Small Scale Industrial Units Research Articles

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КАРБОНІЗОВАНОГО ЗАЛИШКУ ПРОЦЕСУ ПІРОЛІЗУ ВЖИВАНИХ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ШИН ЯК МОДИФІКАТОРА ДОРОЖНІХ БІТУМІВ

The paper analyzes the possibility of utilizing the solid carbonized residue (SCR) from the pyrolysis of waste tires (WT). The pyrolysis process of waste tires produces about 36 % of carbonized residue, which can serve as an adhesive and/or modifying additive in the processes of modifying petroleum bitumen. We analyzed the SCP and BND 70/100 bitumen produced at a small-scale industrial unit and PJSC Ukrtatnafta, respectively. The influence of solid carbonized residue on the performance properties of modified bitumen at different ratios of raw materials (BND 70/100) : SCR. According to the results obtained, the optimal amounts of SCR for modifying petroleum bitumen were proposed and directions for further research were determined.

Recycling exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines within the gasification systems: Performance and analysis

The current research presents a proposed system for the recycling of the exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines (ICE) inside the air-blown gasification system. A 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is investigating the novel research idea and further study the combined effects on the gasifier performance. To this end, the numerical model will be validated against wide range of operating conditions. Additionally, the effect of exhaust emissions injection along with air (the gasifying medium) on gasification, carbon conversion, system performance, syngas composition, and yield will be investigated. A new parameter – CB ratio – is defined, which is the exhaust/emissions from ICE gases to the feedstock mass ratio. Optimum values of CB are recommended between (0.05–0.25). The research idea resulted in boosting the yield of H2, and CO by 10.3, and 3.3 mol.% respectively, and correspondingly, higher heating values by 5.8% within the optimum range of CB. For the same range, N2, and CO2 emissions are found to decrease within the gasifier. The exhaust emissions stream with high temperature and rich content of CO2, and H2O resulted in higher turbulence, velocity, and mixing inside the gasifier. Thus, enhanced the gasification reactions i.e., boudouard, and water gas reactions. Moreover, producer gas yield, carbon conversion and gasification efficiencies are found to be 28, 10, and 11% higher than air gasification under the same working conditions respectively. The proposed design (20 kW gasifier) – i.e., small scale industrial gasification unit – is found to consume around 3.5 kg/hr of the ICE emissions. Thus, preserving the environment, reducing CO2 and GHG emissions, and increasing the gasifier performance. The significant outcomes of the study are applicable for different scales of air-blown gasifiers.

Factors perceived by entrepreneurs while taking loan from commercial banks - A study with special reference to small scale industrial units in Kanyakumari district

The aim of the study was to determine the factors that are perceived as important by small-scale industries when taking loans from commercial banks and to find out the preferences of small-scale industries regarding sources of capital to be used in the future. The primary data were collected through a pre-tested and structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted on 295 units, but only 250 units provided a full response. Therefore, the analysis is based on the responses from these 250 respondents. The findings indicated nine factors that are considered very important by small-scale firms when they apply for loans. To fulfill their working and fixed capital requirements, small-scale firms need an adequate amount of finance within a specific period of time. Extensive documentation and complicated procedures generally delay the sanctioning of loans, resulting in loss of production and sales for small firms. Due to these reasons, small-scale firms consider own funds as the most preferred source of finance. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen the relationship between banks and borrowers in such a way that relationship lending is given importance along with transaction-based lending.

Resource Recovery and the Sherwood Plot

Our work analyzes the biophysical and economic foundations of the Sherwood Plot (SP). In general, the SP depicts the theoretical relationship between the cost of recovering a target material or an identified Value Added Compound (VAC) from a waste matrix and its dilution in the waste matrix; specifically suggesting that the recovery cost is reverse proportional to the VAC's dilution in it. We further utilize the SP as a scientifically consistent and economically coherent analytical framework for measuring resource recovery performance. Initially, we analyze the SP's fundamental physical properties, as well as its many potential economic extensions. Specifically, we substantiate the relation between a VAC's Entropy, Dilution and Recovery Cost. On these grounds we present the SP's remarkable and numerous economic properties that make it consistent to its physical foundations; thus integrating concisely its physical and economic aspects and postulate a generalized SP function. We further test econometrically the validity of an SP based on both deterministic and stochastic real data from a small-scale industrial unit of polyphenols' recovery from natural fruit juice production residual wastewater. In turn, based on the fusion of our theoretical argumentation and empirical findings we dive into the epistemological extensions of the SP. Specifically, we study how the recovery cost structure at the single industry level is revealed by the SP and can be useful for postulating cost structure ontologies. Cost ontologies are in turn useful as a diagnostic of the formation process of VAC recovery markets as well as their structure and concentration, defining the industrial shares when many industries operate in the recovery of the same VAC.

