoples Democratic Republic) and the implementation issues surrounding the use of domestic wastewater as a resource in demand by agricultural enterprises in Pakistan. The case studies illustrate different HIA approaches, including the use of quantitative and qualitative information and provide benchmarks of current practice for practitioners seeking to apply HIA in the emerging agendas in both developed and developing nations. The critical appraisals within each chapter offer both best practice exemplars as well as explanations of problems and mistakes of past project implementation, and define the requirements for the policy communities who will be increasingly required to accommodate HIA information in resource allocation decisions. As a result, this book will be of interest to planners, developers, policy makers, public health, environmental and water utility scientists and practitioners. ISBN: 9781780401874 (eBook) ISBN: 9781843391333 (Print)