An eco-friendly removal of Cd(II) utilizing banana pseudo-fibre and Moringa bark as indigenous green adsorbent and modelling of adsorption by artificial neural network.

Heavy metal-contaminated water can be effectively treated using adsorbents made from abundantly available biomass. The present investigation was carried out to adsorb Cd(II) from synthetic solution by banana pseudo-stem(BP) and Moringa oleifera stem bark (MB). Adsorption efficiencies of both adsorbents were studied in the batch reactor by conducting experiments to determine the consequences of changes ofpH, adsorbent dosages, initial Cd(II) concentrations, incubation time, and temperature. The process parameters were tuned to attain the highest possible removal percentage. The characterization of the adsorbents was performed by utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) for the fresh and metal-loaded adsorbents. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was employed to calculate the amount of Cd(II) in an aqueous solution. The experimental data were entirely consistent with the pseudo-second-order model for BP and MB. The findings of the study illustrated the better adsorption efficiency of BP-derived adsorbent (≈ 99%) at optimum conditions over the MB (≈ 97%), and the corresponding adsorption capacities were 11.98 and 7.04 mg/g, respectively. The 4 (four) well-known isotherm models were attempted both in linear and non-linear forms. BP (R2 =0.995) and MB (R2 =0.994) were found to be best described by the Freundlich isotherm, which was selected based on the highest R2 value. In thermodynamic studies, ΔH and ΔS were calculated for both the adsorbents. Cd(II) adsorption on BP and MB was endothermic, as evidenced by the positive ΔH. Finally, the prediction of the removal percentage was made by the artificial neural network (ANN) modelling. The present work developed regionally derived waste materials which are helpful for small-scale industrial units for their waste management in an economical and sustainable way.

Women Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Higher Education: Opportunities and Challenges in India -A Review

Abstract : In the recent years, Entrepreneurship and Innovation have taken new dimension due to increase in the globalization and liberalization. Women Entrepreneurs are the ones who start a venture or a business activity generating jobs for others. The three major factors that are playing important role in women entrepreneurship are : Firstly, internal factors such as individual's attitude towards risk taking or family encouragement, secondly external factors such as government support or reward system and finally the third factor is education & competencies. According to 2016 report of Small Industry Development Bank of India (SIDBI), following southern Indian states such as Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra have witnessed more than 50% of all women led small scale industrial units in India. The GDP of a nation increases as the women of the country progress in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation. Women have to be given equal chance as men in the field of entrepreneurship as most of the talented women end up with responsibilities at home. Despite facing a lot of socio-economic problems, women entrepreneurs and innovators have become successful. With a little more encouragement from the government , a change can be brought in how higher education institutionsfosters entrepreneurship and innovation in women students and hence more and more women entrepreneurs are developed. To build the confidence and to promote innovation in women, a separate category of ranking for women institutions were included in Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation and Achievement (ARIIA) 2020, where a total of 674 institutions participated. The Indian higher education system has expanded at a fast pace by adding more than 20,000 colleges and more than 8 million students in the last decade and as of today, India has more than 800 universities. According to the AICTE 2016 report, there are over 10,500 engineering colleges and polytechnics in the country with an intake capacity of about 22,00,000 students. The conversion rate of women entrepreneurs are still very low, in spite of these many educational institutions. There are a lot of challenges with women entrepreneurship in India such as social obstacles , patriarchal society, lack of exposure, lack of confidence, lack of education facilities, no agenda in life, degree of financial freedom, risk taking abilities, lack of professional education, lack of interaction with successful entrepreneurship, lack of balance between family and career, lack of skills and finance in economically rich and poor women, no awareness about the capacities,problems working with male workers and so forth. This paper focuses on literature review of women entrepreneurship and Innovation in Higher Education in India and the key findings are highlighted. Key Words: Women Entrepreneurship, Innovation, higher education

ALTERNATE CONSTRUCTION USING POLYMER MODIFIED STABILIZED EARTH BLOCKS: A PILOT PROJECT TO DEMONSTRATE ECO-FRIENDLY AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

Construction using natural soil is being promoted in present world with a motive to promote sustainable construction and to minimize the environmental impacts. Laterite soil occur in tropical regions worldwide and is popularly used in manufacturing of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) in masonry applications. The acute issue of CSEB blocks in masonry applications has been reported due to high water absorption and durability issues. This study explores modification of CSEB using natural polymer (NP) latex as admixture and a comparative study of engineering properties with ordinary CSEB. This paper also illustrates the details of a pilot project using modified CSEB to be constructed in National Institute of Technology Calicut. A comparison on various aspects such as embodied energy, construction cost and time of construction is also being presented. The study provides an efficient solution for housing by utilization of locally available earth and agricultural product for modified CSEB production, addressing all the critical issues of ordinary CSEB and it promotes small scale industrial production units all over the globe.

Discriminant Dimensional Personality Inventory Among Owners with Special Reference to Small-scale Industries in Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India

Small-scale industries play an important role in the economic development of the country. In India more than 50 per cent of workforces are self-employed ( Thavaraj, 2012 , International Journal of Business Management & Research, 2, 53–57). In spite of its importance, the small-scale sector is beset with the problem of sickness. A personality inventory is an evaluation tool that helps people to learn about their personality types. Personality inventory can teach what occupation and work environment are a good fit for an individual and guides to choose the right career. The purpose of the research work is to identify the dimensional personality inventory (DPI) variables that discriminates the owners of small-scale industries of ordinary (profit-making) units and highly sick units. The sample size of the study is 316 small-scale industrial units. The stratified proportionate random sampling technique was adopted to distribute the sample in the population. The researchers have used structured interview schedule to collect data from the respondents on their DPIs. It is revealed through this study that there are significant differences that are identified in the case of activeness, assertiveness, emotional stability, responsibility, decisiveness and leadership. The higher discriminant coefficients are identified in the case of emotional stability and leadership.

ICT ADOPTION AND SME’S: A CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK

The present paper is based on the objective of impact of ICT on small scale industrial units of India. An attempt to discuss the different challenges in the sector and overcoming them to make the small scale industries competitive through academic literature. SME’s plays central role in the overall growth of the industrial economy of the country. SME’s in India are known as the backbone of the economy. The reason behind is that these enterprises are employing about 40% of India's workforce and contributing 45% to India's manufacturing output, they play a significant role in generating millions of jobs, especially at the low-skill level. The country's 1.3 million SME account for 40% of India's total exports. The current scenario clearly states that the growth of our economy is impossible without the growth and development of these enterprises but these enterprises are far behind the large counterparts in the economy. The aim of this paper is to study how and why SMEs acquire or adopt ICT and the challenges surrounding the process.

Marketing Problems Encountered by First Generation Entrepreneurs - A Study with Reference to Madurai in Tamilnadu

Many entrepreneurs manage the take-off stage and fall sick later on. It is also not uncommon that many small scale industrial units after a successful running for so many years may also fall sick due to a sudden competition, non-availability of incentives and concessions and lack of financial and marketing support. Many industrial units, which are apparently healthy, may be within the area of sickness if they are subjected to critical evaluation by supplying certain yardsticks, which tend to measure the financial soundness. The main objective of the study is based on the marketing and location problems encountered by the first generation entrepreneurs. The primary data have been collected from the respondents directly for the period of study is impounded to one year. An attempt has been made to identify the factors which influenced the first generation entrepreneurs to identify their skills. The Subsidies, tax concession, relaxation of norms, may be introduced to new/first generation entrepreneurs. With this solution the problem of first generation entrepreneurs will not come to an end. It is a vibrant and hence an eternal follow-up actions according to the prevailing environment is also to be taken or otherwise the present prevailing condition of the small scale industries, operated by the first generation entrepreneurs will be an incessant one, not only in Madurai city but also everywhere in India.

Wind Turbine Waste Heat Recovery—A Short-Term Heat Loss Forecasting Approach

The transition from the era of massive renewable energy deployment to the era of cheaper energy needed has made scientists and developers more careful with respect to energy planning compared with a few years ago. The focus is—and will be—placed on retrofitting and on extracting the maximum amount of locally generated energy. The question is not only how much energy can be generated, but also what kind of energy and how it can be utilized efficiently. The waste heat coming from wind farms (WFs) when in operation—which until now was wasted—was thoroughly studied. A short-term forecasting methodology that can provide the operator with a better view of the expected heat losses is presented. The majority of mechanical (due to friction) and electro-thermal (i.e., generator) losses takes place at the nacelle while a smaller part of this thermal source is located near the foundation of the wind turbine (WT) where the power electronics and the transformers are usually located. That thermal load can be easily collected via a working fluid and then be transported to the nearest local community or nearby agricultural or small scale industrial units using the necessary piping.

Nanocrystalline PbS as Ammonia Gas Sensor: Synthesis and Characterization

This article reports on the synthesis of lead sulfide (PbS) by precipitation at a reaction temperature of 90°C. For its plausible use as ammonia (NH3) gas sensor, the sample was characterized. The X‐ray diffraction results showed that the produced PbS was nanocrystalline with a crystallite size of 33.31 nm. The surface morphology of the sample was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The electrical response of the sample in the form of a thick film was studied in the presence of NH3 and vapors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) like methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol within the detection limit of 0–150 ppm at room temperature. The sensing behavior showed that the material synthesized was only influenced by NH3 amongst other gases (VOCs). In addition, the sample exhibited reversible and consistent responses satisfactorily with a relatively short response time (10 s) compared to others. Therefore, it could be used as NH3 gas sensor without the help of any micro‐heater that is traditionally required for existing commercial gas sensors. The gas sensing mechanism is proposed to follow the well‐known Freundlich adsorption isotherm. This isotherm is multi‐molecular, physical, and reversible in nature. Finally, it is suggested that the present findings could be exploited for manufacturing a PbS sensor in a small scale industrial unit.

A Study on the Analytics Tool Used in Decision Making at Small and Medium Enterprise

The article focuses on the study of prevailing decision making styles of Small Scale Industrial (SSI) Units. It presents data collected from 200 SSI units from Bhavnagar – a coastal city of Gujarat, India. The objective of writing the article is to depict heuristic decision patterns of small and medium enterprises, and the rare use of analytical or statistical business intelligence tools in decision making processes. It would be interesting to study the design of decision taken on routine basis in small units, poorly equipped with technology and technical know-how. The paper is descriptive in terms, and lays a lucid picture of present decision making processes.

Financial Institutional Assistance and Support to Small-scale Industries in Tamilnadu ? A View

The Small Enterprise Information and Research Centre Network (SENET), was launched in April 1997. SENET has been awarded the golden icon national award 2005 for “Best Documented Knowledge Resource” under professional category by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG), Government of India. In August 1984, the Government of India passed an Act converting the Industrial Reconstruction Corporation of India (IRCI). It is Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India (IRBI) the IRBI was established in March 1985 to take over the IRCI. The IRBI was to function as the principal all India credit and reconstruction agency for industrial revival, assisting and promoting industrial development and rehabilitating industrial concerns. The Tamil Nadu Investment Corporation Limited is an apex state level financial institution primarily intended for assisting the small and medium scale industrial units. Until the 1970’s conventional Development Finance Corporations were considered as a main vehicle for channeling loan funds to small industries. The Bank under study may have specialized branches in each district to the loan requirements of the small-scale industries. Adequate delegation of power at the branch level may be given so as to avoid several layers of hierarchy in granting loans to SSI units.

Performance Evaluation of Haryana Financial Corporation

Haryana Financial Corporation has been set up under the State Financial Corporation Act 1951 to meet the credit needs of small and medium scale industrial units by advancing the loans. It has already engaged in this field for more than 47 years. So, it is high time that its performance should be judged. That is why, the investigators have decided to analyze and evaluate the operational and financial performance of HFC through this research paper. This research paper is based on the performance of the last 5 years made by HFC from 2008-2009 to 2012-2013. Information are collected through secondary data and they have been analyzed and judged by using financial ratios. The findings reveal that the financial and operational performance of HFC is declining from last 5 years due to heavy losses, poor solvency and liquidity status as well as downward recoveries of loans. So there is acute need to take some major and effective steps by HFC for improving its financial as well as operational status.

Severity of Problems of Marketing Faced by the Struggling Small Scale Enterprises to Survive : A Study on Selected Industrial Units of BSCIC Industrial Estates of Sylhet Division

Small scale industries are suffering most from the marketing problems due to their owners’ attitudes, units’ capacity, and quality of products along with the scale of production. The researchers analyzed the problems of selected twenty small scale industrial units of various industrial groups of industrial estates of Sylhet division of Bangladesh to get insights of the problem. Primary and Secondary data were used for that research where primary data were collected from selected entrepreneurs by stratified sampling through a structured questionnaire. The collected data were processed through Excel 07 by the help of simple statistical tools like frequency, ratio, percentage etc. From the findings, it can be inferred that most of the enterprises (15 in number) are suffering from marketing problem in different aspects like competition, slow market demand and other problems. The researchers recommended the units to adopt aggressive attitude of marketing, select proper channel and mode of distribution, along with proper promotion method to combat with big firms and ensure their survivals.

Quality of Work Life and its Impact on Job Satisfaction in Small Scale Industrial Units: Employees Perspectives

The presence of Quality of work life (QWL) in organization, leads to numerous positive outcomes. There are many studies on QWL in large scale industrial units but there is not much of studies on QWL in small scale industrial units in the Indian context. The aim of the study was to determine the level and relationship between Quality of work life (QWL) with job satisfaction related variables in Small scale industrial units. The sample consists of 317 units of various Small Scale Industrial units in Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai cities in Tamil Nadu. The list of industrial units was acquired from District Industrial Centre of these cities and units were chosen at random. The Questionnaire was designed based on the attributes and variables of QWL reviews and questionnaire from previous studies. The constituted variables of the questionnaire were subjected to construct validity and discriminant validity. The study reveals the important QWL factors and employees perception on variables in job satisfaction in three major cities of Tamilnadu. The study found out the influencing QWL factors on job satisfaction. The level of perception of employees on Job satisfaction is higher in Coimbatore than in Chennai and Madurai cities.

Distribution of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in soil samples from a small scale industrial area of Lucknow, North India, associated with lindane production

Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, and δ-HCH) were studied in soils samples collected from a small scale industrial unit of Lucknow associated with lindane production. All four isomers were detected from ten sites and the total HCH isomers in the analyzed samples varied from 53 to 99 mg kg −1. Cluster analysis was performed to group the soil sites in terms of their HCH contamination level. Low α/γ HCH ratios were found and they indicate recent input of HCH. There is an urgent need for the on-site remediation of these contaminated sites in order to prevent the long-term environmental pollution.

Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oils of Jatropha and Karanj for Utilization in Electrical Generator

The biodiesel processor was developed for the production of biodiesel from non-edible oil of jatropha and karanj. The newly developed biodiesel processor is suitable for farmers in village level biodiesel production. The biodiesel processor was capable of producing 15 kg biodiesel per batch in 1.5 h at reaction temperature of 60°C. The biodiesel was produced from raw jatropha and karanj oil, and its blends with diesel were tested for power generation in a 7.5-kVA diesel engine generator set. The fuel properties, namely, kinematic viscosity and specific gravity, were found within the limits of Bureau of Indian Standards specifications. The overall efficiency of the generator for 4,500 W loading condition of jatropha- and karanj-biodiesel-blended fuel were recorded in the range of 21–23% and 24–27%, respectively. The overall efficiency of the generator for 6,000 W loading conditions was improved for jatropha and karanj biodiesel blends and were found in the range of 31–33% and 33–39%, respectively. Biodiesel blends B80 and pure biodiesel of karanj produced more power, and maximum overall efficiency was recorded as compared with diesel fueled generator. The overall efficiency on jatropha-biodiesel-blended fuel were found less than the diesel-fueled generator. The biodiesel processor based on alkali-catalyzed transesterification process can be used for quality biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils. This processor can be integrated with rural energy system for domestic and small-scale industrial unit for biodiesel production.

ARUNACHAL PRADESH AS AN EMERGING POWER HOUSE

Looking at the enormous hydro-electric potentials of Arunachal Pradesh, the power may be developed as industry and a substantial revenue can be earned by selling the power to other states of the country. If once, these hydro potentials are fully harnessed, it must turn the fate of the territory and serve the larger interest of the country. At the same time, the fund spent by the government to function the diesel generators will be saved and the pollution created by them will be stopped. 
 So far Arunachal economy is concerned, the consumption of commercial energy is a recent phenomenon. The consumption of commercial energy under industrial sector is at its lowest ebb. By and large, the industrial units are considerably small, where the use of manual labour is prominent. In some of the small scale industrial units and medium scale ones, the commercial energy is consumed. But such consumption accounts for insignificant quantity. During recent years, the use of commercial energy is noticed to have picked up. But the magnitude of the consumption of commercial energy under agricultural sector may be termed still insignificant.